考 1：Provide three examples of a civil dispute.
* Employment law disputes e.g. unfair or wrongful dismissal claims, unlawful discrimination and cases involving unauthorized deductions from wages.
* Family law disputes (11custody or adoption of children). 家庭法律纠纷（保管或收养子女的）。
* Divorce or separation actions. 离婚或分居的行动。
* Debt recovery actions. 债务追偿行动。 * Defamation of character. 诽谤的性格
* Tenor or authenticity of a lost document. 男高音或丢失文件的真实性
* Succession disputes (wills). 继承纠纷（遗嘱） * Trusts.
* Personal injury claims. 人身伤害索赔
. Contractual disputes whether consumer or commercial in nature人身伤害索赔
考2：What are the main differences between civil law and criminal law in Scotland? 什么是民法和刑法在苏格兰主要区别？
a. Criminal law is primarily used by the State as a means of maintaining law and order by punishing certain individuals who indulge in behaviour which is regarded as criminal and anti-social. The State uses the criminal law, therefore, to punish criminals on behalf of the community or society. 答：刑法是主要由国家作为维护谁的惩罚沉迷于某些个人的行为，被视为刑事法律和秩序的手段和反社会。该国使用刑律的，因此，惩罚犯罪
b. The civil justice system, in contrast with criminal law, aims to resolve legal disputes between private individuals in areas as wide-ranging as family law, company law, partnership law, banking and finance law, sale of goods and services, consumer law, personal injury claims, trusts, defamation actions, succession issues and divorce民事司法制度与刑法的对比，目的是解决法律纠纷的地区，个人之间的广泛的家庭法，公司法，合伙企业法，银行和金融法，商品和服务销售，消费者保护法，每不等.
c. Different courts, standards of proof and procedures exist depending on whether we are talking about criminal action or a civil dispute. (we will discuss this more in later chapters) 不同的法院，证明标准和程序存在取决于我们对犯罪行为或民事纠纷说话。 （我们将讨论这个在后面的章节）
考3：What are the main sources of modern Scots Law? 什么是现代苏格兰法律的主要来源是什么？
The main sources of modern Scots Law are statute law, European Union law and common law. 现代苏格兰法律的主要来源是成文法，欧盟法律和普通法
考4：What is a statute? 什么是法规？
Statutory legislation consists of laws known as statutes or acts of parliament. Some laws are made by UK parliament and only for Scotland. Later, Scotland gets the right from
Westminster to make its own laws in some areas. 作为法定的法律法规或由议会法案称为法律。有些法律是由英国议会和苏格兰只。后来，苏格兰会从威斯敏斯特权利，使自己在某些方面的法律。
考5：Name five acts of parliament. 议会法案名称五
1) The licensing (Scotland) act 1975.执照（苏格兰）法案1975
2) The Divorce (Scotland) act 1976离婚（苏格兰）法1976
3) Sale of goods act 1979 1979年销售货物行为
4) Employment rights act 1996 1996年就业权利法
5) Protection of children (Scotland) act 2003儿童保护（苏格兰）法2003
6) Dog Fouling (Scotland) act 2003犬只粪便弄污街道（苏格兰）法2003
考6：What are the four most important institutions of the European Union and which of the European Union institutions has law-making powers? 什么是四个最重要的欧盟机构和欧洲联盟的机构有制定法律的权力？
The four most important institutions of the European union are: the council of ministers, the European parliament, the European court of justice, the European commission..
The council of ministers has law-making powers. The European parliament can give advices for the council of ministers, the European court of justice is a enforce department and the European commission can propose laws but can’t legislate. 四个最重要的欧洲联盟机构有：部长理事会，欧洲议会，欧洲法院，欧洲委员会部长理事会.. 已经制定法律的权力。欧洲议会能给予广告
考7：What are the main differences between civil law and criminal law in Scotland?
