2016年5月全国翻译专业资格（水平）考试
英语三级《笔译实务》试卷
Section 1:English-Chinese Translation (50points)
Translate the following passage into Chinese .
Old people in Thiengoly say they can remember when there were so many trees that you couldn’tsee the sky. Now, miles of reddish-brown sand surround this village in northwestern Senegal, dotted with occasional bushes and trees. Dried animal dung is scattered everywhere, but hardly any dried grass is.
Overgrazing and climate change are the major causes of the Sahara’sadvance, said Gilles Boetsch, an anthropologist who directs a team of French scientists working with Senegalese researchers in the region.“Thelocal Peul people are herders, often nomadic. But the pressure of the herds on the land has become too great,”Mr. Boetsch said in an interview. “Thevegetation can’tregenerate itself.”
Since 2008, however, Senegal has been fighting back against the encroaching desert. Each year it has planted some two million seedling trees along a 545-kilometer, or 340-mile, ribbon of land that is the country’ssegment of a major pan-African regeneration project, the Great Green Wall.First proposed in 2005, the program links Senegal and 10other Saharan states in an alliance to plant a 15kilometer-wide, 7,100-kilometer-long green belt to fend off the desert. While many countries have still to start on their sections of the barrier, Senegal has taken the lead, with the creation of a National Agency for the Great Green Wall.
“Thissemi-arid region is becoming less and less habitable. We want to make it possible for people to continue to live here,”Col. Pap Sarr, the agency’stechnical director, said in an interview here. Colonel Sarr has forged working alliances between Senegalese researchers and the French team headed by Mr. Boetsch, in fields as varied as soil microbiology, ecology, medicine and anthropology. “InSenegal we hope to experiment with different ways of doing things that will benefit the other countries as they become more active,”the colonel said. Each year since 2008, from May to June, about 400people are employed in eight nurseries, choosing and overseeing germination of seeds and tending the seedlings until they are ready for planting. In August, 1,000people are mobilized to plant out rows of seedlings, about 2million plants, allowing them a full two months of the rainy season to take root before the long, dry season sets in.
After their first dry season, the saplings look dead, brown twigs sticking out of holes in the ground, but 80percent survive. Six years on, trees planted in 2008are up to three meters, or 10feet, tall. So far, 30,000hectares, or about 75,000acres, have been planted, including 4,000hectares this summer.
There are already discernible impacts on the microclimate, said Jean-Luc Peiry, a physical geography professor at the UniversitéBlaise Pascal in Clermont-Ferrand, France, who has placed 30sensors to record temperatures in some planted parcels.“Preliminaryresults show that clumps of four to eight small trees can have an important impact on temperature,”Professor Peiry said in an interview. “Thetranspiration of the trees creates a microclimate that moderates daily temperature extremes.”“Thetrees also have an important role in slowing the soil erosion caused by the wind, reducing the dust, and acting like a large rough doormat, halting the sand-laden winds from the Sahara,”he added. Wildlife is responding to the changes. “Migratorybirds are reappearing,”Mr. Boetsch said.
The project uses eight groundwater pumping stations built in 1954, before Senegal achieved its independence from France in 1960. The pumps fill giant basins that provide water for animals, tree nurseries and gardens where
fruit and vegetables are grown.
Section 2:Chinese-English Translation (50points)
Translate the following passage into English .
健康是促进人的全面发展的必然要求。提高人民健康水平，实现病有所医的理想，是人类社会的共同追求。在中国这个有着13亿多人口的发展中大国，医疗卫生关系亿万人民健康，是一个重大民生问题。
中国高度重视保护和增进人民健康。宪法规定，国家发展医疗卫生事业，发展现代医药和传统医药，保护人民健康。
多年来，中国坚持“以农村为重点，预防为主，中西医并重，依靠科技与教育，动员全社会参与，为人民健康服务，为社会主义现代化建设服务”的卫生工作方针，努力发展具有中国特色的医疗卫生事业。经过不懈努力，覆盖城乡的医疗卫生服务体系基本形成，疾病防治能力不断增强，医疗保障覆盖人口逐步扩大，卫生科技水平日益提高，居民健康水平明显改善。
随着中国工业化、城市化进程和人口老龄化趋势的加快，居民健康面临着传染病和慢性病的双重威胁，公众对医疗卫生服务的需求日益提高。与此同时，中国卫生资源特别是优质资源短缺、分布不均衡的矛盾依然存在，医疗卫生事业改革与发展的任务十分艰巨。
2016年5月英语三级笔译真题参考答案
英译汉
大师兄点评：
原文标题：Senegal Helps Plant a Great Green Wall to Fend Off Dessert
原文链接：2016年5月英语三级笔译英译汉来自《纽约时报》，英语二级笔译英译汉第一篇也是出自该报纸。原文标题为《塞内加尔参与构筑绿色长城抵御沙漠侵袭》。本文讲述的是塞内加尔在植树治沙方面的努力。由于过度放牧和气候变化导致撒哈拉沙漠不断在非洲扩张，为抵御沙漠扩张，一个“绿色长城”工程诞生。作为塞内加尔治沙的一部分，该国每年种植大量树苗来构建防护屏障。本文字数为610词，难度略高于2015年11月和5月以及2014年的真题难度。由于没有官方译文，大师兄版译文仅供参考。
