英语中的“倍数”表示法
在英语当中,我们常常遇到“倍数”的表达问题。下面将表达“倍数”的常见句型分别介绍如下:
1. “ A+ 主语 + 倍数 + 形容词 / 副词的比较级 +than B ”表示“ A 比 B
大(长、宽、高等)多少倍”。例如:
The number of students in our school is three times larger than that in theirs. 我们学校的学生人数比他们学校的学生人数多三倍。
The train runs twice faster than the bus.
火车比公共汽车跑得快两倍。
This railway is four times longer than that one.
这条铁路比那条铁路长四倍。
2. “ A + be + 倍数 +the size ( weight / height / width / length …) + of B ”表示“ A 正好是 B 的多少倍”。例如:
This box is twice the size of that wooden one.
这个箱子是那个木箱子的两倍大。
This river is three times the length of that one.
这条河流是那条河流长度的三倍。
Paper produced every year is __________ the world's production of vehicles. ( 1998 年上海高考题)
A. the three times weight of B. three times the weight of
C. as three times heavy as D. three times as heavier as
(答案为 B 项)
3. “ A + 谓语 + 倍数 +as + 形容词 / 副词的原级 +as B ”表示“ A 正好是
B 的多少倍”。例如:Asia is four times as large as Europe.亚洲是欧洲的四倍大。
4. “ A + 谓语 + 倍数 + as + many + 可数名词复数( much + 不可数名词) + as B ”表示“ A 的数量是 B 数量的多少倍”。例如:We have ten times as many books in our library as they do in theirs. 我们图书馆的图书是他们图书馆图书的 10 倍。
After the new technique was introduced, the factory produced __________
tractors in 1988 as the year before. ( 1990 年高考题)
A. as twice many B. as many twice C. twice as many D. twice many as (答案为 C 项)
5. “ A + 谓语 + 倍数 +that of B ”表示“ A 是 B 的多少倍”。例如: In our area now the grain output is four times that of before liberation.
现在我们地区的粮食产量是解放前的 4 倍。
6. 其他表示“倍数”的表达方式。例如:
We have doubled the output in our factory.
我们工厂的产量已经翻了一番(增长一倍)。( double 为及物动词) Six is the double of three. 6 是 3 的两倍。( double 是名词)
The enemy's force trebled our own, but we have wiped out the enemy.
敌人的兵力是我方的三倍,但是我们已经消灭了敌人。( treble 为及物动词) Our income has trebled in recent years.
近几年我们的收入已经增加了两倍。( treble 为不及物动词)
The number of pupils in this city has increased 6 times in comparison with 1948 /as against 1948.
与 1948 年相比,这个城市的学生人数增加了 5 倍。
Wheel A turns as fast again as wheel B.
A 轮转动比 B 轮快一倍。
During this period its territory increased ten-fold.
这段时期它的领土扩大了 9 倍。
否定转移的几种特例
在学习英语的过程中,常会遇到“我认为这不是个好主意”被译为: I don't think it's a good idea. 这种现象就是英语中的否定转移。否定转移就是将语义上属于从属分句的否定词转移到主句中去,它在非正式语体中特别常见。但在下列特殊情况下,原来允许否定转移的动词不能否定转移:
1. I think 等作插入语,与其他部分无关时。如:
I wish you were here, and then I think I should not feel like this.
2. 主句中有情态动词 can't, mustn't, wouldn't 等时。如:
I can't believe that they are married.
You mustn't think he's stupid.
3. 句中含有 cannot help, ought not, need not, not at all 等短语时。如: I should have thought sometimes you couldn't help thinking of the past. I think you ought not to walk at night alone, Mrs Moore.
4. 句中有 not just … but, just not … enough, not much, not quite 等以 not 为核心的副词短语时。如:
I think I'm just not smart enough to make any sense out of for you.
But I supposed that Elizabeth was not quite so certain of it as I .
