本科毕业设计
外文文献及译文
文献、资料题目：Electronic Commerce
文献、资料来源：网络
文献、资料发表（出版）日期：2010.3.25
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外文文献：
Electronic Commerce
Electronic commerce, or Electronic trade, or electronic business as a newly rising mode of commerce will have far-reaching influence on social economy and play an important role in social development worldwide. It represents the trend of world trade in the 21st century and beyond.
1. What is Electronic Commerce?
Electronic commerce refers to commercial data exchange in digital form through electronic transmission means and commercial activities conducted on-line. Usually, electronic commerce can be divided into two levels: One is low-level electronic commerce that is, electronic commercial intelligence, electronic trade, and electronic contracts. Another is high-level electronic commerce which includes all commercial activities done via Internet, ranging from searching for clients, commercial negotia-tion, making orders, on-line payment, releasing electronic invoice, to electronic dec-laration to Customs, electronic tax-payment, all conducted on Internet.
Electronic commerce means electrification of all trade transactions. It is featured by these characters: ①fairness and freedom, ②high efficiency, ③globalization, ④virtualization, ⑤interactivity, ⑥autonomy, ⑦personalized service. With electronic commerce, clients and suppliers can closely and conveniently contact with each other on a global scale, so that clients can find satisfactory suppliers from all comers of the world to meet their demands.
Electronic commerce will change the environment in which enterprises compete with each other and reduce costs which would otherwise be high in traditional market structure. Low costs in transactions, convenience in market entry and government encouragement to use Internet
(exemption from tax) activate electronic commerce and boost it to develop rapidly right from its beginning. As experts predicted, by 2000, electronic commerce would reach a scale of 300billion US dollars worldwide. And it has exceeded this scale.
To ensure security of electronic commerce, an electronic certification center should be established. Digital ID is used to validate identity. Digital 11 is trusted to a third party, namely, an authorized agency, to release, including identifying informa-tion of the holder (name, address, liaison way, ID card number), an encryptive key for common use by the both parties, period of validity, password and identification in-formation of the authorized agency, etc. With digital ID, both parties in transactions can be assured of identifying the other party and validate that the information sent out from the other party has not been subject to alteration.
2. Influence That Electronic Commerce May Have
Compared with traditional commerce, electronic commerce has superiorities as follows *Extensive coverage. A network system combining Internet, Intranet (local area network inside enterprises) and Extranet (networks outside enterprises) enables buy-ers, sellers, manufacturers and their partners to contact with each other and conven-iently transmit commercial intelligence and documents worldwide.
*Complete functions. In electronic commerce, users of different types and on dif-ferent tiers can realize different targets in trade, for example, releasing commercial intelligence, on-line negotiation, electronic payment, establishment of virtual com-mercial market place and on-line banking, etc.
*Convenience and flexibility in use.. Based on Internet, electronic commerce is free from restriction by specialized protocol for data exchange. Transactions can be conducted conveniently on computer screen, by using any type of PCs, at any place around the world.
*Low cost. Use of electronic commerce can cut down costs for hiring employees, maintaining warehouse and storefront, expense for international travel and postage to a great extent. The cost for using Internet is very low.
Electronic commerce will have substantial influence on social economy:
*Electronic commerce will change the way people used to take in commercial ac-tivities. Through networks, people can enter virtual stores and browse around, select what they are interested in, and enjoy various on-line services. On the other hand, merchants can contact with consumers through networks, decide on buying in goods (categories and quantities) and perform settlement of accounts. Government agencies can perform electronic tendering and pursue government purchase through networks.
*The core of electronic commerce is people. It is a social system. On-line shop-ping changes the way of people's daily life and fully embodies autonomy of consum-ers in trade.
*Electronic commerce changes the way enterprises produce their goods. Through networks, manufacturers know market demand directly and make arrangement of production, in accordance with consumers' need.
*Electronic commerce dramatically raises efficiency of trade. Intermediate links can be cut down; costs for sales will be reduced to minimum. Production can be ar-ranged in "small batches plus diverse varieties", and "zero stock" will be reality.
*Electronic commerce calls for reformation of banking services. New concepts like on-line bank, on-line cash card and credit card, on-line settlement of accounts, electronic invoice, electronic "cash"-consumers will no longer use the real cash when shopping-will become reality.
*Electronic commerce will change government behavior. Called "on-line gov-ernment", an
on-line administration plays the important role of a social channel, maintaining order and fairness and detecting and cracking down on-line fraud.
3. The Present Situation of Electronic Commerce in Developed Countries
In the mid-1990s, when Internet experienced explosive development and micro-computers entered homes in great numbers, computer networks became an indispen-sable part of people's daily life. People expect for more interests and convenience brought in by computer networks. Electronic Commerce emerged just in time. In de-veloped countries, governments timely made policies to boost electronic commerce to practical use and dominant position in a new round of worldwide competition.
In 1998, Internet helped the United States to create productive out put of 507 bil-lion US dollars, national income of 301 billion US dollars, and 1. 2 million job op-portunities; of these, electronic commerce created an income of 100 billion US dollars. Internet has be-come the first big industry with yearly productive output increasing by 60%，and accounting for 6% of GDP. Service export from the United States has at-tained 160 billion US dollars each year, and it is predicted that it can compensate trade deficit in commodity trade. Internet played an important role in promoting ex-port from the United States: in 1999, books, automobiles and services were sold through electronic commerce to foreign countries, exceeding 102 billion US dollars.
Advocated by the United States, 132 members of WTO decided to turn Internet into a free trade zone within at least one-year term. Some countries and organizations scrambled to work out development framework for electronic commerce and made laws and regulations for developing electronic commerce. In 1996, the UN Confer-ence on Trade and Development passed "Model Law of Electronic Commerce". In December, 1996, the US government issued "Policy Framework for Global Electronic Commerce"．In April 1997, European Union issued
"Proposal for Electronic Com-merce in Europe"．On July 1 1997, US President Clinton promulgated" A framework for Global Electronic Commerce" which has had great influence on global electronic commerce. In May 1998, WTO minister conference passed "A Manifesto on Global Electronic Commerce", and in September 1998, WTO general council passed "Scheme for Electronic Commerce Work"．In October 1998, UN Organization of Economy and Cooperation ＆ Development (OECD) held minister conference at Ottawa, Canada on electronic commerce, which is praised as a milestone of global electronic commerce. In September 1999, Global Business Dialog on Electronic Commerce (GBDE) was held in France and is-sued "Paris Proposal"．In December 1999, the United States issued another Internet commerce standard.
Electronic commerce in the United States takes the rein of the trade in the world. At present, there are 60 million subscribers of Internet in the United States. More than 98% of purchasing managers seek targets on-line. As estimated, by 2002, the value involved in transactions done through electronic commerce between US enterprises will account for 6.1% of GDP. Fortune magazine's statistics show the 500 top com-panies in the world all engaged in on-line business.25% of income to IBM (about 20 billion US dollars) is related with electronic commerce. Thanks to electronic com-merce, IBM saved its expenses of 250 million US dollars during 1999. HP Company designated its electronic Commerce solution as E-world-an electronized world. This solution is oriented to medium-and small-size enterprises, and great investment was made to third parties-software companies to develop software suited for medium-and small-size enterprises to engage in electronic commerce. Intel places its risky invest-ment mainly on Internet and electronic commerce. In July 1998, Intel began on-line transactions Its monthly business turn electronic commerce reached one billion US dollars.
As a survey made by European Information Technology Observation shows, of the surveyed 570 companies, 47% have implemented electronic commerce of some sorts, and 4/5 of them began their electronic commerce in the latest two years. Execu-tive Committee of European Union plans at least 25% of its purchase done through electronic commerce by 2001. In1998, in Australia, web sites related with electronic commerce on Internet doubled in number, and 11% of Australian enterprises have their web sites. 80% of Australian companies use Internet to transmit E-mails and conduct commercial activities. In 1998, Singapore government promulgated，for electronic commerce. Singapore is the only country in Southeast Asia that formally joined the "Rights and Obligation Electronic commerce In cooperation with US manufacturers and firms, Singapore established an electronic commerce entry in Asia, providing comprehensive Business-to-Business (B to B) service, so as to enable Asian trade companies to enter the rank of global electronic commerce.
4. Development of Electronic Commerce in China
Exploration in electronic commerce, governmental and civil began in 1993 in China. Today, electronic commerce has found its applications in foreign trade, Cus-toms, finance and commerce. Local frameworks have been established in Beijing and Shanghai for electronic commerce. Some electronic commerce web sites have been opened to on-line shopping and on-line settlement of accounts.