第一段中“there were so many trees that you couldn’tsee the sky ”直译为“树木多得看不见填空”，汉语中的成语“遮天蔽日”用在此处最为恰当，即“树木多得遮天蔽日”。最后一句“Dried animal dung is scattered everywhere, but hardly any dried grass is ”实际上是省略，即“..... but hardly any dried grass is scattered everywhere ”，翻译为“……但干枯的草却很难到处可见”。
第二段中“the major causes of the Sahara ’s advance ”翻译稍有难度，关键在于单词“advance ”，该词的意思是“前进”，可以译为“撒哈拉沙漠的扩张的原因”。
第三段中“Senegal has been fighting back against the encroaching desert ”稍有难度，单词“encroach ”为“侵犯，侵蚀”，翻译为“不断侵袭的沙漠”。本段最后一句中短语“take the lead ”为“领先，走在前列”。
第四段最后一句“allowing them a full two months of the rainy season to take root before the long, dry season sets in ”中短语“take root ”为“生根，扎根”，“set in ”为“（不好事物）扎根”。
第五段第一句“.....the saplings look dead, brown twigs sticking out of holes in the ground, but 80percent survive ”翻译稍有难度。本句中含有一个独立主格的结构，根据上下文的语境，本句可以译为“在经历了第一个旱季之后，这些小树苗看上去都枯死了，只剩棕色的枝条从地上的洞中凸出来，但80%的树苗都会存活”。
第六段中“The trees also have an important role in slowing the soil erosion caused by the wind, reducing the dust, and acting like a large rough doormat, halting the sand-laden winds from the Sahara ”翻译难度较大。其中“act like ”与“play an important role ”意思相近，需要把其中之一翻译成其他表达。“acting like a large rough doormat ”翻译为“起到粗糙的地垫作用”，而“play an important role ”可翻译为“在……方面功不可没”。最后的从句是现在分词做结果状语。
大师兄翻硕版译文：
司恩高利村的老人们常说，他们记得曾经该村周边树木多得遮天蔽日。如今，司恩高利这个塞内加尔西北小村已被绵延数英里的红棕色沙子包围，沙子上零星散布着灌木丛和树丛。干结的动物粪便到处都是，但干枯的草却很难到处可见。
过度放牧和气候变化是导致撒哈拉沙漠扩张的主要原因，人类学家吉勒思·波特舍这样说道，他带领的一队法国科学家正和塞内加尔研究员一道在此开展研究工作。“当地的颇耳族人以放牧为生，且常常是流动放牧。但是畜群对草地带来的压力太大以致于植被无法复生，”波特舍先生在一次采访中说道。
不过，塞内加尔自2008年起就一直抗击不断扩张的沙漠的侵袭。每年，该国将约200万株树苗沿545千米（约340英里）长的狭长地带栽种，这块狭长地带是“绿色长城”这一泛非洲植被再生工程在塞内加尔境内的部分。“绿色长城”这一工程在2005年被提出，它将塞内加尔和其他10个地处撒哈拉的国家联接成同盟来通过植树创建一个15千米宽、7100千米长的绿化带，以此阻挡沙漠的扩张。随着主管其境内的“绿色长城”工程的一个国家级机构的成立，塞内加尔在植树治沙方面已经走在了前列，而许多国家甚至都还没有着手建设它们境内的绿化带屏障。
“这个半干燥地区正变得越来越不适宜居住。我们想让人们还能够继续在此居住，”帕萨上校在一次采访中说道，他是这个新成立的机构的技术主任。萨上校已促成塞内加尔研究人员和波特舍领导的法国科学家团队在土壤微生物学、生态学、药学和人类学方面组成研究联盟。萨上校说：“随着其他国家变得更积极起来，我们希望塞内加尔尝试的不同治沙方式能让这些国家受益”。自2008年起，每年4月到6月，约400名工人会受雇于8个苗圃室，他们要挑选种子、照看种子的发芽，然后修剪幼苗直到这些幼苗能用于载种。到了8月，1000多人将被调动来栽种一排排树苗，约200万株，这就使得这些树苗在漫长而干燥的旱季到来前能有足足两个月的雨季来扎根。
在经历了第一个旱季之后，这些小树苗看上去都枯死了，只剩棕色的枝条从地上的洞中凸出来，但80%的树苗都会存活。6年之后，这些2008年栽下的树苗已经长到了3米之高（约10英寸）。迄今已有30000公顷，约75000英亩的地带已经栽上了树木，其中4000亩是今年夏天栽种的。
“植树对微气候的影响已经显现，”法国克莱蒙费朗市布莱斯•帕斯卡大学物理地理学教授让·吕克·派瑞说道，他在一些已经栽种了树木的地带放置了30个传感器来记录温度变化。“初步的结果显示4至8棵树组成的树丛能对温度产生重要影响，”派瑞教授在一次采访中说道。“树木体表的水分蒸发能创造一个微气候，这个微气候能降低每日温度的上限。”“同时，这些树木在减轻大风造成的土壤流失、减少沙尘以及起到粗糙的地垫作用方面功不可没，从而阻断从撒哈拉刮来的满是沙子的大风”他补充说道。野生动物因这些变化而改变了行为。波特舍先生说：“迁徙的鸟类重现此地。”
该工程所用的8个地下水泵站建于1954年，即在塞内加尔1960年脱离法国统治取得独立之前。这些水泵抽取地下水灌满巨型蓄水盆，而这些蓄水盆为动物、苗圃室和种植有果树的花园供水。
2016年5月英语三级笔译真题参考答案
汉译英
大师兄点评：
2016年5月英语三级笔译的汉译英节选自中华人民共和国国务院2012年12月发布的《中国的医疗卫生事业》白皮书。其中节选了该白皮书的前言段和结语段。本文416字，稍有难度。尤其是第三段中的【中国坚持“以农村为重点，预防为主，中西医并重，依靠科技与教育，动员全社会参与，为人民健康服务，为社会主义现代化建设服务”的卫生工作方针】这个长句不好处理。
第二段第一句“中国高度重视中国高度重视保护和增进人民健康”中的“高度重视”是在笔译中较为常见，它的翻译有三种“attach importance to /pay much attention to /value sth highly ”。第二句“宪法规定，国家发展医疗卫生事业，发展现代医药和传统医药，保护人民健康”中的“宪法规定”有机构翻译为“As the Constitution stipulates ”，大师兄认为翻译成“It has been enshrined in the Constitution that... ”更好，单词enshrine 为“庄严载入”，具有褒义色彩。此外，第一句和第二句存在一定的逻辑关系，第二句可以视为第一句的具体体现，所以两句之间可以加上“For example ”，这样译文就更为自然流畅。
第三段的第一句中比较难处理，本句包含了7个并列的小句，且几个小句翻译都有难度，大师兄的翻译与官方译文句型一样，但在表达上略有不同。比如，“以农村为重点”网络译文为“making rural areas the focus of our work ”。大师兄认为这里需要解释性翻译，即“农村的医疗是中国医疗体系的重点”，翻译为“health service in rural areas being the centerpiece/keypart of its effort ”。
第四段第一句【随着中国工业化、城市化进程和人口老龄化趋势的加快，居民健康面临着传染病和慢性病的双重威胁】大师兄认为可以将前半句作为“独立主格结构”，第二句为作主句，第三句作为“定语从句”。即“With the pace of China's industrialization and urbanization accelerating and the population being increasingly aging, the Chinese people are confronted with the dual threats posed by infectious diseases and chronic diseases, for which there ’s a great demand for health care service among the public ”。
大师兄翻硕译文一：
Good health is a prerequisite for promoting all-round development of the person. And it is a common pursuit of human societies to improve people's health and ensure their right to medical care. For China, a large developing country, medical and healthcare is of vital importance to its population of over 1.3billion, and is a major issue concerning its people's well being.
China pays great attention to protecting and improving its people's health. As the Constitution stipulates, "The state develops medical and health services, promotes modern medicine and traditional Chinese medicine..., all for the protection of the people's health."