Criminal law deals with all types of offences and crime in certain individuals and punishes criminals. But civil law deals with legal disputes between individuals in the areas such as family law, divorce, and payment of compensation. 什么是交易的主体和刑事民事法律上的差异在苏格兰？刑法惩罚犯罪与所有类型的犯罪和违法行为，并在某些个人。但是，民法的法律纠纷与个人之间的交易在地区的经验
考8：What is a crime? 什么是犯罪？
criminal behavior should be punished by the law and state. Examples A crime is behavior which breaks the security balance of society, and of criminal conduct include murder, rape, assault, fire-raising, theft and fraud.( 一个犯罪行为，打破了社会的安全平衡，和犯罪行为应当受到法律和国家的惩罚。犯罪行为的例子包括谋杀，强奸，袭击，火灾的提高，盗窃和欺诈行为。)
考9：Which, the Westminster parliament or the Scottish parliament, is the superior legislative body? What makes you say so? 其中，苏格兰威斯敏斯特国会或议会，立法机构是上级？是什么让你这么说？
The superior legislative body is the Westminster (or United Kingdom) Parliament. By the Act
of Union in 1707, the previous Scottish Parliament was abolished优越的立法机构是西敏寺（或英国）议会。到了1707年法联盟，废除了以前的苏格兰议会
. Ever since, the new Scottish Parliament is not a completely independent body. It is an inferior body in comparison to the Westminster Parliament, from which the Scottish Parliament derives its authority to pass laws for Scotland. Any legislation of the Scottish
Parliament is considered to be secondary legislation NOT primary legislation. Surely a simple Act of the Westminster Parliament is all that it would take to abolish Scotland's Parliament, let alone the legislation by the latter. 从那时起，新的苏格兰议会并不是一个完全独立的机构。这是一个相对于威斯敏斯特议会，从苏格兰议会通过获得其权威苏格兰法律下的身体。任何的立法
Give four examples of the legal rules made by EU. 从那时起，新的苏格兰议会并不是一个完全独立的机构。这是一个相对于威斯敏斯特议会，从苏格兰议会通过获得其权威苏格兰法律下的身体。任何的立法. Regulations, Directives, Decisions, Recommendations and Opinions条例，指示，决定，建议和意见
Name, in order of importance, the two legislative bodies which can pass laws for the people of Scotland. The Westminster parliament. The Scottish parliament. 条例，指示，决定，建议和意见
考10：What do you understand by the phrase "the primacy of European Union Law"?你怎么理解这句话“的欧洲联盟法律至上”
The phrase "the primacy of European Union Law" refers to the fact that should there be a conflict between a European Union legal rule or provision and Scots Law, a Scottish Court would be obligated to implement the European provision at the expense of domestic law. 这句话“的欧盟法律优先”指的是事实，应该有一个欧洲联盟之间的法律规则或法律相抵触的规定，苏格兰，苏格兰法院就有义务执行在欧洲的圆顶费用规定
考：What is meant by the term "legislation"?这句话“的欧盟法律优先”指的是事实，应该有一个欧洲联盟之间的法律规则或法律相抵触的规定，苏格兰，苏格兰法院就有义务执行在欧洲的圆顶费用规定
The term "legislation" refers to parliamentary law i.e. Acts of the Westminster Parliament or the Scottish Parliament. The phrase can also refer to Regulations (usually issued in the form of Statutory Instruments) which have been introduced by a Government Minister or other approved body deriving their authority from one of the Parliaments. 所谓“立法”，是指法律的西敏寺议会议会或苏格兰议会，即行为。这句话也可以参考条例（通常在法定文书的形式发出）已经由一个政府提出
考11：What does (Scotland) in the title of the Protection of Children (Scotland) Act 1993 mean?
The word (Scotland) in the title of the Protection of Children (Scotland) Act 1993 means that this piece of legislation applies to Scotland only. Any Act of the Westminster or Scottish Parliament with the phrase (Scotland) in its title will apply to Scotland only i.e. the legislation 考12：will not apply to any other part of the United Kingdom. 什么是（苏格兰）在儿童的保护称号（苏格兰）法1993是什么意思？字（苏格兰）中唯一的标题保护的儿童（苏格兰）法令1993意味着这片立法适用于苏格兰。任何西方法
考 1：Provide three examples of a civil dispute.