The Ministry of Foreign Trade set up in February 1996 China Electronic Com-merce Center responsible for research, construction, and operation of international electronic commerce project in CT he Center established "China Commodity Trade Market" on Internet, to put rich resources of goods in China to world market, opening new channel for our exports. The subject "Security Proof of Electronic Commerce" as a key item in science and technology
during th9th Five-year Plan period was ap-praised in early 1996 by State Department of Science and Technology and State En-cryptive Code Administration, which laid a foundation for establishing a safe and normal environment for electronic commerce in our country.
In March 1999, the Ministry of Information Industry approved the electronic commercial network of pharmaceutics and health as a model project of electronic commerce for all trades. It is one of the six specialized networks in China, which pro-vide all-direction serve of market information, product transaction, warehousing and delivery, and account settlement, etc.
In Shanghai, in 1999, "Shanghai Administrative Center of Electronic Commerce Security Certificate" was set up, which provide security platform for electronic com-merce and is responsible for application, appraisal, making and management of digital certificate domestic and foreign clients in Shanghai, and offers services such as certi-fication of digital identity and digital signature, electronic notarization, secure E-mail and secure encryption, etc. In January 1 the first on-line bookstore in China-Shanghai Book City On-line standard. It provides VISA cardholders and card-holders of domestic Great Wall card, Dragon card, Peony card and Pacific card with instant and authorized security service.
The measure taken in Beijing to develop electronic commerce is to build a capital electronic commerce city. In November 1998, the capital electronic commerce project formally activated, and a frame-work formally showed off. The Legend Computer Company open edits electronic commerce system in June 1999, and web sites 8848, sina, 163, all activated their electronic commerce.
In April 2000, sponsored by the Ministry of Information Indus-try，National Economy and Trade Commission, and China Council for Promotion of International Trade, the 4th China International Electronic Commerce Conference was held. State leaders and superintendents of
various ministries and commissions joined the opening conference. Mr. Levy, secretary of Commercial Department of the US government led a delegation of famous US enterprises and media, totally more than 100 persons, to join the conference. More than 60 seminars were held during the conference, to dis-cuss extensive topics on electronic commerce.
Despite all these efforts, companies engaged in electronic commerce service in China suffer losses in their B-to-C business (B refers to Business, C refers to Con-sumers). Some Chinese experts attribute this to Chinese shopping habit-Chinese con-sumers treat shopping as an interesting hobby; they enjoy the pleasure of spending their money through appreciating and comparing merchandise, and bargaining; but all these will vanish from on-line shopping. Other experts attribute this phenomenon to the ubiquitous incredulity in society-banks can-not interconnect their business be-cause they fear their customers will be captured by their rivals; cash cards cannot be popularized because banks do not trust civilians; and civilians do not like to do on-line shopping because they do not trust on-line stores,…etc. Why？That's because many things on-line and in society are false, for ex-ample, false number of subscribers, false statistics of access flux, shoddy goods, forged diploma, sham curriculum vitae, sham investment, sham listing, false revenue to listed enterprises, etc. Such an over-all environment will not change within a long period of time. In such environment, no commercial activity can be done. Many IT practitioners are disheartened with elec-tronic commerce in our country.
5. Prospects of Electronic Commerce
Although developing rapidly and seeming to have brilliant prospects, electronic commerce faces a series of real problems, for example, problems involving security, technology, expense, legal system, tax system, conception, protection of privacy, in-frastructure, etc. However, electronic commerce is the mainstream of enterprises in the new century and will develop
rapidly in the coming years. Some companies pre-dict that by 2003, electronic commerce between enterprises in developed countries will account for over 9%of the total turnover（1,300 billion US dollars）, and in consumer electronic commerce the turnover will attain 76. 3 billion US dollars by 2002. And as experts predicted, electronic commerce in China will catch up with de-veloped countries on the average level, in 10 years. They suggested 3 to 5 years be spent on working out plans, policies and regulations necessary for developing elec-tronic commerce, building substantial and tangible electronic commerce systems, fos-tering specialized talents, optimizing of the electronic commerce systems in some trades and areas; and then 5 to 7 years be spent on linking with international elec-tronic commerce to enable our electronic commerce system as an important compo-nent of international electronic commerce; popularizing of electronic commerce in application, raising electronic commerce in our country to a higher level in research, development and application, to the average level in developed countries.
The following description tells what major I/e strategies some major manufactur-ers in the world are taking in development of electronic commerce.
IBM: IBM is the pioneer that held up the banner of electronic commerce as a new application of Internet. In people's mind, IBM is now not only manufacturer of main-frames, PCs, servers, software but also the “godfather" of electronic commerce. IBM has always been dedicated to promoting secure commerce over the Internet. It sin-come from selling servers has accounted for 60% of its total in-come.
IBM not only provides products for large-scale applications of secure, efficient, reliable electronic commerce and payment over Internet, but also for small electronic business as well.
IBM Micro Payments an application enabling buyers to purchase low cost items over Internet-is another example of how IBM is expanding to new areas of commerce. By enabling
billing servers, content providers and other merchants to profitably sell items for even a few cents, IBM opens up a whole new market.
IBM Micro Payments allows buyers, sellers and billing systems to sell content, information, and services over Internet, for small amounts. IBM's commitment to electronic commerce and electronic business makes it a leader in the area of electronic payments. An automated compiler tool transforms existing HTML pages, creating "click and pay" links with either fixed or dynamic prices. Content and service provid-ers can take advantage of the extensive set of APIs and authoring tools to extend IBM Micro Payments available from OEMs. Billing servers can easily integrate the IBM Micro Payments application with existing billing systems and use it to attract content providers and open new sources of revenue.
IBM Micro Payments provides scalability and interoperability, which allows widespread availability across Internet, including multi-currency and multilingual support, and low operational costs it easily supports transactions as low as one cent.
SUN: SUN as a global leading supplier treats Internet not only a tool but also a new mode of commerce. SUN has provided very flexible solutions to commercial af-fairs for BBC, ETRADE, Federal Express, First Auction, Fruit of the Loom, Kodak, Thomas Cook, Virgin.
Microsoft: Microsoft aims at helping enterprises to set up more powerful relation with their clients and partners by three means: (I)Windows 2000, BackOffice, Site Server, Biztalk, etc; (2) MSN (in the United States, more than 40% web users access MSN, and consumers can conduct comparative study when buying articles and ser-vices); (3) Partners provide customers with various products and services on Mi-crosoft MSN platform, realizing electronic commerce solutions, including settling account, paying tax, shopping, logistics, purchasing, accounting, ERP (Electronic Remote Processing) and EDI (Electronic Data Interchange), etc.
Site Server and Biz talk are the two major products of Microsoft adopted in exist-ing system for enterprises to develop electronic commerce. Site Server is used for constructing web stores, based on data-it enables the client to easily realize on-line catalog, buying/selling order, exchange of documents for promoting sale, etc. Disre-garding what platform, operating system or technology used in low layer.
Novell: Novell defines itself as "NET Service Supplier" after2000. The word NET includes intranet, extranet, Internet, company net, public net, cable net, wireless net. Its aim is to breakout the existing service domain in which most software products can provide services only in a specific environment or for a specific procedure or server (rather than the whole network)．Novell's network service software NDS eDirectory as a nucleus helps clients to reduce complexity of business on network, and improve security, so that it enables network, applications and business processing to adapt to electronic commerce, and thus speed up their transfer to electronic commerce.
SCO: SCO’s Tarantella is the best solution for existing users to conduct electronic commerce. Users can use only a browser to access any applications of platforms in back counter, without the need of re-writing existing applications, in their effort to transfer their business to electronic commercial mode. To ensure electronic commerce to continually operate, SCO provides an incessant cluster solution based on UNIXWARE 7. This product is easy to use, easy to manage and its cost is one-tenth of large-scale product of the same sort for mainframes while its performance doubles. It is a security solution with higher performance/ cost ratio among the same sort for electronic commerce.
Tivoli Systems Inc. today announced Tivoli Business Systems Manager, a new, fully integrated solution that allows businesses to manage their IT environments from the top down,
creating a powerful view of business systems management.