5. 句中含有 no, never, nothing, nobody 等不定代词时。如:
I should believe you never have been to here.
I thought it explained nothing.
小议名词作定语
名词作定语在中学教材中比比皆是,下面笔者就将其用法归纳如下,以供同学们参考。
一、可以作定语的名词
1. 表材料的名词。如: paper money (纸币), gold medals (金牌), stone figures (石像), metal boxes (金属盒)等。
2. 表地点的名词(通常是说明被修饰的名词存在或发生的地方)。如: palace ball (宫廷舞会), nature park (天然公园), country music (乡村音乐), street light (街灯), government office (政府办公室)等。
3. 表泛指的时间名词。如: evening dress (晚礼服), night school (夜校), summer holidays (暑假), winter weather (冬天的天气), morning paper (晨报)等。
4. 表用途、性质的名词(用以说明类型)。如: newspaper reporters (新闻记者), food factory (食品厂), boy friends (男朋友), police dog (警犬), fruit trees (水果树)等。
5. 如果两个名词构成部分与整体的关系,通常表示整体的名词可以作定语。如: school gate (校门口), tree branches (树枝), cabbage seeds (卷心菜种子), ocean floor (海底), overcoat pockets (大衣口袋)等。
二、名词作定语时的单复数形式
1. 一般来说,名词作定语通常用单数形式。如: a girl friend (一个女朋友), three car drivers (三个小车司机), a book store (一个书店), some village people (一些村民)等。
2. 复数形式是不规则的名词作定语时,要根据情况而定。如: tow women teachers (两名女教师), some children stars (一些儿童明星), a child star (一名儿童明星)等。
3. 本身是复数形式的名词作定语时,通常就用其复数形式。如: sports shoes (运动鞋), clothes shop (服装厂), a goods truck (一辆货车)等。
浅谈定语从句的用法
一、主语和谓语一致
1. 关系代词在定语从句中作主语,其谓语动词与先行词保持一致。例如: The boy who is standing at the door is my son.
站在门旁的男孩是我的儿子。
2. 在“ one of the + 复数名词 + 定语从句”结构中,复数名词是先行词,关系代词在定语从句中作主语,其谓语动词用复数形式。在“ the only one of the + 复数名词 + 定语从句”结构中, one 是先行词,关系代词在定语从句中作主语,
其谓语动词用单数。例如:
This is one of the best books that have ever been written on the subject. 这是本科目写得最好的书之一。
This is the only one of the best books that has ever been written on the subject. 这是有关这个主题惟一写得最好的书。
二、关系代词的省略
在限制性定语从句中,关系代词在定语从句中作主语时不能省略;作宾语时在口语中可以省略。例如:
A plane is a machine that can fly.
飞机是一种会飞的机器。
The finger (that) I put into my mouth was not the one (that) I had dipped into the cup.
我放在嘴里的那一个指头不是我浸在杯子里的那个。
三、正确使用 that 和 which
1. that 指物,有时也可以指人。 which 指物,不能指人。 which 可以引导非限制性定语从句,也可以放在介词后面, that 则不能。例如:
正在看报的那个男人是谁?
Who is the man that is reading the newspaper? (正)
Who is the man which is reading the newspaper? (误)
她住的房间很大。
The room in which she lives is a large one. (正)
The room in that she lives is a large one. (误)
2. 先行词前面有形容词最高级、序数词 next , last , very , any , little , no 等修饰时,用 that 而不用 which 来引导定语从句。例如:
这是我看过的最好的电影。
This is the best film that I have seen. (正)
This is the best film which I have seen. (误)
3. 先行词是 all , much , little , none 等时,用 that 而不用 which 来引导定语从句。例如:
我想说的就这么多。
That's all that I want to say. (正)
That's all which I want to say. (误)
4. 先行词是不定代词 something , anything , everything 时,一般用 that 而不用 which 来引导定语从句。例如:
本店有你想买的东西吗?