Over the years, China has worked hard to develop its medical and health services with Chinese characteristics in accordance with the policy of "making rural areas the focus of our work, putting disease prevention first, supporting both traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine, relying on science, technology and education, and mobilizing the whole of society to join the efforts, improving the people's health and serving socialist modernization." Thanks to unremitting efforts that have been made, medical and healthcare systems covering both urban and rural residents have taken shape, the capabilities of disease prevention and control have been enhanced, the coverage of medical insurance has expanded, continuous progress has been made in medical science and technology, and the people's health has been remarkably improved.
With the quickened pace of the country's industrialization and urbanization, as well as its increasingly aging population, the Chinese people are facing the dual health threats of infectious and chronic diseases, and the public needs better medical and health services. In the meantime, problems still exist regarding China's health resources, especially the shortage of high-quality resources and the unbalanced distribution of those resources. China has arduous tasks ahead for reforming and developing its medical and health services.
大师兄翻硕版译文二：
Good health is a prerequisite for the all-round development of a man. To improve people’shealth and ensure their access to health care is a goal being pursued by all societies. Health care, which has a direct bearing on people’shealth, is a real public concern in China, a large developing country with a population of 1.3billion.
China attaches great importance/paysmuch attention to protecting and improving people’shealth. For example, it has been enshrined in/writteninto the constitution that for the sake of people’shealth, the state has an obligation to develop the health care system and promote modern medicine and traditional Chinese medicine.
Over the years, China has been working hard to build a health care system with Chinese characteristics, sticking to the principles of “healthservice in rural areas being the centerpiece/keypart of its effort; disease prevention being putting first; traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine being equally emphasized; science, technology and education being the ways by which the system is created; all members of the society being encouraged to contribute to the system; the system being for the health of the public and China’ssocialist modernization ”.After years of relentless efforts, China has basically built a health care system covering both rural and urban residents and has constantly improved its ability to prevent and cure diseases as well as its medical technologies, with medical insurance covering an ever-increasing number of people and people’shealth being markedly improved.
With the pace of China's industrialization and urbanization accelerating and the population being increasingly aging, the Chinese people are confronted with the dual threat posed by infectious diseases and chronic diseases, for which there’sa great demand for health care service among the public. In the meantime, the problems of the lack of medical resources, high-quality ones in particular and the distribution of medical resources being uneven still persist, which means that China has a daunting task of reforming and improving its health care system.
2015年11月全国翻译专业资格（水平）考试
英语三级《笔译实务》试卷
Section 1:English-Chinese Translation (50points)
Translate the following passage into Chinese .
The Republic of Ireland is a sovereign state in Western Europe, occupying about five-sixths of the island of Ireland. The capital and largest city is Dublin, whose metropolitan area is home to around a third of the country’s
4.6million inhabitants. The state shares its only land border with Northern Ireland. It is a unitary, parliamentary republic with an elected president serving as head of state. The head of government is nominated by the lower house of parliament.
Following the Irish War of Independence and the subsequent Anglo-Irish Treaty, Ireland gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1922. Initially a dominion, Ireland received official British recognition of full legislative independence in the Statute of Westminster of 1931. A new constitution was adopted in 1937, by which the name of the state became “Ireland.”In 1949, Ireland was declared a republic under the Republic of Ireland act 1948.
Ireland ranks among the wealthiest countries in the world in terms of GDP per capita. In 1973, Ireland enacted a series of liberal economic policies that resulted in rapid economic growth, coupled with a dramatic rise in inequality. The country achieved considerable prosperity from 1995to 2007. This was halted by an unprecedented financial crisis that began in 2008, in conjunction with the concurrent global economic crash.