The Tivoli Business Systems Manager solution provides us with business views and control mechanisms to manage all of our distributed IT resources in the retail, banking and electronic commerce environments-including system resources, data-bases, application servers, web servers and electronic commerce applications-from one central location. The Graphical User Interface allows us to monitor all of our re-sources on a single screen, regardless of geographical location.
Combining the features of Tivoli Global Enterprise and Tivoli Manager for OS/390, Tivoli Business Systems Manager provides true end-to-end enterprise management from one console, simplifying the administration of heterogeneous environments. Tivoli Business Systems Manager enables customers to manage and control multiple applications that are required for different business functions.
中文译文：
电子商务
电子商务或电子贸易，电子商业，或作为一个新兴的商业模式将产生深远的影响，经济和社会中发挥重要作用的社会发展世界各地。它代表了世界贸易的趋势在21世纪和以后。
1.什么是电子商务？
电子商务是指商业数据交换以数字形式通过电子传送手段和进行的商业活动在网上进行。通常情况下，电子商务可以分为两个层次：一个是低层次的电子商业就是电子商业情报，电子贸易，电子合同。另一个是高层次电子商务，其中包括所有商业活动的开展通过互联网，从寻找客户，商业negotia化，使订单，网上付款，释放电子发票，电子十二月宣言海关，电子税务付款，所有在互联网上进行。
电子商务是指所有电气化交易。这是精选的这些字符： ①公平和自由， ②高效率，全球化③ ， ④虚拟化， ⑤交互性， ⑥自主权， ⑦个性化的服务。电子商务，客户和供应商可以方便地联系密切，彼此在全球范围内，从而使客户可以找到令人满意的供应商来自所有来者不拒的世界，以满足他们的要求。
电子商务将改变环境，使企业互相竞争和降低成本的本来是很高的传统市场结构。在交易成本低，方便进入市场和政府鼓励使用因特网（豁免税）启动电子商务和推动它迅速发展权从一开始。正如专家预测，到2000年，电子商务将达到规模300billion美元全球。它已经超过了这一规模。
为了确保安全，电子商务，电子认证中心应设立。数字证书是用来验证身份。数字11是一个值得信赖的第三方，即授权机构，发布，包括确定信息的持有人（姓名，地址，联系方式，身份证号码） ，一个关键的encryptive共同使用的双方，有效期，密码和识别信息的授权机构，等等数字编号，双方的交易中可以放心确定等党和验证的信息发出了从另一方当事人没有受到改建。
2.电子商务的优势如下:
*广泛报道。一个网络系统相结合的互联网，内联网（局域网内的企业）和外联网（网络以外的企业）可以购买者，销售商，制造商和其合作伙伴相互联系和公约iently转交商业情报和文件，全世界。
*功能完备。电子商务中，用户的不同类型和不同的差异不一样可以实现不同层次的贸
易目标，例如，释放商业情报，在线谈判，电子支付，建立虚拟COM ，商业市场和网上银行，等
*方便和灵活的使用..基于互联网的，电子商务是不受制约的专门协议的数据交换。交易可以进行方便的电脑屏幕上，通过使用任何类型的电脑，在任何地点，任何世界各地。
*成本低。利用电子商务可以降低成本，雇用的员工，保持仓库和店面，国际旅行费用和邮费在很大的程度上。费用使用Internet非常低。
电子商务将有重大影响的社会经济：
*电子商务将改变人们使用采取商业交流tivities 。通过网络，人们可以进入虚拟商店和社区周围，选择他们感兴趣的，并享受各种网上服务。另一方面，商家与消费者可以通过网络，决定购买的商品（类别和数量） ，并执行清算帐目。政府机构可以进行电子投标，并通过推行政府采购网络。
*核心的电子商务人。这是一个社会制度。网上商店平改变了人们的日常生活，充分体现自主性consum物贸易。
*电子商务改变了企业生产的货物。通过网络，了解市场需求，制造商直接和安排生产，根据消费者的需要。
*电子商务大大提高贸易效率。中间环节可以降低成本，销售将减少到最低限度。生产可氩不等“小批量多品种多样”和“零库存”将成为现实。
*电子商务呼吁改革的银行服务。新概念，例如网上银行，网上现金卡和信用卡，网上结算，电子发票，电子“现金” ，消费者将不再使用时的实际现金购物将成为现实。
*电子商务将改变政府的行为。所谓的“网上政务， ernment ” ，一个网上政府发挥的重要作用的社会通道，维持秩序和公平和侦查和打击网上欺诈。
3 .现状电子商务发达国家
在90年代中期，当互联网经历爆炸性发展和微型计算机进入家庭大量，计算机网络成为indispen ，塞布尔的一部分人民的日常生活。人们期待更多的利益和便利所带来的计算机网络。电子商务的出现正是时候。扫雷发育，各国政府及时提出政策，以推动电子商务的实际使用和主导地位的新一轮全球竞争。
1998年，互联网帮助美国创造生产出了507胆红素狮美元，国家收入301亿美元,1.2百万就业运算portunities ;这些，电子商务创造的收入为100亿美元。互联网已经成为来的第一大产业，每年生产产量增加了60 ％ ，占GDP的6 ％ 。服务出口从美国在涉及一千六百点零亿美元每年，它是预测，它可以弥补贸易赤字的商品贸易。互联网发挥了重
要作用，促进前港口来自美国： 1999年，图书，汽车和服务通过电子商务销售的外国国家，超过一千零二十○万点零万美元。
所倡导的美国， 132个世贸组织成员的决定将互联网变成一个自由贸易区范围内至少有一名，任期一年。一些国家和组织纷纷制定发展电子商务框架，并提出法律和法规的发展电子商务。 1996年，联合国会议时室贸易和发展组织通过了“示范法的电子商务” 。去年12月， 1996年，美国政府发表了“政策全球电子商务框架” 。 1997年4月，欧盟发表了“关于电子商务在欧洲” 。在1997年7月1日，美国总统克林顿颁发的“全球框架电子商务“这有很大的影响全球电子商务。 1998年5月，世贸组织大臣会议通过了“的宣言对全球电子商务” ，并于1998年9月，世贸组织总理事会通过了“电子商务计划工作” 。 1998年10月，联合国组织的经济合作与发展组织（经合组织）举行记者招待会上，加拿大渥太华关于电子商务，这是称赞的一个里程碑全球电子商务。 1999年9月，全球商业对话的电子商务（ GBDE ）是在法国举行的是，起诉“巴黎的建议” 。 1999年12月，美国发布了另一项因特网商务标准。
电子商务在美国采取的遏制的贸易在世界上。目前，有6000万用户的互联网在美国。超过98 ％的采购经理人寻求的目标线。据估计，到2002年，参与的价值交易通过电子商务的美国企业将占到国内生产总值的6.1 ％ 。财富杂志的统计数据显示， 500顶端COM - panies在世界上所有从事网上business.25 ％ ， IBM公司的收入（约20亿美元）是与电子商务。由于电子商务， IBM公司节省了开支二万五千点零万美元1999年期间。惠普公司指定其电子商务解决方案，电子世界，一个电子化的世界。这个解决方案是面向中型和小型企业，以及巨大的投资是向第三方软件公司开发的软件适用于中型和小型企业从事电子商务。英特尔将其风险投资的主要是互联网和电子商务。 1998年7月，英特尔开始在网上交易的每月业务转向电子商务达到100亿美元。
作为一项调查所作的欧洲信息技术观察显示，被调查的570家公司， 47 ％已实施电子商务的一些种类，以及4月5日开始了他们在电子商务的最新两年。 Execu性欧洲联盟委员会的计划，至少25 ％的采购通过电子商务的2001年。于1998年，在澳大利亚，网站与电子商务对互联网的人数增加了一倍， 11 ％的澳大利亚企业自己的网站。 80 ％的澳大利亚企业使用因特网来传输电子邮件和进行商业活动。 1998年，新加坡政府颁布，为电子商务。新加坡是唯一的东南亚国家，正式加入了“权利和义务电子商务的合作，美国制造商和公司，新加坡设立了一个电子商务项目在亚洲，提供全面的企业对企业（ B到b ）服务，所以使亚洲的贸易公司进入排名全球电子商务。
4 .电子商务发展的中国