Is there anything that you want in this shop? (正)
Is there anything which you want in this shop? (误)
5. 先行词是人和物时,要用 that 而不用 which 或 who 来引导定语从句。例如:
他谈到了一些我们大家都不了解的作家和书。
He talked about some writers and books that were unknown to us all. (正) He talked about some writers and books which / who were unknown to us all. (误)
现在进行时句式浅谈
现在进行时是英语的时态之一,用来表示说话时(瞬间)正在进行的动作,或表示目前阶段一直进行的动作。我们怎样来使用现在进行时表述正在发生的事情呢?请看现在进行时句式综述:
1. 肯定式。现在进行时的肯定式由“主语 + am/ is / are + 现在分词 + 其它”构成。如:
I am playing basketball.
They are waiting for the bus.
2. 否定式。现在进行时的否定式是直接在助动词 be ( am / is / are )之后加 not 。如:
The teacher is talking to Jim's mother.
→ The teacher is not talking to Jim's mother.
3. 疑问式。
A. 一般疑问句
将肯定句变为一般疑问句,要将助动词 be 提到句首,简略答语用:“ Yes, 主语 + be ”或“ No ,主语 + be + not ”。如:
We are cleaning the classroom now.
→ Are you cleaning the classroom now ?
Yes, we are . / No, we aren't.
B. 特殊疑问句
对不同的句子成分提问要用不同的特殊疑问词:
( 1 )对主语提问用疑问词 who ,语序不变。如:
Jim is writing now. → Who is writing now?
( 2 )对谓语动词及其宾语提问要用句型“ What + be + 主语 + doing + 其它 ? ”如:
Tom is opening the window now . → What is Tom doing now?
( 3 )对宾语提问用疑问词 what 。例如:
They are playing chess . → What are they playing?
( 4 )对地点状语提问用疑问词 where 。如:
He is having lunch at home . → Where is he having lunch?
[ 链接训练 ]
用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空
1. Look! The girls _______ ( swim ) in the river now.
2. Listen! Who ______ ( sing ) an English song in the next room ?
3. ______ he ______ ( write ) numbers in English now ?
4. It's five o'clock. The children ________ ( play ) basketball on the playground.
5. —— What __________ you _______ ( do ) these days ?
—— I _________ ( make ) a nice kite.
参考答案:
1. are swimming
2. is singing
3. Is, writing
4. are playing
5. are, doing, am making
省略句是英语的一种习惯用法。按照语法的分析,句子应该具备的成分, 有时出于修辞上的需要, 在句中并不出现,这种句子叫做省略句(elliptical sentences,这种语法现象称为“省略”(ellipsis or leaving words out。其特点是:虽然省去句子语法构造所需要的组成部分, 但仍能表达其完整的意义。
省略句是英语的一种习惯用法。按照语法的分析,句子应该具备的成分,有时出于修辞上的需要,在句中并不出现,这种句子叫做省略句(elliptical sentences,这种语法现象称为“省略”(ellipsis or leaving words out。其特点是:虽然省去句子语法构造所需要的组成部分,但仍能表达其完整的意义。 省略形式多样,从单词、短语到分句,都可以省略,而且各有一定的衔接关系,不容臆断。“省略”不但是一种“以无为有”的最简便的表达方法,而且也是一种简便至极,“虽无胜有”的修辞手段。 如果弄不清一句中哪些部分省略了,就可以产生误解或歧义。 下面从翻译角度谈谈一些比较特殊的省略。 一、原文“空缺”,译文“增补” 两个主语不同的句子,谓语有相同部分,也有不同部分,如果用连词连接起来进行对比,则其相同部分在后面分句中可以省略,这样,后面分句中就出现“空缺”现象。“空缺”处通常被省略的是动词,或动词及其宾语、补足语等。汉译时不妨采用“补齐”的方法。例如: A sound must be heard,a colour seen,a flavour tasted,an odour