* Employment law disputes e.g. unfair or wrongful dismissal claims, unlawful discrimination and cases involving unauthorized deductions from wages.
* Family law disputes (11custody or adoption of children). 家庭法律纠纷（保管或收养子女的）。
* Divorce or separation actions. 离婚或分居的行动。
* Debt recovery actions. 债务追偿行动。 * Defamation of character. 诽谤的性格
* Tenor or authenticity of a lost document. 男高音或丢失文件的真实性
* Succession disputes (wills). 继承纠纷（遗嘱） * Trusts.
* Personal injury claims. 人身伤害索赔
. Contractual disputes whether consumer or commercial in nature人身伤害索赔
考2：What are the main differences between civil law and criminal law in Scotland? 什么是民法和刑法在苏格兰主要区别？
a. Criminal law is primarily used by the State as a means of maintaining law and order by punishing certain individuals who indulge in behaviour which is regarded as criminal and anti-social. The State uses the criminal law, therefore, to punish criminals on behalf of the community or society. 答：刑法是主要由国家作为维护谁的惩罚沉迷于某些个人的行为，被视为刑事法律和秩序的手段和反社会。该国使用刑律的，因此，惩罚犯罪
b. The civil justice system, in contrast with criminal law, aims to resolve legal disputes between private individuals in areas as wide-ranging as family law, company law, partnership law, banking and finance law, sale of goods and services, consumer law, personal injury claims, trusts, defamation actions, succession issues and divorce民事司法制度与刑法的对比，目的是解决法律纠纷的地区，个人之间的广泛的家庭法，公司法，合伙企业法，银行和金融法，商品和服务销售，消费者保护法，每不等.
c. Different courts, standards of proof and procedures exist depending on whether we are talking about criminal action or a civil dispute. (we will discuss this more in later chapters) 不同的法院，证明标准和程序存在取决于我们对犯罪行为或民事纠纷说话。 （我们将讨论这个在后面的章节）
考3：What are the main sources of modern Scots Law? 什么是现代苏格兰法律的主要来源是什么？
The main sources of modern Scots Law are statute law, European Union law and common law. 现代苏格兰法律的主要来源是成文法，欧盟法律和普通法
考4：What is a statute? 什么是法规？
Statutory legislation consists of laws known as statutes or acts of parliament. Some laws are made by UK parliament and only for Scotland. Later, Scotland gets the right from
Westminster to make its own laws in some areas. 作为法定的法律法规或由议会法案称为法律。有些法律是由英国议会和苏格兰只。后来，苏格兰会从威斯敏斯特权利，使自己在某些方面的法律。
考5：Name five acts of parliament. 议会法案名称五
1) The licensing (Scotland) act 1975.执照（苏格兰）法案1975
2) The Divorce (Scotland) act 1976离婚（苏格兰）法1976
3) Sale of goods act 1979 1979年销售货物行为
4) Employment rights act 1996 1996年就业权利法
5) Protection of children (Scotland) act 2003儿童保护（苏格兰）法2003
6) Dog Fouling (Scotland) act 2003犬只粪便弄污街道（苏格兰）法2003
考6：What are the four most important institutions of the European Union and which of the European Union institutions has law-making powers? 什么是四个最重要的欧盟机构和欧洲联盟的机构有制定法律的权力？
The four most important institutions of the European union are: the council of ministers, the European parliament, the European court of justice, the European commission..
The council of ministers has law-making powers. The European parliament can give advices for the council of ministers, the European court of justice is a enforce department and the European commission can propose laws but can’t legislate. 四个最重要的欧洲联盟机构有：部长理事会，欧洲议会，欧洲法院，欧洲委员会部长理事会.. 已经制定法律的权力。欧洲议会能给予广告
考7：What are the main differences between civil law and criminal law in Scotland?