探索电子商务，政府和民间自1993年开始在中国。今天，电子商务已经发现及其应用在外贸，海关，金融和商业。当地的框架已经建立了在北京和上海的电子商务。一些电子商务网站已开始对网上购物和网上结算帐目。
外贸部成立于1996年2月我国电子商务中心负责研究，建设和运作的国际电子商务项目的CT他在中心设立“中国商品交易市场”在互联网上，把丰富的资源中的货物中国向世界市场，开辟新的渠道，我们的出口。主题为“安全证明电子商务”作为一个重要项目在科学和技术在th9th个五年计划期间的AP -称赞在1996年初由国家科学技术部和国家恩cryptive代码管理，这奠定了基础为建立一个安全和正常的环境，电子商务在我国。
1999年3月，信息产业部批准的电子商业网络的制药和健康作为一个示范项目，以及电子贸易对所有行业。这是一个6个专门网络中，这有利于视频全方位服务的市场信息，产品交易，仓储和交货和结算等
在上海，在1999年， “上海管理中心电子商务安全证书”成立，以提供安全平台，电子商务，并负责申请，评估，决策和管理的数字证书国内外客户在上海，并提供服务，如认证
fication的数字身份和数字签名，电子公证，安全电子邮件，安全的加密，等1月1日第一次在网上书店中，上海书城网上标准。它提供持卡人和信用卡持有者国内长城卡，龙卡，牡丹卡和太平洋卡，即时和授权的安全服务。
采取的措施在北京发展电子商务是建立一个资本电子商务城市。 1998年11月，首都电子商务工程正式启动，并框架正式展示了。联想电脑公司打开编辑电子商务系统于1999年6月，和网站8848 ，新浪， 163 ，所有激活电子商务。
2000年4月，由新闻部的工业，国家经济和贸易委员会，理事会和中国国际贸易促进委员会，第四届中国国际电子商务大会举行。国家领导人和各部委司和委员会参加会议的开幕式。利维先生，秘书长商业部领导的美国政府代表团的美国著名企业和媒体，共100多人，参加了会议。 60多个研讨会期间举行了会议，病家伙广泛议题电子商务。
尽管所有这些努力，公司从事电子商务服务中遭受损失的商业对消费者的业务（ b指商业和c指节能消费者） 。一些中国专家认为这对中国的购物习惯，中国节能消费者对待购物作为一个有趣的业余爱好，他们享受的乐趣花钱的通过表示赞赏和比较商品，讨价还价，但这些都将消失从网上购物。其他专家认为这一现象在社会中普遍存在的怀疑，银行可，而不是将他们的业务互连原因，他们担心他们的客户将被他们的对手;现金卡不能推广，
因为银行不信任平民和平民不喜欢做网上购物，因为他们不信任的网上商店， ...等为什么？这是因为很多事情在网上和社会中是假的，为前充裕，虚假的用户数量，虚假统计数据的访问流量，伪劣商品，伪造文凭，假履历，假投资，假上市，虚假收入上市企业等这样的整体环境将不会改变在很长一段时间。在这样的环境下，没有任何商业活动可以做到的。许多IT从业者感到沮丧与电子商业在我国。
5.展望电子商务
虽然发展迅速，似乎有光明前景，电子商务面临着一系列实际问题，例如，问题涉及安全，技术，费用，法律制度，税收制度，观念，保护个人隐私，在基础设施等，但电子商务的主流是企业在新的世纪里迅速发展，并会在未来几年中。一些公司预先字典，到2003年，电子商务与发达国家的企业将占到9 ％以上的总营业额（ 1300亿美元） ，而在消费性电子商业的营业额将达到76 。三十○点零零亿美元到2002年。和专家预测，我国电子商务将会赶上去发育国家的平均水平，在10年内。他们提出3至5年为 用于工作计划，政策和规章必须对发展中国家电子商业，建设大量的和实际的电子商务系统的Fos tering专门人才，优化电子商务系统在某些行业和领域;然后5至7年将用于连接国际电子商贸，使我们的电子商务系统的一个重要组件的国际电子商务;推广电子商务的应用，提高电子商务在我国向更高层次的研究，开发和应用，的平均水平在发达国家。
下面的说明告诉什么主要的I / é战略一些主要制造卫星在世界上正在发展中的电子商务。
IBM公司： IBM是先锋的旗帜举行了电子商务作为一种新的互联网应用。在人们的头脑， IBM公司目前不仅生产厂家的主要框架，个人电脑，服务器，软件，而且还对“教父”的电子商务。 IBM一直是致力于促进安全商业在互联网上。据信来自销售服务器占60 ％ ，其总的到来。
IBM公司不仅提供产品的大规模应用的安全，高效，可靠的电子商务和互联网付款，而且还为小型电子企业以及。
IBM的微支付的申请，使买家购买成本低的项目超过互联网的另一个例子是IBM公司是如何扩展到新领域的商业。使结算服务器，内容供应商和其他商家销售物品的利润甚至几美分， IBM公司打开一个全新的市场。
IBM的微支付允许买方，卖方及结算系统，以便销售内容，信息和服务，互联网，少量。 IBM的承诺，电子商务和电子业务使其成为一个领先的电子支付领域。编译器自动转换现有的HTML网页，建立“点击付费”与任何固定或动态的价格。内容和服务提供商者可
以充分利用广泛的宣传短片及制作工具，以扩展IBM的微付款可从原始设备制造商。计费服务器可以很容易地整合IBM的微支付应用与现有的计费系统，并用它来吸引内容提供商和开辟新的收入来源。
IBM的微支付提供的可扩展性和互操作性，可广泛提供跨越因特网，包括多币种和多语言支持，和低运营成本轻松支持交易低1美分。
孙：孙作为全球领先供应商对待互联网不仅是一种工具，但也是一个新的商业模式。 Sun公司已经提供了非常灵活的解决方案，以商业对焦博览会的英国广播公司， ETRADE ，联邦快递公司，首次拍卖，果实的织机，柯达，托马斯库克，美属维尔京。
微软：微软的目的是帮助企业建立更强大的关系，他们的客户和合作伙伴的三种方式：
（一） Windows 2000中，的BackOffice ，网站服务器的BizTalk等; （ 2 ）的MSN （在美国，超过40 ％的网络用户访问MSN和消费者可以进行比较研究，在购买物品和服务第四种） ; （ 3 ）合作伙伴为客户提供各种产品和服务的米- crosoft MSN平台，实现电子商务解决方案，其中包括解决帐户，纳税，购物，物流，采购，会计，企业资源规划（电子远程处理）和电子数据交换（电子数据交换）等
网站服务器和商务会谈的两个主要产品通过了微软的存在性制度，为企业发展电子商务。网站服务器是用于建设网络商店的基础上，数据，使客户可以轻松实现网上产品目录，购买/销售秩序，交换文件，以促进销售等Disre - garding什么平台，操作系统或技术在低收入层。
Novell公司： Novell公司将自己界定为“网络服务供应商” after2000 。 NET中的字，包括内联网，外联网，内联网，企业网，公众网，有线网，无线网。其目的是要突破现有的服务领域，其中大部分的软件产品能够提供的服务只有在特定环境或特定程序或服务器（而不是整个网络） 。 Novell公司的网络服务软件的NDS的eDirectory作为核帮助客户降低复杂的业务网络，并提高安全性，因此，它使网络，应用程序和业务处理，以适应电子商务，从而加快其转移到电子商务。
上海合作组织：上海合作组织的只占最好的办法是对现有用户进行电子商务。用户可以只使用一个浏览器访问任何应用程序的平台，回到柜台，而无需重新编写现有的应用，在他们的努力将其业务的电子商业模式。为了确保电子商务不断运作，上海合作组织提供了一个不断的群集解决方案的基础上UNIXWARE 7 。该产品易于使用，易于管理，其成本是其中的十分之一大规模生产相同种类的主机，而其业绩双打。这是一个安全解决方案，更高的性能/成本比在同一类的电子商务。
Tivoli系统公司今天宣布Tivoli业务系统管理器中，一个新的，完全集成的解决方案，使企业管理其IT环境自上而下，建立一个强大的业务系统管理。
的Tivoli业务系统管理解决方案为我们提供了企业的意见和控制机制来管理我们所有的IT资源分布在零售，银行和电子商务的环境，包括系统资源，数据库，应用服务器， Web服务器和电子商务应用，从一个中央位置。图形用户界面使我们能够监控我们所有的资源在一个屏幕上，无论地理位置。
结合特点的Tivoli全球企业和Tivoli经理OS/390 ， Tivoli业务系统管理器提供了真正的端到端的企业管理从一个控制台，简化管理异构环境。 Tivoli业务系统管理器可以帮助客户管理和控制多个应用程序所需要的不同的业务职能。
本科毕业设计
外文文献及译文
文献、资料题目：Electronic Commerce
文献、资料来源：网络
文献、资料发表（出版）日期：2010.3.25
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外文文献：
Electronic Commerce
Electronic commerce, or Electronic trade, or electronic business as a newly rising mode of commerce will have far-reaching influence on social economy and play an important role in social development worldwide. It represents the trend of world trade in the 21st century and beyond.