inhaled.,颜色必须目视,滋味必须口尝,气味必须鼻吸。(后三句省略 must be) Histories make men wise;mathematic logic and rhetoric able to contend.;数学使人精细;逻辑和修辞使人善辩。(原文后两句省略make men) 二、英语状语从句中的省略部分可不译 than引出的比较从句中,套有when引导的时间从句或if引导的条件从句,而且该比较从句中的省略部分与整个句子的主要结构一致时则比较从句的省略部分可省略不译。例如: My uncle is better than when I wrote to我伯父的身体比我上次给你去信时好些了(...than后面省略了he was) 三、对英语中一些特殊省略结构译法需灵活,指的是按正常语法规则分析,有的无法增补,有的要用不同的方式来增补,使之成为完全句。因此,汉译英时,视上下文加以灵活处理。 1.“宾语+主语+谓语„„and +谓语”结构 其中and连接的,是用作不同成分的同一个词,这个词既是第一分句的宾语,又是第二分句的主语。此结构的特点是,把宾语提到句首,使之兼任后一分句的主语,达到简化句子结构的目的。汉译时,可仍先译宾语,不必改变原文的语序。例如: This substance we call water,and come next only to oxygen.这种物质称为水,其重要性仅次于氧。(=We call this substance water,and this substance comes next only to oxygen.) 2.以“Hence +名词”开头的结构 hence是表示结果意义的连接副词,hence前面的句子表示原因,hence后面则省略了类似 come的动词。它是倒装句。例如: Hence(comes)this instruction of the experiment因此,有这本实验说明书。 3.某些常用词组引导的省略疑问句,通常不需要写出其省略部分。例如: How(is it)about the result?结果怎么样呢? 4.由习语组成的省略结构 So much is for the foundry processes.工艺过程的内容就是这些。(=Enough has been said or done about...;That is all we'll say about...) Now for the sound-wave method.现在谈谈风波方法。(=And we will now talk about...) The grinding machine you operate must be oiled,and that at once.油,而且要马上上油。(and that是个加强语气的省略结构。that是指示代词,代替上文的全部,与and连用表示强调,后接状语。=andmustbeoiledat可译为“而且”。) 四、介词(短语)的“无胜于有” 英语介词(短语)应用之频繁,简直到了“不可稍离”的地步。它是功能词中最积极、最活跃之一。但有时,为了用词简洁精练,在上下文意境清楚的前提下,介词常常省略。译文中也要采取相应的简洁表达手法。 1.动名词-ing前,有时省略介词。 Most people just ruin scissors by)trying to sharpen them.大多数人想把剪刀磨快,结果却磨坏了。 2.在含
有way,height,length,size,shape, ckness等惯用语前,有时省略介词。 Try to keep your letters on)this side of 500 words.写信请勿超过五百字。 3.在以next,this,one,every,each,some,等开头的时间状语前,有时省略介词。 Nine days(from)now will be May Day.起再过九天,便是五一节。 4.在“noun +participle”,“noun +and all”结构中,有时省略介词“with”。 He jumped into the water, (with his)clothes and all.他和着衣服跳进水里。 5.某些动词、名词、形容词习惯搭配中的介词(短语),在以what,when,how,whether,that出的从句或不定式短语之前,有时被省略。例如: I am not informed(as to)whether he went,why from.我没听说他是否去了,为什么去,什么时候去,来自何地方。(省略与informed搭配的介词as to。) They are tempered to be careless (of)how they spend their time,because they imagine they have so much of it.对于如何支配时间,他们总是漫不经心,因为他们认为时间多的是。(省略与形容词careless搭配的介词of。) 英语省略句用词简练,表意简练,往往收到一定的修饰效果,但省略必须根据习惯、语言内容和上下文而定。从上述各例句中可以看出,英语和汉语表达习惯不同。在很多上下文意境清楚的情况下,英语往往省略,而汉语能省略时才可省略,但往往不能省略的场合居多,需要重复。
英语中的“倍数”表示法
在英语当中,我们常常遇到“倍数”的表达问题。下面将表达“倍数”的常见句型分别介绍如下:
1. “ A+ 主语 + 倍数 + 形容词 / 副词的比较级 +than B ”表示“ A 比 B
大(长、宽、高等)多少倍”。例如:
The number of students in our school is three times larger than that in theirs. 我们学校的学生人数比他们学校的学生人数多三倍。
The train runs twice faster than the bus.