In 2011and 2013Ireland was ranked as the seventh-most developed country in the world by the United Nations Human Development Index. It also performs well in several metrics of national performance, including freedom of the press, economic freedom and civil liberties. It pursues a policy of neutrality through non-alignment.
The population of Ireland stood at 4,588,252in 2011, an increase of 8.2percent since 2006. As of 2011, Ireland had the highest birth rate in the European Union (16births per 1,000of population). In 2012, 35.1percent of births were to unmarried women. Annual population growth rates exceeded 2percent during the 2002-2006period, which was attributed to high rates of natural increase and immigration. This rate declined somewhat during the subsequent 2006-2011period, with an average growth rate of 1.6percent.
Ireland ranks fifth in the world in terms of gender equality. In 2011, Ireland was ranked the most charitable country in Europe, and second most charitable in the world. Contraception was controlled in Ireland until 1979, however, the receding influence of the Catholic Church has led to an increasingly secularized society . In 1983, the Eighth Amendment recognized “theright to life of the unborn”,subject to qualifications concerning the “equalright to life”of the mother. The passage of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments guarantees the right to have an abortion performed abroad, and the right to learn about “services”that are illegal in Ireland, but legal abroad. The prohibition on divorce in the 1937Constitution was repealed in 1995under the Fifteenth Amendment. Divorce rates in Ireland are very low compared to European Union averages while the marriage rate in Ireland is slightly above the European Union average.
Capital punishment is constitutionally banned in Ireland, while discrimination based on age, gender, sexual orientation, marital or familial status, religion and race is illegal.
Ireland became the first country in the world to introduce an environmental levy for plastic shopping bags in
2002and a public smoking ban in 2004. Recycling in Ireland is carried out extensively and Ireland has the second highest rate of packaging recycling in the European Union.
Section 2:Chinese-English Translation (50points)
Translate the following passage into English .
不冲突不对抗是构建中美新型大国关系的必要前提。有研究显示，历史上大约有过15次新兴大国的崛起，其中有11次与既有大国之间发生了对抗和战争。但现在的世界已今非昔比，中美之间乃至全球各国之间已是日趋紧密的利益共同体，对抗将是双输，战争没有出路。不冲突、不对抗的宣示，就是要顺应全球化潮流，改变对中美关系的负面预期，解决两国之间的战略互不信，构建对中美关系前景的正面信心。
相互尊重，是构建中美新型大国关系的基本原则。世界是多样的，中美作为两个社会制度不同、历史文化背景各异，同时又利益相互交织的大国，相互尊重就显得尤为重要。我们只有相互尊重对方人民选择的制度与道路，相互尊重彼此的核心利益与关切，才能求同存异，进而聚同化异，实现两国的和谐相处。
合作共赢，是中美构建新型大国关系的必由之路。中美双方在双边关系各领域都有着广泛合作需求和巨大合作潜力。此外，作为两个大国，环顾当今世界，从反恐到网络安全，从核不扩散到气候变化，从中东和平到非洲发展，也都离不开中美两国的共同参与、合作和贡献。
2015年11月英语三级笔译真题参考答案
英译汉
大师兄点评：
2015年11月英语三级笔译英译汉第一篇来自维基百科“爱尔兰”词条，本文介绍的是爱尔兰国家的概况，主要包括爱尔兰的独立历史、经济现状、人口出生率等几个方面，内容比较零散。全文共8段580词，符合三级笔译大纲英译汉文章单词余约600词的要求，本文的难度不大。较有难度的地方主要包括以下几个方面。这些主要是涉及到爱尔兰的历史、宗教以及爱尔兰和英国的关系，需要考生有一定的政治常识。
第一段中的“It is a unitary, parliamentary republic with an elected president serving as head of state ”这句应该翻译为“中央集权的议会制共和国”，“unitary ”为“中央集权的”，而不是“单一的”。在其后的“the head of government ”应该翻译为“总理”，而非“政府首脑”。爱尔兰的总统和总理的职权是不同的。
第二段中的“Initially a dominion, Ireland received official British recognition of full legislative independence in the Statute of Westminster of 1931”这句应翻译难度比较大。首先要明白“dominion ”的意思以及“Statute of Westminster of 1931”这部法律。“dominion ”的意思是“A dominion is an area of land that is controlled by a ruler ”，自治领是英国殖民地制度下一个特殊的国家体制，这些自治领是自治国家，但是没有立法权。另外“Statute of Westminster of 1931”指的是1931年英国议会通过的“威斯敏斯特条例”。它是关于处理英联邦内部关系的重要法律。它赋予加拿大、澳大利亚、南非、爱尔兰等前英国殖民地以完全的立法权。
第七段中“the receding influence of the Catholic Church ”比较难理解，这里的背景是，罗马天主教一直是爱尔兰的主要宗教，信奉天主教人口达到90%，但由于基督教在爱尔兰的传播，天主教的影响力正逐渐下降。
大师兄翻硕版译文：
爱尔兰共和国是西欧的一个主权国家，其国土面积为爱尔兰岛的六分之五。爱尔兰的首都和最大城市是都柏林，该国460万人口中约三分之一居住在这座大都市。唯一与爱尔兰在陆地上接壤的是英国的北爱尔兰。爱尔兰是中央集权的议会制共和国，总统为国家元首，由选举产生。爱尔兰总理由议会下议院选出。
在爱尔兰独立战争和随后签署的《英爱条约》之后，爱尔兰于1922年脱离联合王国获得独立。独立之初的爱尔兰只是一块（仍受英国控制的）自治领，在1931英国议会通过《威斯敏斯特条例》后，爱尔兰才获得英国对其立法独立的正式承认。1937年爱尔兰实施了一部新宪法，这部宪法规定该国的名称为“爱尔兰”。在1949年，《爱尔兰共和国法案1948》获得通过，爱尔兰宣布成为一个共和国。
以人均GDP 计算，爱尔兰位居世界最富裕国家行列。1973年，爱尔兰通过了一系列自由经济政策，这促进了经济的快速增长，同时社会不平等问题加剧。1995年到2007年，该国经济欣欣向荣。但其经济良好态势被2008年爆发的史无前例的金融危机所中断，与此同时全球经济也遭受重挫。