1. What is Electronic Commerce?
Electronic commerce refers to commercial data exchange in digital form through electronic transmission means and commercial activities conducted on-line. Usually, electronic commerce can be divided into two levels: One is low-level electronic commerce that is, electronic commercial intelligence, electronic trade, and electronic contracts. Another is high-level electronic commerce which includes all commercial activities done via Internet, ranging from searching for clients, commercial negotia-tion, making orders, on-line payment, releasing electronic invoice, to electronic dec-laration to Customs, electronic tax-payment, all conducted on Internet.
Electronic commerce means electrification of all trade transactions. It is featured by these characters: ①fairness and freedom, ②high efficiency, ③globalization, ④virtualization, ⑤interactivity, ⑥autonomy, ⑦personalized service. With electronic commerce, clients and suppliers can closely and conveniently contact with each other on a global scale, so that clients can find satisfactory suppliers from all comers of the world to meet their demands.
Electronic commerce will change the environment in which enterprises compete with each other and reduce costs which would otherwise be high in traditional market structure. Low costs in transactions, convenience in market entry and government encouragement to use Internet
(exemption from tax) activate electronic commerce and boost it to develop rapidly right from its beginning. As experts predicted, by 2000, electronic commerce would reach a scale of 300billion US dollars worldwide. And it has exceeded this scale.
To ensure security of electronic commerce, an electronic certification center should be established. Digital ID is used to validate identity. Digital 11 is trusted to a third party, namely, an authorized agency, to release, including identifying informa-tion of the holder (name, address, liaison way, ID card number), an encryptive key for common use by the both parties, period of validity, password and identification in-formation of the authorized agency, etc. With digital ID, both parties in transactions can be assured of identifying the other party and validate that the information sent out from the other party has not been subject to alteration.
2. Influence That Electronic Commerce May Have
Compared with traditional commerce, electronic commerce has superiorities as follows *Extensive coverage. A network system combining Internet, Intranet (local area network inside enterprises) and Extranet (networks outside enterprises) enables buy-ers, sellers, manufacturers and their partners to contact with each other and conven-iently transmit commercial intelligence and documents worldwide.
*Complete functions. In electronic commerce, users of different types and on dif-ferent tiers can realize different targets in trade, for example, releasing commercial intelligence, on-line negotiation, electronic payment, establishment of virtual com-mercial market place and on-line banking, etc.
*Convenience and flexibility in use.. Based on Internet, electronic commerce is free from restriction by specialized protocol for data exchange. Transactions can be conducted conveniently on computer screen, by using any type of PCs, at any place around the world.
*Low cost. Use of electronic commerce can cut down costs for hiring employees, maintaining warehouse and storefront, expense for international travel and postage to a great extent. The cost for using Internet is very low.
Electronic commerce will have substantial influence on social economy:
*Electronic commerce will change the way people used to take in commercial ac-tivities. Through networks, people can enter virtual stores and browse around, select what they are interested in, and enjoy various on-line services. On the other hand, merchants can contact with consumers through networks, decide on buying in goods (categories and quantities) and perform settlement of accounts. Government agencies can perform electronic tendering and pursue government purchase through networks.
*The core of electronic commerce is people. It is a social system. On-line shop-ping changes the way of people's daily life and fully embodies autonomy of consum-ers in trade.
*Electronic commerce changes the way enterprises produce their goods. Through networks, manufacturers know market demand directly and make arrangement of production, in accordance with consumers' need.
*Electronic commerce dramatically raises efficiency of trade. Intermediate links can be cut down; costs for sales will be reduced to minimum. Production can be ar-ranged in "small batches plus diverse varieties", and "zero stock" will be reality.
*Electronic commerce calls for reformation of banking services. New concepts like on-line bank, on-line cash card and credit card, on-line settlement of accounts, electronic invoice, electronic "cash"-consumers will no longer use the real cash when shopping-will become reality.
*Electronic commerce will change government behavior. Called "on-line gov-ernment", an
on-line administration plays the important role of a social channel, maintaining order and fairness and detecting and cracking down on-line fraud.
3. The Present Situation of Electronic Commerce in Developed Countries
In the mid-1990s, when Internet experienced explosive development and micro-computers entered homes in great numbers, computer networks became an indispen-sable part of people's daily life. People expect for more interests and convenience brought in by computer networks. Electronic Commerce emerged just in time. In de-veloped countries, governments timely made policies to boost electronic commerce to practical use and dominant position in a new round of worldwide competition.
In 1998, Internet helped the United States to create productive out put of 507 bil-lion US dollars, national income of 301 billion US dollars, and 1. 2 million job op-portunities; of these, electronic commerce created an income of 100 billion US dollars. Internet has be-come the first big industry with yearly productive output increasing by 60%，and accounting for 6% of GDP. Service export from the United States has at-tained 160 billion US dollars each year, and it is predicted that it can compensate trade deficit in commodity trade. Internet played an important role in promoting ex-port from the United States: in 1999, books, automobiles and services were sold through electronic commerce to foreign countries, exceeding 102 billion US dollars.
Advocated by the United States, 132 members of WTO decided to turn Internet into a free trade zone within at least one-year term. Some countries and organizations scrambled to work out development framework for electronic commerce and made laws and regulations for developing electronic commerce. In 1996, the UN Confer-ence on Trade and Development passed "Model Law of Electronic Commerce". In December, 1996, the US government issued "Policy Framework for Global Electronic Commerce"．In April 1997, European Union issued
"Proposal for Electronic Com-merce in Europe"．On July 1 1997, US President Clinton promulgated" A framework for Global Electronic Commerce" which has had great influence on global electronic commerce. In May 1998, WTO minister conference passed "A Manifesto on Global Electronic Commerce", and in September 1998, WTO general council passed "Scheme for Electronic Commerce Work"．In October 1998, UN Organization of Economy and Cooperation ＆ Development (OECD) held minister conference at Ottawa, Canada on electronic commerce, which is praised as a milestone of global electronic commerce. In September 1999, Global Business Dialog on Electronic Commerce (GBDE) was held in France and is-sued "Paris Proposal"．In December 1999, the United States issued another Internet commerce standard.
Electronic commerce in the United States takes the rein of the trade in the world. At present, there are 60 million subscribers of Internet in the United States. More than 98% of purchasing managers seek targets on-line. As estimated, by 2002, the value involved in transactions done through electronic commerce between US enterprises will account for 6.1% of GDP. Fortune magazine's statistics show the 500 top com-panies in the world all engaged in on-line business.25% of income to IBM (about 20 billion US dollars) is related with electronic commerce. Thanks to electronic com-merce, IBM saved its expenses of 250 million US dollars during 1999. HP Company designated its electronic Commerce solution as E-world-an electronized world. This solution is oriented to medium-and small-size enterprises, and great investment was made to third parties-software companies to develop software suited for medium-and small-size enterprises to engage in electronic commerce. Intel places its risky invest-ment mainly on Internet and electronic commerce. In July 1998, Intel began on-line transactions Its monthly business turn electronic commerce reached one billion US dollars.
As a survey made by European Information Technology Observation shows, of the surveyed 570 companies, 47% have implemented electronic commerce of some sorts, and 4/5 of them began their electronic commerce in the latest two years. Execu-tive Committee of European Union plans at least 25% of its purchase done through electronic commerce by 2001. In1998, in Australia, web sites related with electronic commerce on Internet doubled in number, and 11% of Australian enterprises have their web sites. 80% of Australian companies use Internet to transmit E-mails and conduct commercial activities. In 1998, Singapore government promulgated，for electronic commerce. Singapore is the only country in Southeast Asia that formally joined the "Rights and Obligation Electronic commerce In cooperation with US manufacturers and firms, Singapore established an electronic commerce entry in Asia, providing comprehensive Business-to-Business (B to B) service, so as to enable Asian trade companies to enter the rank of global electronic commerce.
4. Development of Electronic Commerce in China
Exploration in electronic commerce, governmental and civil began in 1993 in China. Today, electronic commerce has found its applications in foreign trade, Cus-toms, finance and commerce. Local frameworks have been established in Beijing and Shanghai for electronic commerce. Some electronic commerce web sites have been opened to on-line shopping and on-line settlement of accounts.
