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１．《了不起的盖茨比》表现了“美国梦”的幻灭，这部小说谴责以托姆为代表的美国特权阶级自私专横，为所欲为，以同情的态度描写了盖茨比的悲剧，并指出他的悲剧来自他对生活和爱情的幻想，对上层社会缺乏认识。 １．惠特曼是美国著名的民主诗人，他歌颂民主自由，体现了美国人民对民主的渴望，他赞美人民创造性的劳动，他的诗给人以积极向上的生机勃勃的精神。创造了自由体诗，不受格律，韵脚是限制和束缚，人思想和语言自由自在的发挥。
1.American Puritanism：
American Puritanism was one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and American literature. It has become, to some extent, so much a state of mind, rather than a set of tenets, so much a part of the national cultural atmosphere that the Americans breathe. On the one hand, American Puritans were all idealist as their European brothers. They came to the new continent with the dream that they would built the new land to an Eden on earth.On the other hand, American Puritans were more practical maybe because the severe conditions they faced.Symbolism（象征主义）lots of American writers liked to employ symbolism in their works. (typical way of Puritans who thought that all the simple objects existing in the world connoted deep meaning.) Symbolism means using symbols in literary works. The symbol means something represents or stands for abstract deep meaning.
２．American Romanticism
It is one of the most important periods in the history of American literature ,the Romantic Period ,which stretches from the end of the 18th century through the out break of Civil War.It started with the publication of Washington Irving's The Sketch book and ended with Whitman's Leave of Grass.American Romanticism was in essence the expression of
３．American Realism
In American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an end. The Age of Realism came into existence. It came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism. Realism turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived. It expresses the concern for commonplace and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience.
Mark Twain, William Dean Howells,Henry James
３．American Naturalism
American Naturalism refers to a kind of literature that applies objective scientific principles to its study section of human beings. It implies a philosophical meaning instead of literature technique. Famous American Naturalistic writers would include Abraham Cahan, Stephen Crane and Frank Norris; they were deeply influenced by Charles Darwin's evolution theory which believe that one's heredity and 3
social situation limit one's character
a new and harsher realism, 新型的更为冷峻的现实主义，产生悲观的流派 ，产生于the end of the century 十九世纪末，因为Perception of society’s disorders 对社会无序的感知。Presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were dominated by their environment and heredity. 设法尽力客观真实地展现出受环境与出身局限的下层人民和各种经济阶层人物的真正生活。The naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that their lives were controlled by heredity and the environment, the religious “truths” were illusory, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death. 强调世界的非道德性，人们没有意志的自由，宗教上的真理是虚幻的，现实生活
是痛苦的。 Deterministic 决定论，宿命的
４．Imagism 意象派：
is a poetic movement of England and the United States, flourished from 1909-1917. Its credo, expressed in Some Imagist Poets, included the use of the language of common speech, project matter, the evocation of images in hard, clear poetry, and concentration.
５、Lost Generation：迷惘的一代，
Writers of the first postwar era self-consciously acknowledged that they were a “Lost Generation,” devoid of faith and alienated from a civilization. It describes the Americans who remained in Paris as a colony of “expatriates” or exiles. It describes the writers like Hemingway who lived in semipoverty. It describes the Americans who returned to their native land with an intense awareness of living in an unfamiliar changing world.【F. Scott Fitzgerald, “The Great Gatsby” 《了不起的盖茨比》 novel ；Ernest Hemingway “The Sun Also Rises”《太阳照样升起》 “A Farwell to Arms”《告别了，武器》；William Faulkner “The Sound and the Fury” 《喧嚣与骚动》】
６．The beat Generation
the second world war the school of literature popular in the United States. The schools of writers are character straightforward bold and unconstrained, reflected the young men and women of unruly, they lead a simple life, let myself go, like have rejected the eye-catching outfits, working and studying, refusing to take any social obligation to roaming for pleasure, social order, and the contempt laws against all secular stereotypes and monopoly capital rule, foreign aggression and boycott of apartheid, hate machine, they always seek new civilization stimulation, seek the absolute freedom, lust, drugs, destruction, to the traditional value to decent standard for the challenge, so is called the collapse of a generation. Representative writers have ginsberg poem
Stream of consciousness is a kind of expression of consciousness within characters literary creation technique, usually in the form of self monologue
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１．《了不起的盖茨比》表现了“美国梦”的幻灭，这部小说谴责以托姆为代表的美国特权阶级自私专横，为所欲为，以同情的态度描写了盖茨比的悲剧，并指出他的悲剧来自他对生活和爱情的幻想，对上层社会缺乏认识。 １．惠特曼是美国著名的民主诗人，他歌颂民主自由，体现了美国人民对民主的渴望，他赞美人民创造性的劳动，他的诗给人以积极向上的生机勃勃的精神。创造了自由体诗，不受格律，韵脚是限制和束缚，人思想和语言自由自在的发挥。
1.American Puritanism：
American Puritanism was one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and American literature. It has become, to some extent, so much a state of mind, rather than a set of tenets, so much a part of the national cultural atmosphere that the Americans breathe. On the one hand, American Puritans were all idealist as their European brothers. They came to the new continent with the dream that they would built the new land to an Eden on earth.On the other hand, American Puritans were more practical maybe because the severe conditions they faced.Symbolism（象征主义）lots of American writers liked to employ symbolism in their works. (typical way of Puritans who thought that all the simple objects existing in the world connoted deep meaning.) Symbolism means using symbols in literary works. The symbol means something represents or stands for abstract deep meaning.