火车比公共汽车跑得快两倍。
This railway is four times longer than that one.
这条铁路比那条铁路长四倍。
2. “ A + be + 倍数 +the size ( weight / height / width / length …) + of B ”表示“ A 正好是 B 的多少倍”。例如:
This box is twice the size of that wooden one.
这个箱子是那个木箱子的两倍大。
This river is three times the length of that one.
这条河流是那条河流长度的三倍。
Paper produced every year is __________ the world's production of vehicles. ( 1998 年上海高考题)
A. the three times weight of B. three times the weight of
C. as three times heavy as D. three times as heavier as
(答案为 B 项)
3. “ A + 谓语 + 倍数 +as + 形容词 / 副词的原级 +as B ”表示“ A 正好是
B 的多少倍”。例如:Asia is four times as large as Europe.亚洲是欧洲的四倍大。
4. “ A + 谓语 + 倍数 + as + many + 可数名词复数( much + 不可数名词) + as B ”表示“ A 的数量是 B 数量的多少倍”。例如:We have ten times as many books in our library as they do in theirs. 我们图书馆的图书是他们图书馆图书的 10 倍。
After the new technique was introduced, the factory produced __________
tractors in 1988 as the year before. ( 1990 年高考题)
A. as twice many B. as many twice C. twice as many D. twice many as (答案为 C 项)
5. “ A + 谓语 + 倍数 +that of B ”表示“ A 是 B 的多少倍”。例如: In our area now the grain output is four times that of before liberation.
现在我们地区的粮食产量是解放前的 4 倍。
6. 其他表示“倍数”的表达方式。例如:
We have doubled the output in our factory.
我们工厂的产量已经翻了一番(增长一倍)。( double 为及物动词) Six is the double of three. 6 是 3 的两倍。( double 是名词)
The enemy's force trebled our own, but we have wiped out the enemy.
敌人的兵力是我方的三倍,但是我们已经消灭了敌人。( treble 为及物动词) Our income has trebled in recent years.
近几年我们的收入已经增加了两倍。( treble 为不及物动词)
The number of pupils in this city has increased 6 times in comparison with 1948 /as against 1948.
与 1948 年相比,这个城市的学生人数增加了 5 倍。
Wheel A turns as fast again as wheel B.
A 轮转动比 B 轮快一倍。
During this period its territory increased ten-fold.
这段时期它的领土扩大了 9 倍。
否定转移的几种特例
在学习英语的过程中,常会遇到“我认为这不是个好主意”被译为: I don't think it's a good idea. 这种现象就是英语中的否定转移。否定转移就是将语义上属于从属分句的否定词转移到主句中去,它在非正式语体中特别常见。但在下列特殊情况下,原来允许否定转移的动词不能否定转移:
1. I think 等作插入语,与其他部分无关时。如:
I wish you were here, and then I think I should not feel like this.
2. 主句中有情态动词 can't, mustn't, wouldn't 等时。如:
I can't believe that they are married.
You mustn't think he's stupid.
3. 句中含有 cannot help, ought not, need not, not at all 等短语时。如: I should have thought sometimes you couldn't help thinking of the past. I think you ought not to walk at night alone, Mrs Moore.
4. 句中有 not just … but, just not … enough, not much, not quite 等以 not 为核心的副词短语时。如:
I think I'm just not smart enough to make any sense out of for you.
But I supposed that Elizabeth was not quite so certain of it as I .