在2011年和2013年的《联合国人类发展指数报告》中，爱尔兰位列最发达国家第七位。并且该国在国家发展的其他几个指标方面表现突出，包括媒体自由、经济自由和公民自由方面。该国奉行不结盟的中立外交政策。
2011年，爱尔兰人口为4588252人，自2006年来增加了8.2%。截止2011年，爱尔兰的出生率为欧盟最高（每千人每年出生16名婴儿）。2012年，爱尔兰35.1%的新生儿为未婚女性所生。在2002年到2006年这个阶段，爱尔兰每年人口增长率超过2%，这归功于较高速度的自然人口增长和移民。这个增长率在随后的2006年到2011年这个阶段稍微下降，此阶段的人口年增长率为1.6%。
在性别平等方面，爱尔兰排名世界第五。在2011年，爱尔兰被评为欧洲最慈善国家第一名，世界最慈善国家第二名。在1979年以前，避孕措施在爱尔兰是受到管制的，但罗马天主教影响力的消退导致了爱尔兰社会越来越世俗化。1983年，第八修正案承认了“未出生的婴儿的生命权”，其所具有的生命权资格与其妈妈的生命权资格是平等的。第十三和第十四修正案的通过确保了女性有在国外堕胎的权利以及学习“堕胎服务”的权利，这种服务在爱尔兰是违法的，但在国外是合法的。1937年宪法禁止离婚的规定在1995年通过的第十五修正案中被废止了。与欧盟平均水平相比，爱尔兰的离婚率十分的低，而爱尔兰的结婚率则稍稍高于欧盟平均水平。
爱尔兰宪法禁止死刑，同时规定基于年龄、性别、性取向、婚姻或家庭状况、宗教和种族方面的歧视是违法的。
爱尔兰在2002年开始对塑料购物袋开征环境税，2004年开始在公共场所禁烟，而这些举措在世界上均属首创。资源循环利用在爱尔兰开展的很广泛，爱尔兰的包装循环利用率在欧盟位居第二。
2016年5月和2015年11月英语三级笔译真题及译文
汉译英
大师兄点评：
本文节选自中华人民共和国外交部长王毅2013年9月20日在布鲁金斯学会的演讲，《如何构建中美新型大国关系》。本文共3段436字，难度不大。其中，“新型大国关系”、“利益共同体”、“顺应潮流”等词都是很常见的表达。本文的难度总体不大。
第一段中“新型大国关系”的表达为“the new model of major-country relations ”；“利益共同体”的翻译有两种——“a community of shared interests ”和“a community of common interests ”。第三句“中美之间乃至全球各国之间已是日趋紧密的利益共同体”中“乃至全球”可以翻译为“all countries at large ”。
第二段中“求同存异”、“聚同化异”较为常见，“求同存异”有三种翻译：“seek common ground while putting aside differences ”、“seek common ground while shelving differences ”、“seek common ground while reserving differences ”。“聚同化异”需要一定的解释性翻译，即：积聚或扩大共识，化解分歧，可以译为“expand common ground and dissolve differences ”。
大师兄版译文：
“Noconflict or confrontation”is the prerequisite for the new model of major-country relations between us. According to some study of history, there have been about 15cases of rise of emerging powers. In 11cases, confrontation and war broke out between the emerging and the established powers. However, we now live in a different world. China and the United States and in fact all countries in the world are part of a community of shared interests. Countries are increasingly interconnected. Neither of us will benefit from confrontation. War will get us nowhere. “Noconflict or confrontation”means that we need to follow the trend of globalization, reverse negative projections of China-US relations, address strategic distrust and build confidence in the future of China-US relations.
“Mutualrespect”is a basic principle for this new model. We live in a world of rich diversity. For China and the United States, two major countries different in social system, history and culture yet connected by intertwined interests, mutual respect is all the more important. Only by respecting each other’ssystem and path chosen by their people, as well as each other’score interests and concerns can we seek common ground while reserving differences and, on that basis, expand common ground and dissolve differences so that China and the United States will be able to live together in harmony.
“Win-wincooperation”is the only way to turn the vision into a reality. There is an enormous need and vast potential for bilateral cooperation in all fields. Besides, the world certainly needs China and the United States, two major countries with great influence, to work together and contribute on issues ranging from counter terrorism to cyber security, from nuclear non-proliferation to climate change, and from peace in the Middle East to Africa’sdevelopment. Win-win progress is only possible when both countries are committed to growing cooperation. Moreover, such win-win outcome should not just be beneficial to China and the United States, it should also be beneficial to all countries in the world.
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2016年5月全国翻译专业资格（水平）考试
英语三级《笔译实务》试卷
Section 1:English-Chinese Translation (50points)
Translate the following passage into Chinese .
Old people in Thiengoly say they can remember when there were so many trees that you couldn’tsee the sky. Now, miles of reddish-brown sand surround this village in northwestern Senegal, dotted with occasional bushes and trees. Dried animal dung is scattered everywhere, but hardly any dried grass is.
Overgrazing and climate change are the major causes of the Sahara’sadvance, said Gilles Boetsch, an anthropologist who directs a team of French scientists working with Senegalese researchers in the region.“Thelocal Peul people are herders, often nomadic. But the pressure of the herds on the land has become too great,”Mr. Boetsch said in an interview. “Thevegetation can’tregenerate itself.”