２．American Romanticism
It is one of the most important periods in the history of American literature ,the Romantic Period ,which stretches from the end of the 18th century through the out break of Civil War.It started with the publication of Washington Irving's The Sketch book and ended with Whitman's Leave of Grass.American Romanticism was in essence the expression of
３．American Realism
In American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an end. The Age of Realism came into existence. It came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism. Realism turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived. It expresses the concern for commonplace and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience.
Mark Twain, William Dean Howells,Henry James
３．American Naturalism
American Naturalism refers to a kind of literature that applies objective scientific principles to its study section of human beings. It implies a philosophical meaning instead of literature technique. Famous American Naturalistic writers would include Abraham Cahan, Stephen Crane and Frank Norris; they were deeply influenced by Charles Darwin's evolution theory which believe that one's heredity and 3
social situation limit one's character
a new and harsher realism, 新型的更为冷峻的现实主义，产生悲观的流派 ，产生于the end of the century 十九世纪末，因为Perception of society’s disorders 对社会无序的感知。Presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were dominated by their environment and heredity. 设法尽力客观真实地展现出受环境与出身局限的下层人民和各种经济阶层人物的真正生活。The naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that their lives were controlled by heredity and the environment, the religious “truths” were illusory, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death. 强调世界的非道德性，人们没有意志的自由，宗教上的真理是虚幻的，现实生活
是痛苦的。 Deterministic 决定论，宿命的
４．Imagism 意象派：
is a poetic movement of England and the United States, flourished from 1909-1917. Its credo, expressed in Some Imagist Poets, included the use of the language of common speech, project matter, the evocation of images in hard, clear poetry, and concentration.
５、Lost Generation：迷惘的一代，
Writers of the first postwar era self-consciously acknowledged that they were a “Lost Generation,” devoid of faith and alienated from a civilization. It describes the Americans who remained in Paris as a colony of “expatriates” or exiles. It describes the writers like Hemingway who lived in semipoverty. It describes the Americans who returned to their native land with an intense awareness of living in an unfamiliar changing world.【F. Scott Fitzgerald, “The Great Gatsby” 《了不起的盖茨比》 novel ；Ernest Hemingway “The Sun Also Rises”《太阳照样升起》 “A Farwell to Arms”《告别了，武器》；William Faulkner “The Sound and the Fury” 《喧嚣与骚动》】
６．The beat Generation
the second world war the school of literature popular in the United States. The schools of writers are character straightforward bold and unconstrained, reflected the young men and women of unruly, they lead a simple life, let myself go, like have rejected the eye-catching outfits, working and studying, refusing to take any social obligation to roaming for pleasure, social order, and the contempt laws against all secular stereotypes and monopoly capital rule, foreign aggression and boycott of apartheid, hate machine, they always seek new civilization stimulation, seek the absolute freedom, lust, drugs, destruction, to the traditional value to decent standard for the challenge, so is called the collapse of a generation. Representative writers have ginsberg poem
Stream of consciousness is a kind of expression of consciousness within characters literary creation technique, usually in the form of self monologue
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