5. 句中含有 no, never, nothing, nobody 等不定代词时。如:
I should believe you never have been to here.
I thought it explained nothing.
小议名词作定语
名词作定语在中学教材中比比皆是,下面笔者就将其用法归纳如下,以供同学们参考。
一、可以作定语的名词
1. 表材料的名词。如: paper money (纸币), gold medals (金牌), stone figures (石像), metal boxes (金属盒)等。
2. 表地点的名词(通常是说明被修饰的名词存在或发生的地方)。如: palace ball (宫廷舞会), nature park (天然公园), country music (乡村音乐), street light (街灯), government office (政府办公室)等。
3. 表泛指的时间名词。如: evening dress (晚礼服), night school (夜校), summer holidays (暑假), winter weather (冬天的天气), morning paper (晨报)等。
4. 表用途、性质的名词(用以说明类型)。如: newspaper reporters (新闻记者), food factory (食品厂), boy friends (男朋友), police dog (警犬), fruit trees (水果树)等。
5. 如果两个名词构成部分与整体的关系,通常表示整体的名词可以作定语。如: school gate (校门口), tree branches (树枝), cabbage seeds (卷心菜种子), ocean floor (海底), overcoat pockets (大衣口袋)等。
二、名词作定语时的单复数形式
1. 一般来说,名词作定语通常用单数形式。如: a girl friend (一个女朋友), three car drivers (三个小车司机), a book store (一个书店), some village people (一些村民)等。
2. 复数形式是不规则的名词作定语时,要根据情况而定。如: tow women teachers (两名女教师), some children stars (一些儿童明星), a child star (一名儿童明星)等。
3. 本身是复数形式的名词作定语时,通常就用其复数形式。如: sports shoes (运动鞋), clothes shop (服装厂), a goods truck (一辆货车)等。
浅谈定语从句的用法
一、主语和谓语一致
1. 关系代词在定语从句中作主语,其谓语动词与先行词保持一致。例如: The boy who is standing at the door is my son.
站在门旁的男孩是我的儿子。
2. 在“ one of the + 复数名词 + 定语从句”结构中,复数名词是先行词,关系代词在定语从句中作主语,其谓语动词用复数形式。在“ the only one of the + 复数名词 + 定语从句”结构中, one 是先行词,关系代词在定语从句中作主语,
其谓语动词用单数。例如:
This is one of the best books that have ever been written on the subject. 这是本科目写得最好的书之一。
This is the only one of the best books that has ever been written on the subject. 这是有关这个主题惟一写得最好的书。
二、关系代词的省略
在限制性定语从句中,关系代词在定语从句中作主语时不能省略;作宾语时在口语中可以省略。例如:
A plane is a machine that can fly.
飞机是一种会飞的机器。
The finger (that) I put into my mouth was not the one (that) I had dipped into the cup.
我放在嘴里的那一个指头不是我浸在杯子里的那个。
三、正确使用 that 和 which
1. that 指物,有时也可以指人。 which 指物,不能指人。 which 可以引导非限制性定语从句,也可以放在介词后面, that 则不能。例如:
正在看报的那个男人是谁?
Who is the man that is reading the newspaper? (正)
Who is the man which is reading the newspaper? (误)
她住的房间很大。
The room in which she lives is a large one. (正)
The room in that she lives is a large one. (误)
2. 先行词前面有形容词最高级、序数词 next , last , very , any , little , no 等修饰时,用 that 而不用 which 来引导定语从句。例如:
这是我看过的最好的电影。
This is the best film that I have seen. (正)
This is the best film which I have seen. (误)
3. 先行词是 all , much , little , none 等时,用 that 而不用 which 来引导定语从句。例如:
我想说的就这么多。
That's all that I want to say. (正)
That's all which I want to say. (误)
4. 先行词是不定代词 something , anything , everything 时,一般用 that 而不用 which 来引导定语从句。例如:
本店有你想买的东西吗?