The Ministry of Foreign Trade set up in February 1996 China Electronic Com-merce Center responsible for research, construction, and operation of international electronic commerce project in CT he Center established "China Commodity Trade Market" on Internet, to put rich resources of goods in China to world market, opening new channel for our exports. The subject "Security Proof of Electronic Commerce" as a key item in science and technology
during th9th Five-year Plan period was ap-praised in early 1996 by State Department of Science and Technology and State En-cryptive Code Administration, which laid a foundation for establishing a safe and normal environment for electronic commerce in our country.
In March 1999, the Ministry of Information Industry approved the electronic commercial network of pharmaceutics and health as a model project of electronic commerce for all trades. It is one of the six specialized networks in China, which pro-vide all-direction serve of market information, product transaction, warehousing and delivery, and account settlement, etc.
In Shanghai, in 1999, "Shanghai Administrative Center of Electronic Commerce Security Certificate" was set up, which provide security platform for electronic com-merce and is responsible for application, appraisal, making and management of digital certificate domestic and foreign clients in Shanghai, and offers services such as certi-fication of digital identity and digital signature, electronic notarization, secure E-mail and secure encryption, etc. In January 1 the first on-line bookstore in China-Shanghai Book City On-line standard. It provides VISA cardholders and card-holders of domestic Great Wall card, Dragon card, Peony card and Pacific card with instant and authorized security service.
The measure taken in Beijing to develop electronic commerce is to build a capital electronic commerce city. In November 1998, the capital electronic commerce project formally activated, and a frame-work formally showed off. The Legend Computer Company open edits electronic commerce system in June 1999, and web sites 8848, sina, 163, all activated their electronic commerce.
In April 2000, sponsored by the Ministry of Information Indus-try，National Economy and Trade Commission, and China Council for Promotion of International Trade, the 4th China International Electronic Commerce Conference was held. State leaders and superintendents of
various ministries and commissions joined the opening conference. Mr. Levy, secretary of Commercial Department of the US government led a delegation of famous US enterprises and media, totally more than 100 persons, to join the conference. More than 60 seminars were held during the conference, to dis-cuss extensive topics on electronic commerce.
Despite all these efforts, companies engaged in electronic commerce service in China suffer losses in their B-to-C business (B refers to Business, C refers to Con-sumers). Some Chinese experts attribute this to Chinese shopping habit-Chinese con-sumers treat shopping as an interesting hobby; they enjoy the pleasure of spending their money through appreciating and comparing merchandise, and bargaining; but all these will vanish from on-line shopping. Other experts attribute this phenomenon to the ubiquitous incredulity in society-banks can-not interconnect their business be-cause they fear their customers will be captured by their rivals; cash cards cannot be popularized because banks do not trust civilians; and civilians do not like to do on-line shopping because they do not trust on-line stores,…etc. Why？That's because many things on-line and in society are false, for ex-ample, false number of subscribers, false statistics of access flux, shoddy goods, forged diploma, sham curriculum vitae, sham investment, sham listing, false revenue to listed enterprises, etc. Such an over-all environment will not change within a long period of time. In such environment, no commercial activity can be done. Many IT practitioners are disheartened with elec-tronic commerce in our country.
5. Prospects of Electronic Commerce
Although developing rapidly and seeming to have brilliant prospects, electronic commerce faces a series of real problems, for example, problems involving security, technology, expense, legal system, tax system, conception, protection of privacy, in-frastructure, etc. However, electronic commerce is the mainstream of enterprises in the new century and will develop
rapidly in the coming years. Some companies pre-dict that by 2003, electronic commerce between enterprises in developed countries will account for over 9%of the total turnover（1,300 billion US dollars）, and in consumer electronic commerce the turnover will attain 76. 3 billion US dollars by 2002. And as experts predicted, electronic commerce in China will catch up with de-veloped countries on the average level, in 10 years. They suggested 3 to 5 years be spent on working out plans, policies and regulations necessary for developing elec-tronic commerce, building substantial and tangible electronic commerce systems, fos-tering specialized talents, optimizing of the electronic commerce systems in some trades and areas; and then 5 to 7 years be spent on linking with international elec-tronic commerce to enable our electronic commerce system as an important compo-nent of international electronic commerce; popularizing of electronic commerce in application, raising electronic commerce in our country to a higher level in research, development and application, to the average level in developed countries.
The following description tells what major I/e strategies some major manufactur-ers in the world are taking in development of electronic commerce.
IBM: IBM is the pioneer that held up the banner of electronic commerce as a new application of Internet. In people's mind, IBM is now not only manufacturer of main-frames, PCs, servers, software but also the “godfather" of electronic commerce. IBM has always been dedicated to promoting secure commerce over the Internet. It sin-come from selling servers has accounted for 60% of its total in-come.
IBM not only provides products for large-scale applications of secure, efficient, reliable electronic commerce and payment over Internet, but also for small electronic business as well.
IBM Micro Payments an application enabling buyers to purchase low cost items over Internet-is another example of how IBM is expanding to new areas of commerce. By enabling
billing servers, content providers and other merchants to profitably sell items for even a few cents, IBM opens up a whole new market.
IBM Micro Payments allows buyers, sellers and billing systems to sell content, information, and services over Internet, for small amounts. IBM's commitment to electronic commerce and electronic business makes it a leader in the area of electronic payments. An automated compiler tool transforms existing HTML pages, creating "click and pay" links with either fixed or dynamic prices. Content and service provid-ers can take advantage of the extensive set of APIs and authoring tools to extend IBM Micro Payments available from OEMs. Billing servers can easily integrate the IBM Micro Payments application with existing billing systems and use it to attract content providers and open new sources of revenue.
IBM Micro Payments provides scalability and interoperability, which allows widespread availability across Internet, including multi-currency and multilingual support, and low operational costs it easily supports transactions as low as one cent.
SUN: SUN as a global leading supplier treats Internet not only a tool but also a new mode of commerce. SUN has provided very flexible solutions to commercial af-fairs for BBC, ETRADE, Federal Express, First Auction, Fruit of the Loom, Kodak, Thomas Cook, Virgin.
Microsoft: Microsoft aims at helping enterprises to set up more powerful relation with their clients and partners by three means: (I)Windows 2000, BackOffice, Site Server, Biztalk, etc; (2) MSN (in the United States, more than 40% web users access MSN, and consumers can conduct comparative study when buying articles and ser-vices); (3) Partners provide customers with various products and services on Mi-crosoft MSN platform, realizing electronic commerce solutions, including settling account, paying tax, shopping, logistics, purchasing, accounting, ERP (Electronic Remote Processing) and EDI (Electronic Data Interchange), etc.
Site Server and Biz talk are the two major products of Microsoft adopted in exist-ing system for enterprises to develop electronic commerce. Site Server is used for constructing web stores, based on data-it enables the client to easily realize on-line catalog, buying/selling order, exchange of documents for promoting sale, etc. Disre-garding what platform, operating system or technology used in low layer.
Novell: Novell defines itself as "NET Service Supplier" after2000. The word NET includes intranet, extranet, Internet, company net, public net, cable net, wireless net. Its aim is to breakout the existing service domain in which most software products can provide services only in a specific environment or for a specific procedure or server (rather than the whole network)．Novell's network service software NDS eDirectory as a nucleus helps clients to reduce complexity of business on network, and improve security, so that it enables network, applications and business processing to adapt to electronic commerce, and thus speed up their transfer to electronic commerce.
SCO: SCO’s Tarantella is the best solution for existing users to conduct electronic commerce. Users can use only a browser to access any applications of platforms in back counter, without the need of re-writing existing applications, in their effort to transfer their business to electronic commercial mode. To ensure electronic commerce to continually operate, SCO provides an incessant cluster solution based on UNIXWARE 7. This product is easy to use, easy to manage and its cost is one-tenth of large-scale product of the same sort for mainframes while its performance doubles. It is a security solution with higher performance/ cost ratio among the same sort for electronic commerce.
Tivoli Systems Inc. today announced Tivoli Business Systems Manager, a new, fully integrated solution that allows businesses to manage their IT environments from the top down,
creating a powerful view of business systems management.