Since 2008, however, Senegal has been fighting back against the encroaching desert. Each year it has planted some two million seedling trees along a 545-kilometer, or 340-mile, ribbon of land that is the country’ssegment of a major pan-African regeneration project, the Great Green Wall.First proposed in 2005, the program links Senegal and 10other Saharan states in an alliance to plant a 15kilometer-wide, 7,100-kilometer-long green belt to fend off the desert. While many countries have still to start on their sections of the barrier, Senegal has taken the lead, with the creation of a National Agency for the Great Green Wall.
“Thissemi-arid region is becoming less and less habitable. We want to make it possible for people to continue to live here,”Col. Pap Sarr, the agency’stechnical director, said in an interview here. Colonel Sarr has forged working alliances between Senegalese researchers and the French team headed by Mr. Boetsch, in fields as varied as soil microbiology, ecology, medicine and anthropology. “InSenegal we hope to experiment with different ways of doing things that will benefit the other countries as they become more active,”the colonel said. Each year since 2008, from May to June, about 400people are employed in eight nurseries, choosing and overseeing germination of seeds and tending the seedlings until they are ready for planting. In August, 1,000people are mobilized to plant out rows of seedlings, about 2million plants, allowing them a full two months of the rainy season to take root before the long, dry season sets in.
After their first dry season, the saplings look dead, brown twigs sticking out of holes in the ground, but 80percent survive. Six years on, trees planted in 2008are up to three meters, or 10feet, tall. So far, 30,000hectares, or about 75,000acres, have been planted, including 4,000hectares this summer.
There are already discernible impacts on the microclimate, said Jean-Luc Peiry, a physical geography professor at the UniversitéBlaise Pascal in Clermont-Ferrand, France, who has placed 30sensors to record temperatures in some planted parcels.“Preliminaryresults show that clumps of four to eight small trees can have an important impact on temperature,”Professor Peiry said in an interview. “Thetranspiration of the trees creates a microclimate that moderates daily temperature extremes.”“Thetrees also have an important role in slowing the soil erosion caused by the wind, reducing the dust, and acting like a large rough doormat, halting the sand-laden winds from the Sahara,”he added. Wildlife is responding to the changes. “Migratorybirds are reappearing,”Mr. Boetsch said.
The project uses eight groundwater pumping stations built in 1954, before Senegal achieved its independence from France in 1960. The pumps fill giant basins that provide water for animals, tree nurseries and gardens where
fruit and vegetables are grown.
Section 2:Chinese-English Translation (50points)
Translate the following passage into English .
健康是促进人的全面发展的必然要求。提高人民健康水平，实现病有所医的理想，是人类社会的共同追求。在中国这个有着13亿多人口的发展中大国，医疗卫生关系亿万人民健康，是一个重大民生问题。
中国高度重视保护和增进人民健康。宪法规定，国家发展医疗卫生事业，发展现代医药和传统医药，保护人民健康。
多年来，中国坚持“以农村为重点，预防为主，中西医并重，依靠科技与教育，动员全社会参与，为人民健康服务，为社会主义现代化建设服务”的卫生工作方针，努力发展具有中国特色的医疗卫生事业。经过不懈努力，覆盖城乡的医疗卫生服务体系基本形成，疾病防治能力不断增强，医疗保障覆盖人口逐步扩大，卫生科技水平日益提高，居民健康水平明显改善。
随着中国工业化、城市化进程和人口老龄化趋势的加快，居民健康面临着传染病和慢性病的双重威胁，公众对医疗卫生服务的需求日益提高。与此同时，中国卫生资源特别是优质资源短缺、分布不均衡的矛盾依然存在，医疗卫生事业改革与发展的任务十分艰巨。
2016年5月英语三级笔译真题参考答案
英译汉
大师兄点评：
原文标题：Senegal Helps Plant a Great Green Wall to Fend Off Dessert
原文链接：2016年5月英语三级笔译英译汉来自《纽约时报》，英语二级笔译英译汉第一篇也是出自该报纸。原文标题为《塞内加尔参与构筑绿色长城抵御沙漠侵袭》。本文讲述的是塞内加尔在植树治沙方面的努力。由于过度放牧和气候变化导致撒哈拉沙漠不断在非洲扩张，为抵御沙漠扩张，一个“绿色长城”工程诞生。作为塞内加尔治沙的一部分，该国每年种植大量树苗来构建防护屏障。本文字数为610词，难度略高于2015年11月和5月以及2014年的真题难度。由于没有官方译文，大师兄版译文仅供参考。
第一段中“there were so many trees that you couldn’tsee the sky ”直译为“树木多得看不见填空”，汉语中的成语“遮天蔽日”用在此处最为恰当，即“树木多得遮天蔽日”。最后一句“Dried animal dung is scattered everywhere, but hardly any dried grass is ”实际上是省略，即“..... but hardly any dried grass is scattered everywhere ”，翻译为“……但干枯的草却很难到处可见”。