Is there anything that you want in this shop? (正)
Is there anything which you want in this shop? (误)
5. 先行词是人和物时,要用 that 而不用 which 或 who 来引导定语从句。例如:
他谈到了一些我们大家都不了解的作家和书。
He talked about some writers and books that were unknown to us all. (正) He talked about some writers and books which / who were unknown to us all. (误)
现在进行时句式浅谈
现在进行时是英语的时态之一,用来表示说话时(瞬间)正在进行的动作,或表示目前阶段一直进行的动作。我们怎样来使用现在进行时表述正在发生的事情呢?请看现在进行时句式综述:
1. 肯定式。现在进行时的肯定式由“主语 + am/ is / are + 现在分词 + 其它”构成。如:
I am playing basketball.
They are waiting for the bus.
2. 否定式。现在进行时的否定式是直接在助动词 be ( am / is / are )之后加 not 。如:
The teacher is talking to Jim's mother.
→ The teacher is not talking to Jim's mother.
3. 疑问式。
A. 一般疑问句
将肯定句变为一般疑问句,要将助动词 be 提到句首,简略答语用:“ Yes, 主语 + be ”或“ No ,主语 + be + not ”。如:
We are cleaning the classroom now.
→ Are you cleaning the classroom now ?
Yes, we are . / No, we aren't.
B. 特殊疑问句
对不同的句子成分提问要用不同的特殊疑问词:
( 1 )对主语提问用疑问词 who ,语序不变。如:
Jim is writing now. → Who is writing now?
( 2 )对谓语动词及其宾语提问要用句型“ What + be + 主语 + doing + 其它 ? ”如:
Tom is opening the window now . → What is Tom doing now?
( 3 )对宾语提问用疑问词 what 。例如:
They are playing chess . → What are they playing?
( 4 )对地点状语提问用疑问词 where 。如:
He is having lunch at home . → Where is he having lunch?
[ 链接训练 ]
用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空
1. Look! The girls _______ ( swim ) in the river now.
2. Listen! Who ______ ( sing ) an English song in the next room ?
3. ______ he ______ ( write ) numbers in English now ?
4. It's five o'clock. The children ________ ( play ) basketball on the playground.
5. —— What __________ you _______ ( do ) these days ?
—— I _________ ( make ) a nice kite.
参考答案:
1. are swimming
2. is singing
3. Is, writing
4. are playing
5. are, doing, am making
省略句是英语的一种习惯用法。按照语法的分析,句子应该具备的成分, 有时出于修辞上的需要, 在句中并不出现,这种句子叫做省略句(elliptical sentences,这种语法现象称为“省略”(ellipsis or leaving words out。其特点是:虽然省去句子语法构造所需要的组成部分, 但仍能表达其完整的意义。
省略句是英语的一种习惯用法。按照语法的分析,句子应该具备的成分,有时出于修辞上的需要,在句中并不出现,这种句子叫做省略句(elliptical sentences,这种语法现象称为“省略”(ellipsis or leaving words out。其特点是:虽然省去句子语法构造所需要的组成部分,但仍能表达其完整的意义。 省略形式多样,从单词、短语到分句,都可以省略,而且各有一定的衔接关系,不容臆断。“省略”不但是一种“以无为有”的最简便的表达方法,而且也是一种简便至极,“虽无胜有”的修辞手段。 如果弄不清一句中哪些部分省略了,就可以产生误解或歧义。 下面从翻译角度谈谈一些比较特殊的省略。 一、原文“空缺”,译文“增补” 两个主语不同的句子,谓语有相同部分,也有不同部分,如果用连词连接起来进行对比,则其相同部分在后面分句中可以省略,这样,后面分句中就出现“空缺”现象。“空缺”处通常被省略的是动词,或动词及其宾语、补足语等。汉译时不妨采用“补齐”的方法。例如: A sound must be heard,a colour seen,a flavour tasted,an odour