The Tivoli Business Systems Manager solution provides us with business views and control mechanisms to manage all of our distributed IT resources in the retail, banking and electronic commerce environments-including system resources, data-bases, application servers, web servers and electronic commerce applications-from one central location. The Graphical User Interface allows us to monitor all of our re-sources on a single screen, regardless of geographical location.
Combining the features of Tivoli Global Enterprise and Tivoli Manager for OS/390, Tivoli Business Systems Manager provides true end-to-end enterprise management from one console, simplifying the administration of heterogeneous environments. Tivoli Business Systems Manager enables customers to manage and control multiple applications that are required for different business functions.
中文译文：
电子商务
电子商务或电子贸易，电子商业，或作为一个新兴的商业模式将产生深远的影响，经济和社会中发挥重要作用的社会发展世界各地。它代表了世界贸易的趋势在21世纪和以后。
1.什么是电子商务？
电子商务是指商业数据交换以数字形式通过电子传送手段和进行的商业活动在网上进行。通常情况下，电子商务可以分为两个层次：一个是低层次的电子商业就是电子商业情报，电子贸易，电子合同。另一个是高层次电子商务，其中包括所有商业活动的开展通过互联网，从寻找客户，商业negotia化，使订单，网上付款，释放电子发票，电子十二月宣言海关，电子税务付款，所有在互联网上进行。
电子商务是指所有电气化交易。这是精选的这些字符： ①公平和自由， ②高效率，全球化③ ， ④虚拟化， ⑤交互性， ⑥自主权， ⑦个性化的服务。电子商务，客户和供应商可以方便地联系密切，彼此在全球范围内，从而使客户可以找到令人满意的供应商来自所有来者不拒的世界，以满足他们的要求。
电子商务将改变环境，使企业互相竞争和降低成本的本来是很高的传统市场结构。在交易成本低，方便进入市场和政府鼓励使用因特网（豁免税）启动电子商务和推动它迅速发展权从一开始。正如专家预测，到2000年，电子商务将达到规模300billion美元全球。它已经超过了这一规模。
为了确保安全，电子商务，电子认证中心应设立。数字证书是用来验证身份。数字11是一个值得信赖的第三方，即授权机构，发布，包括确定信息的持有人（姓名，地址，联系方式，身份证号码） ，一个关键的encryptive共同使用的双方，有效期，密码和识别信息的授权机构，等等数字编号，双方的交易中可以放心确定等党和验证的信息发出了从另一方当事人没有受到改建。
2.电子商务的优势如下:
*广泛报道。一个网络系统相结合的互联网，内联网（局域网内的企业）和外联网（网络以外的企业）可以购买者，销售商，制造商和其合作伙伴相互联系和公约iently转交商业情报和文件，全世界。
*功能完备。电子商务中，用户的不同类型和不同的差异不一样可以实现不同层次的贸
易目标，例如，释放商业情报，在线谈判，电子支付，建立虚拟COM ，商业市场和网上银行，等
*方便和灵活的使用..基于互联网的，电子商务是不受制约的专门协议的数据交换。交易可以进行方便的电脑屏幕上，通过使用任何类型的电脑，在任何地点，任何世界各地。
*成本低。利用电子商务可以降低成本，雇用的员工，保持仓库和店面，国际旅行费用和邮费在很大的程度上。费用使用Internet非常低。
电子商务将有重大影响的社会经济：
*电子商务将改变人们使用采取商业交流tivities 。通过网络，人们可以进入虚拟商店和社区周围，选择他们感兴趣的，并享受各种网上服务。另一方面，商家与消费者可以通过网络，决定购买的商品（类别和数量） ，并执行清算帐目。政府机构可以进行电子投标，并通过推行政府采购网络。
*核心的电子商务人。这是一个社会制度。网上商店平改变了人们的日常生活，充分体现自主性consum物贸易。
*电子商务改变了企业生产的货物。通过网络，了解市场需求，制造商直接和安排生产，根据消费者的需要。
*电子商务大大提高贸易效率。中间环节可以降低成本，销售将减少到最低限度。生产可氩不等“小批量多品种多样”和“零库存”将成为现实。
*电子商务呼吁改革的银行服务。新概念，例如网上银行，网上现金卡和信用卡，网上结算，电子发票，电子“现金” ，消费者将不再使用时的实际现金购物将成为现实。
*电子商务将改变政府的行为。所谓的“网上政务， ernment ” ，一个网上政府发挥的重要作用的社会通道，维持秩序和公平和侦查和打击网上欺诈。
3 .现状电子商务发达国家
在90年代中期，当互联网经历爆炸性发展和微型计算机进入家庭大量，计算机网络成为indispen ，塞布尔的一部分人民的日常生活。人们期待更多的利益和便利所带来的计算机网络。电子商务的出现正是时候。扫雷发育，各国政府及时提出政策，以推动电子商务的实际使用和主导地位的新一轮全球竞争。
1998年，互联网帮助美国创造生产出了507胆红素狮美元，国家收入301亿美元,1.2百万就业运算portunities ;这些，电子商务创造的收入为100亿美元。互联网已经成为来的第一大产业，每年生产产量增加了60 ％ ，占GDP的6 ％ 。服务出口从美国在涉及一千六百点零亿美元每年，它是预测，它可以弥补贸易赤字的商品贸易。互联网发挥了重
要作用，促进前港口来自美国： 1999年，图书，汽车和服务通过电子商务销售的外国国家，超过一千零二十○万点零万美元。
所倡导的美国， 132个世贸组织成员的决定将互联网变成一个自由贸易区范围内至少有一名，任期一年。一些国家和组织纷纷制定发展电子商务框架，并提出法律和法规的发展电子商务。 1996年，联合国会议时室贸易和发展组织通过了“示范法的电子商务” 。去年12月， 1996年，美国政府发表了“政策全球电子商务框架” 。 1997年4月，欧盟发表了“关于电子商务在欧洲” 。在1997年7月1日，美国总统克林顿颁发的“全球框架电子商务“这有很大的影响全球电子商务。 1998年5月，世贸组织大臣会议通过了“的宣言对全球电子商务” ，并于1998年9月，世贸组织总理事会通过了“电子商务计划工作” 。 1998年10月，联合国组织的经济合作与发展组织（经合组织）举行记者招待会上，加拿大渥太华关于电子商务，这是称赞的一个里程碑全球电子商务。 1999年9月，全球商业对话的电子商务（ GBDE ）是在法国举行的是，起诉“巴黎的建议” 。 1999年12月，美国发布了另一项因特网商务标准。
电子商务在美国采取的遏制的贸易在世界上。目前，有6000万用户的互联网在美国。超过98 ％的采购经理人寻求的目标线。据估计，到2002年，参与的价值交易通过电子商务的美国企业将占到国内生产总值的6.1 ％ 。财富杂志的统计数据显示， 500顶端COM - panies在世界上所有从事网上business.25 ％ ， IBM公司的收入（约20亿美元）是与电子商务。由于电子商务， IBM公司节省了开支二万五千点零万美元1999年期间。惠普公司指定其电子商务解决方案，电子世界，一个电子化的世界。这个解决方案是面向中型和小型企业，以及巨大的投资是向第三方软件公司开发的软件适用于中型和小型企业从事电子商务。英特尔将其风险投资的主要是互联网和电子商务。 1998年7月，英特尔开始在网上交易的每月业务转向电子商务达到100亿美元。