Criminal law deals with all types of offences and crime in certain individuals and punishes criminals. But civil law deals with legal disputes between individuals in the areas such as family law, divorce, and payment of compensation. 什么是交易的主体和刑事民事法律上的差异在苏格兰？刑法惩罚犯罪与所有类型的犯罪和违法行为，并在某些个人。但是，民法的法律纠纷与个人之间的交易在地区的经验
考8：What is a crime? 什么是犯罪？
criminal behavior should be punished by the law and state. Examples A crime is behavior which breaks the security balance of society, and of criminal conduct include murder, rape, assault, fire-raising, theft and fraud.( 一个犯罪行为，打破了社会的安全平衡，和犯罪行为应当受到法律和国家的惩罚。犯罪行为的例子包括谋杀，强奸，袭击，火灾的提高，盗窃和欺诈行为。)
考9：Which, the Westminster parliament or the Scottish parliament, is the superior legislative body? What makes you say so? 其中，苏格兰威斯敏斯特国会或议会，立法机构是上级？是什么让你这么说？
The superior legislative body is the Westminster (or United Kingdom) Parliament. By the Act
of Union in 1707, the previous Scottish Parliament was abolished优越的立法机构是西敏寺（或英国）议会。到了1707年法联盟，废除了以前的苏格兰议会
. Ever since, the new Scottish Parliament is not a completely independent body. It is an inferior body in comparison to the Westminster Parliament, from which the Scottish Parliament derives its authority to pass laws for Scotland. Any legislation of the Scottish
Parliament is considered to be secondary legislation NOT primary legislation. Surely a simple Act of the Westminster Parliament is all that it would take to abolish Scotland's Parliament, let alone the legislation by the latter. 从那时起，新的苏格兰议会并不是一个完全独立的机构。这是一个相对于威斯敏斯特议会，从苏格兰议会通过获得其权威苏格兰法律下的身体。任何的立法
Give four examples of the legal rules made by EU. 从那时起，新的苏格兰议会并不是一个完全独立的机构。这是一个相对于威斯敏斯特议会，从苏格兰议会通过获得其权威苏格兰法律下的身体。任何的立法. Regulations, Directives, Decisions, Recommendations and Opinions条例，指示，决定，建议和意见
Name, in order of importance, the two legislative bodies which can pass laws for the people of Scotland. The Westminster parliament. The Scottish parliament. 条例，指示，决定，建议和意见
考10：What do you understand by the phrase "the primacy of European Union Law"?你怎么理解这句话“的欧洲联盟法律至上”
The phrase "the primacy of European Union Law" refers to the fact that should there be a conflict between a European Union legal rule or provision and Scots Law, a Scottish Court would be obligated to implement the European provision at the expense of domestic law. 这句话“的欧盟法律优先”指的是事实，应该有一个欧洲联盟之间的法律规则或法律相抵触的规定，苏格兰，苏格兰法院就有义务执行在欧洲的圆顶费用规定
考：What is meant by the term "legislation"?这句话“的欧盟法律优先”指的是事实，应该有一个欧洲联盟之间的法律规则或法律相抵触的规定，苏格兰，苏格兰法院就有义务执行在欧洲的圆顶费用规定
The term "legislation" refers to parliamentary law i.e. Acts of the Westminster Parliament or the Scottish Parliament. The phrase can also refer to Regulations (usually issued in the form of Statutory Instruments) which have been introduced by a Government Minister or other approved body deriving their authority from one of the Parliaments. 所谓“立法”，是指法律的西敏寺议会议会或苏格兰议会，即行为。这句话也可以参考条例（通常在法定文书的形式发出）已经由一个政府提出
考11：What does (Scotland) in the title of the Protection of Children (Scotland) Act 1993 mean?
The word (Scotland) in the title of the Protection of Children (Scotland) Act 1993 means that this piece of legislation applies to Scotland only. Any Act of the Westminster or Scottish Parliament with the phrase (Scotland) in its title will apply to Scotland only i.e. the legislation 考12：will not apply to any other part of the United Kingdom. 什么是（苏格兰）在儿童的保护称号（苏格兰）法1993是什么意思？字（苏格兰）中唯一的标题保护的儿童（苏格兰）法令1993意味着这片立法适用于苏格兰。任何西方法