inhaled.,颜色必须目视,滋味必须口尝,气味必须鼻吸。(后三句省略 must be) Histories make men wise;mathematic logic and rhetoric able to contend.;数学使人精细;逻辑和修辞使人善辩。(原文后两句省略make men) 二、英语状语从句中的省略部分可不译 than引出的比较从句中,套有when引导的时间从句或if引导的条件从句,而且该比较从句中的省略部分与整个句子的主要结构一致时则比较从句的省略部分可省略不译。例如: My uncle is better than when I wrote to我伯父的身体比我上次给你去信时好些了(...than后面省略了he was) 三、对英语中一些特殊省略结构译法需灵活,指的是按正常语法规则分析,有的无法增补,有的要用不同的方式来增补,使之成为完全句。因此,汉译英时,视上下文加以灵活处理。 1.“宾语+主语+谓语„„and +谓语”结构 其中and连接的,是用作不同成分的同一个词,这个词既是第一分句的宾语,又是第二分句的主语。此结构的特点是,把宾语提到句首,使之兼任后一分句的主语,达到简化句子结构的目的。汉译时,可仍先译宾语,不必改变原文的语序。例如: This substance we call water,and come next only to oxygen.这种物质称为水,其重要性仅次于氧。(=We call this substance water,and this substance comes next only to oxygen.) 2.以“Hence +名词”开头的结构 hence是表示结果意义的连接副词,hence前面的句子表示原因,hence后面则省略了类似 come的动词。它是倒装句。例如: Hence(comes)this instruction of the experiment因此,有这本实验说明书。 3.某些常用词组引导的省略疑问句,通常不需要写出其省略部分。例如: How(is it)about the result?结果怎么样呢? 4.由习语组成的省略结构 So much is for the foundry processes.工艺过程的内容就是这些。(=Enough has been said or done about...;That is all we'll say about...) Now for the sound-wave method.现在谈谈风波方法。(=And we will now talk about...) The grinding machine you operate must be oiled,and that at once.油,而且要马上上油。(and that是个加强语气的省略结构。that是指示代词,代替上文的全部,与and连用表示强调,后接状语。=andmustbeoiledat可译为“而且”。) 四、介词(短语)的“无胜于有” 英语介词(短语)应用之频繁,简直到了“不可稍离”的地步。它是功能词中最积极、最活跃之一。但有时,为了用词简洁精练,在上下文意境清楚的前提下,介词常常省略。译文中也要采取相应的简洁表达手法。 1.动名词-ing前,有时省略介词。 Most people just ruin scissors by)trying to sharpen them.大多数人想把剪刀磨快,结果却磨坏了。 2.在含
有way,height,length,size,shape, ckness等惯用语前,有时省略介词。 Try to keep your letters on)this side of 500 words.写信请勿超过五百字。 3.在以next,this,one,every,each,some,等开头的时间状语前,有时省略介词。 Nine days(from)now will be May Day.起再过九天,便是五一节。 4.在“noun +participle”,“noun +and all”结构中,有时省略介词“with”。 He jumped into the water, (with his)clothes and all.他和着衣服跳进水里。 5.某些动词、名词、形容词习惯搭配中的介词(短语),在以what,when,how,whether,that出的从句或不定式短语之前,有时被省略。例如: I am not informed(as to)whether he went,why from.我没听说他是否去了,为什么去,什么时候去,来自何地方。(省略与informed搭配的介词as to。) They are tempered to be careless (of)how they spend their time,because they imagine they have so much of it.对于如何支配时间,他们总是漫不经心,因为他们认为时间多的是。(省略与形容词careless搭配的介词of。) 英语省略句用词简练,表意简练,往往收到一定的修饰效果,但省略必须根据习惯、语言内容和上下文而定。从上述各例句中可以看出,英语和汉语表达习惯不同。在很多上下文意境清楚的情况下,英语往往省略,而汉语能省略时才可省略,但往往不能省略的场合居多,需要重复。