作为一项调查所作的欧洲信息技术观察显示，被调查的570家公司， 47 ％已实施电子商务的一些种类，以及4月5日开始了他们在电子商务的最新两年。 Execu性欧洲联盟委员会的计划，至少25 ％的采购通过电子商务的2001年。于1998年，在澳大利亚，网站与电子商务对互联网的人数增加了一倍， 11 ％的澳大利亚企业自己的网站。 80 ％的澳大利亚企业使用因特网来传输电子邮件和进行商业活动。 1998年，新加坡政府颁布，为电子商务。新加坡是唯一的东南亚国家，正式加入了“权利和义务电子商务的合作，美国制造商和公司，新加坡设立了一个电子商务项目在亚洲，提供全面的企业对企业（ B到b ）服务，所以使亚洲的贸易公司进入排名全球电子商务。
4 .电子商务发展的中国
探索电子商务，政府和民间自1993年开始在中国。今天，电子商务已经发现及其应用在外贸，海关，金融和商业。当地的框架已经建立了在北京和上海的电子商务。一些电子商务网站已开始对网上购物和网上结算帐目。
外贸部成立于1996年2月我国电子商务中心负责研究，建设和运作的国际电子商务项目的CT他在中心设立“中国商品交易市场”在互联网上，把丰富的资源中的货物中国向世界市场，开辟新的渠道，我们的出口。主题为“安全证明电子商务”作为一个重要项目在科学和技术在th9th个五年计划期间的AP -称赞在1996年初由国家科学技术部和国家恩cryptive代码管理，这奠定了基础为建立一个安全和正常的环境，电子商务在我国。
1999年3月，信息产业部批准的电子商业网络的制药和健康作为一个示范项目，以及电子贸易对所有行业。这是一个6个专门网络中，这有利于视频全方位服务的市场信息，产品交易，仓储和交货和结算等
在上海，在1999年， “上海管理中心电子商务安全证书”成立，以提供安全平台，电子商务，并负责申请，评估，决策和管理的数字证书国内外客户在上海，并提供服务，如认证
fication的数字身份和数字签名，电子公证，安全电子邮件，安全的加密，等1月1日第一次在网上书店中，上海书城网上标准。它提供持卡人和信用卡持有者国内长城卡，龙卡，牡丹卡和太平洋卡，即时和授权的安全服务。
采取的措施在北京发展电子商务是建立一个资本电子商务城市。 1998年11月，首都电子商务工程正式启动，并框架正式展示了。联想电脑公司打开编辑电子商务系统于1999年6月，和网站8848 ，新浪， 163 ，所有激活电子商务。
2000年4月，由新闻部的工业，国家经济和贸易委员会，理事会和中国国际贸易促进委员会，第四届中国国际电子商务大会举行。国家领导人和各部委司和委员会参加会议的开幕式。利维先生，秘书长商业部领导的美国政府代表团的美国著名企业和媒体，共100多人，参加了会议。 60多个研讨会期间举行了会议，病家伙广泛议题电子商务。
尽管所有这些努力，公司从事电子商务服务中遭受损失的商业对消费者的业务（ b指商业和c指节能消费者） 。一些中国专家认为这对中国的购物习惯，中国节能消费者对待购物作为一个有趣的业余爱好，他们享受的乐趣花钱的通过表示赞赏和比较商品，讨价还价，但这些都将消失从网上购物。其他专家认为这一现象在社会中普遍存在的怀疑，银行可，而不是将他们的业务互连原因，他们担心他们的客户将被他们的对手;现金卡不能推广，
因为银行不信任平民和平民不喜欢做网上购物，因为他们不信任的网上商店， ...等为什么？这是因为很多事情在网上和社会中是假的，为前充裕，虚假的用户数量，虚假统计数据的访问流量，伪劣商品，伪造文凭，假履历，假投资，假上市，虚假收入上市企业等这样的整体环境将不会改变在很长一段时间。在这样的环境下，没有任何商业活动可以做到的。许多IT从业者感到沮丧与电子商业在我国。
5.展望电子商务
虽然发展迅速，似乎有光明前景，电子商务面临着一系列实际问题，例如，问题涉及安全，技术，费用，法律制度，税收制度，观念，保护个人隐私，在基础设施等，但电子商务的主流是企业在新的世纪里迅速发展，并会在未来几年中。一些公司预先字典，到2003年，电子商务与发达国家的企业将占到9 ％以上的总营业额（ 1300亿美元） ，而在消费性电子商业的营业额将达到76 。三十○点零零亿美元到2002年。和专家预测，我国电子商务将会赶上去发育国家的平均水平，在10年内。他们提出3至5年为 用于工作计划，政策和规章必须对发展中国家电子商业，建设大量的和实际的电子商务系统的Fos tering专门人才，优化电子商务系统在某些行业和领域;然后5至7年将用于连接国际电子商贸，使我们的电子商务系统的一个重要组件的国际电子商务;推广电子商务的应用，提高电子商务在我国向更高层次的研究，开发和应用，的平均水平在发达国家。
下面的说明告诉什么主要的I / é战略一些主要制造卫星在世界上正在发展中的电子商务。
IBM公司： IBM是先锋的旗帜举行了电子商务作为一种新的互联网应用。在人们的头脑， IBM公司目前不仅生产厂家的主要框架，个人电脑，服务器，软件，而且还对“教父”的电子商务。 IBM一直是致力于促进安全商业在互联网上。据信来自销售服务器占60 ％ ，其总的到来。
IBM公司不仅提供产品的大规模应用的安全，高效，可靠的电子商务和互联网付款，而且还为小型电子企业以及。
IBM的微支付的申请，使买家购买成本低的项目超过互联网的另一个例子是IBM公司是如何扩展到新领域的商业。使结算服务器，内容供应商和其他商家销售物品的利润甚至几美分， IBM公司打开一个全新的市场。
IBM的微支付允许买方，卖方及结算系统，以便销售内容，信息和服务，互联网，少量。 IBM的承诺，电子商务和电子业务使其成为一个领先的电子支付领域。编译器自动转换现有的HTML网页，建立“点击付费”与任何固定或动态的价格。内容和服务提供商者可
以充分利用广泛的宣传短片及制作工具，以扩展IBM的微付款可从原始设备制造商。计费服务器可以很容易地整合IBM的微支付应用与现有的计费系统，并用它来吸引内容提供商和开辟新的收入来源。
IBM的微支付提供的可扩展性和互操作性，可广泛提供跨越因特网，包括多币种和多语言支持，和低运营成本轻松支持交易低1美分。
孙：孙作为全球领先供应商对待互联网不仅是一种工具，但也是一个新的商业模式。 Sun公司已经提供了非常灵活的解决方案，以商业对焦博览会的英国广播公司， ETRADE ，联邦快递公司，首次拍卖，果实的织机，柯达，托马斯库克，美属维尔京。
微软：微软的目的是帮助企业建立更强大的关系，他们的客户和合作伙伴的三种方式：
（一） Windows 2000中，的BackOffice ，网站服务器的BizTalk等; （ 2 ）的MSN （在美国，超过40 ％的网络用户访问MSN和消费者可以进行比较研究，在购买物品和服务第四种） ; （ 3 ）合作伙伴为客户提供各种产品和服务的米- crosoft MSN平台，实现电子商务解决方案，其中包括解决帐户，纳税，购物，物流，采购，会计，企业资源规划（电子远程处理）和电子数据交换（电子数据交换）等
网站服务器和商务会谈的两个主要产品通过了微软的存在性制度，为企业发展电子商务。网站服务器是用于建设网络商店的基础上，数据，使客户可以轻松实现网上产品目录，购买/销售秩序，交换文件，以促进销售等Disre - garding什么平台，操作系统或技术在低收入层。
Novell公司： Novell公司将自己界定为“网络服务供应商” after2000 。 NET中的字，包括内联网，外联网，内联网，企业网，公众网，有线网，无线网。其目的是要突破现有的服务领域，其中大部分的软件产品能够提供的服务只有在特定环境或特定程序或服务器（而不是整个网络） 。 Novell公司的网络服务软件的NDS的eDirectory作为核帮助客户降低复杂的业务网络，并提高安全性，因此，它使网络，应用程序和业务处理，以适应电子商务，从而加快其转移到电子商务。
上海合作组织：上海合作组织的只占最好的办法是对现有用户进行电子商务。用户可以只使用一个浏览器访问任何应用程序的平台，回到柜台，而无需重新编写现有的应用，在他们的努力将其业务的电子商业模式。为了确保电子商务不断运作，上海合作组织提供了一个不断的群集解决方案的基础上UNIXWARE 7 。该产品易于使用，易于管理，其成本是其中的十分之一大规模生产相同种类的主机，而其业绩双打。这是一个安全解决方案，更高的性能/成本比在同一类的电子商务。
Tivoli系统公司今天宣布Tivoli业务系统管理器中，一个新的，完全集成的解决方案，使企业管理其IT环境自上而下，建立一个强大的业务系统管理。
的Tivoli业务系统管理解决方案为我们提供了企业的意见和控制机制来管理我们所有的IT资源分布在零售，银行和电子商务的环境，包括系统资源，数据库，应用服务器， Web服务器和电子商务应用，从一个中央位置。图形用户界面使我们能够监控我们所有的资源在一个屏幕上，无论地理位置。
结合特点的Tivoli全球企业和Tivoli经理OS/390 ， Tivoli业务系统管理器提供了真正的端到端的企业管理从一个控制台，简化管理异构环境。 Tivoli业务系统管理器可以帮助客户管理和控制多个应用程序所需要的不同的业务职能。