第二段中“the major causes of the Sahara ’s advance ”翻译稍有难度，关键在于单词“advance ”，该词的意思是“前进”，可以译为“撒哈拉沙漠的扩张的原因”。
第三段中“Senegal has been fighting back against the encroaching desert ”稍有难度，单词“encroach ”为“侵犯，侵蚀”，翻译为“不断侵袭的沙漠”。本段最后一句中短语“take the lead ”为“领先，走在前列”。
第四段最后一句“allowing them a full two months of the rainy season to take root before the long, dry season sets in ”中短语“take root ”为“生根，扎根”，“set in ”为“（不好事物）扎根”。
第五段第一句“.....the saplings look dead, brown twigs sticking out of holes in the ground, but 80percent survive ”翻译稍有难度。本句中含有一个独立主格的结构，根据上下文的语境，本句可以译为“在经历了第一个旱季之后，这些小树苗看上去都枯死了，只剩棕色的枝条从地上的洞中凸出来，但80%的树苗都会存活”。
第六段中“The trees also have an important role in slowing the soil erosion caused by the wind, reducing the dust, and acting like a large rough doormat, halting the sand-laden winds from the Sahara ”翻译难度较大。其中“act like ”与“play an important role ”意思相近，需要把其中之一翻译成其他表达。“acting like a large rough doormat ”翻译为“起到粗糙的地垫作用”，而“play an important role ”可翻译为“在……方面功不可没”。最后的从句是现在分词做结果状语。
大师兄翻硕版译文：
司恩高利村的老人们常说，他们记得曾经该村周边树木多得遮天蔽日。如今，司恩高利这个塞内加尔西北小村已被绵延数英里的红棕色沙子包围，沙子上零星散布着灌木丛和树丛。干结的动物粪便到处都是，但干枯的草却很难到处可见。
过度放牧和气候变化是导致撒哈拉沙漠扩张的主要原因，人类学家吉勒思·波特舍这样说道，他带领的一队法国科学家正和塞内加尔研究员一道在此开展研究工作。“当地的颇耳族人以放牧为生，且常常是流动放牧。但是畜群对草地带来的压力太大以致于植被无法复生，”波特舍先生在一次采访中说道。
不过，塞内加尔自2008年起就一直抗击不断扩张的沙漠的侵袭。每年，该国将约200万株树苗沿545千米（约340英里）长的狭长地带栽种，这块狭长地带是“绿色长城”这一泛非洲植被再生工程在塞内加尔境内的部分。“绿色长城”这一工程在2005年被提出，它将塞内加尔和其他10个地处撒哈拉的国家联接成同盟来通过植树创建一个15千米宽、7100千米长的绿化带，以此阻挡沙漠的扩张。随着主管其境内的“绿色长城”工程的一个国家级机构的成立，塞内加尔在植树治沙方面已经走在了前列，而许多国家甚至都还没有着手建设它们境内的绿化带屏障。
“这个半干燥地区正变得越来越不适宜居住。我们想让人们还能够继续在此居住，”帕萨上校在一次采访中说道，他是这个新成立的机构的技术主任。萨上校已促成塞内加尔研究人员和波特舍领导的法国科学家团队在土壤微生物学、生态学、药学和人类学方面组成研究联盟。萨上校说：“随着其他国家变得更积极起来，我们希望塞内加尔尝试的不同治沙方式能让这些国家受益”。自2008年起，每年4月到6月，约400名工人会受雇于8个苗圃室，他们要挑选种子、照看种子的发芽，然后修剪幼苗直到这些幼苗能用于载种。到了8月，1000多人将被调动来栽种一排排树苗，约200万株，这就使得这些树苗在漫长而干燥的旱季到来前能有足足两个月的雨季来扎根。
在经历了第一个旱季之后，这些小树苗看上去都枯死了，只剩棕色的枝条从地上的洞中凸出来，但80%的树苗都会存活。6年之后，这些2008年栽下的树苗已经长到了3米之高（约10英寸）。迄今已有30000公顷，约75000英亩的地带已经栽上了树木，其中4000亩是今年夏天栽种的。
“植树对微气候的影响已经显现，”法国克莱蒙费朗市布莱斯•帕斯卡大学物理地理学教授让·吕克·派瑞说道，他在一些已经栽种了树木的地带放置了30个传感器来记录温度变化。“初步的结果显示4至8棵树组成的树丛能对温度产生重要影响，”派瑞教授在一次采访中说道。“树木体表的水分蒸发能创造一个微气候，这个微气候能降低每日温度的上限。”“同时，这些树木在减轻大风造成的土壤流失、减少沙尘以及起到粗糙的地垫作用方面功不可没，从而阻断从撒哈拉刮来的满是沙子的大风”他补充说道。野生动物因这些变化而改变了行为。波特舍先生说：“迁徙的鸟类重现此地。”
该工程所用的8个地下水泵站建于1954年，即在塞内加尔1960年脱离法国统治取得独立之前。这些水泵抽取地下水灌满巨型蓄水盆，而这些蓄水盆为动物、苗圃室和种植有果树的花园供水。
2016年5月英语三级笔译真题参考答案
汉译英
大师兄点评：
2016年5月英语三级笔译的汉译英节选自中华人民共和国国务院2012年12月发布的《中国的医疗卫生事业》白皮书。其中节选了该白皮书的前言段和结语段。本文416字，稍有难度。尤其是第三段中的【中国坚持“以农村为重点，预防为主，中西医并重，依靠科技与教育，动员全社会参与，为人民健康服务，为社会主义现代化建设服务”的卫生工作方针】这个长句不好处理。
第二段第一句“中国高度重视中国高度重视保护和增进人民健康”中的“高度重视”是在笔译中较为常见，它的翻译有三种“attach importance to /pay much attention to /value sth highly ”。第二句“宪法规定，国家发展医疗卫生事业，发展现代医药和传统医药，保护人民健康”中的“宪法规定”有机构翻译为“As the Constitution stipulates ”，大师兄认为翻译成“It has been enshrined in the Constitution that... ”更好，单词enshrine 为“庄严载入”，具有褒义色彩。此外，第一句和第二句存在一定的逻辑关系，第二句可以视为第一句的具体体现，所以两句之间可以加上“For example ”，这样译文就更为自然流畅。
第三段的第一句中比较难处理，本句包含了7个并列的小句，且几个小句翻译都有难度，大师兄的翻译与官方译文句型一样，但在表达上略有不同。比如，“以农村为重点”网络译文为“making rural areas the focus of our work ”。大师兄认为这里需要解释性翻译，即“农村的医疗是中国医疗体系的重点”，翻译为“health service in rural areas being the centerpiece/keypart of its effort ”。
第四段第一句【随着中国工业化、城市化进程和人口老龄化趋势的加快，居民健康面临着传染病和慢性病的双重威胁】大师兄认为可以将前半句作为“独立主格结构”，第二句为作主句，第三句作为“定语从句”。即“With the pace of China's industrialization and urbanization accelerating and the population being increasingly aging, the Chinese people are confronted with the dual threats posed by infectious diseases and chronic diseases, for which there ’s a great demand for health care service among the public ”。
大师兄翻硕译文一：
Good health is a prerequisite for promoting all-round development of the person. And it is a common pursuit of human societies to improve people's health and ensure their right to medical care. For China, a large developing country, medical and healthcare is of vital importance to its population of over 1.3billion, and is a major issue concerning its people's well being.
China pays great attention to protecting and improving its people's health. As the Constitution stipulates, "The state develops medical and health services, promotes modern medicine and traditional Chinese medicine..., all for the protection of the people's health."
Over the years, China has worked hard to develop its medical and health services with Chinese characteristics in accordance with the policy of "making rural areas the focus of our work, putting disease prevention first, supporting both traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine, relying on science, technology and education, and mobilizing the whole of society to join the efforts, improving the people's health and serving socialist modernization." Thanks to unremitting efforts that have been made, medical and healthcare systems covering both urban and rural residents have taken shape, the capabilities of disease prevention and control have been enhanced, the coverage of medical insurance has expanded, continuous progress has been made in medical science and technology, and the people's health has been remarkably improved.
With the quickened pace of the country's industrialization and urbanization, as well as its increasingly aging population, the Chinese people are facing the dual health threats of infectious and chronic diseases, and the public needs better medical and health services. In the meantime, problems still exist regarding China's health resources, especially the shortage of high-quality resources and the unbalanced distribution of those resources. China has arduous tasks ahead for reforming and developing its medical and health services.
大师兄翻硕版译文二：
Good health is a prerequisite for the all-round development of a man. To improve people’shealth and ensure their access to health care is a goal being pursued by all societies. Health care, which has a direct bearing on people’shealth, is a real public concern in China, a large developing country with a population of 1.3billion.
China attaches great importance/paysmuch attention to protecting and improving people’shealth. For example, it has been enshrined in/writteninto the constitution that for the sake of people’shealth, the state has an obligation to develop the health care system and promote modern medicine and traditional Chinese medicine.
Over the years, China has been working hard to build a health care system with Chinese characteristics, sticking to the principles of “healthservice in rural areas being the centerpiece/keypart of its effort; disease prevention being putting first; traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine being equally emphasized; science, technology and education being the ways by which the system is created; all members of the society being encouraged to contribute to the system; the system being for the health of the public and China’ssocialist modernization ”.After years of relentless efforts, China has basically built a health care system covering both rural and urban residents and has constantly improved its ability to prevent and cure diseases as well as its medical technologies, with medical insurance covering an ever-increasing number of people and people’shealth being markedly improved.
With the pace of China's industrialization and urbanization accelerating and the population being increasingly aging, the Chinese people are confronted with the dual threat posed by infectious diseases and chronic diseases, for which there’sa great demand for health care service among the public. In the meantime, the problems of the lack of medical resources, high-quality ones in particular and the distribution of medical resources being uneven still persist, which means that China has a daunting task of reforming and improving its health care system.
2015年11月全国翻译专业资格（水平）考试
英语三级《笔译实务》试卷
Section 1:English-Chinese Translation (50points)
Translate the following passage into Chinese .
The Republic of Ireland is a sovereign state in Western Europe, occupying about five-sixths of the island of Ireland. The capital and largest city is Dublin, whose metropolitan area is home to around a third of the country’s
4.6million inhabitants. The state shares its only land border with Northern Ireland. It is a unitary, parliamentary republic with an elected president serving as head of state. The head of government is nominated by the lower house of parliament.
Following the Irish War of Independence and the subsequent Anglo-Irish Treaty, Ireland gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1922. Initially a dominion, Ireland received official British recognition of full legislative independence in the Statute of Westminster of 1931. A new constitution was adopted in 1937, by which the name of the state became “Ireland.”In 1949, Ireland was declared a republic under the Republic of Ireland act 1948.
Ireland ranks among the wealthiest countries in the world in terms of GDP per capita. In 1973, Ireland enacted a series of liberal economic policies that resulted in rapid economic growth, coupled with a dramatic rise in inequality. The country achieved considerable prosperity from 1995to 2007. This was halted by an unprecedented financial crisis that began in 2008, in conjunction with the concurrent global economic crash.
In 2011and 2013Ireland was ranked as the seventh-most developed country in the world by the United Nations Human Development Index. It also performs well in several metrics of national performance, including freedom of the press, economic freedom and civil liberties. It pursues a policy of neutrality through non-alignment.
The population of Ireland stood at 4,588,252in 2011, an increase of 8.2percent since 2006. As of 2011, Ireland had the highest birth rate in the European Union (16births per 1,000of population). In 2012, 35.1percent of births were to unmarried women. Annual population growth rates exceeded 2percent during the 2002-2006period, which was attributed to high rates of natural increase and immigration. This rate declined somewhat during the subsequent 2006-2011period, with an average growth rate of 1.6percent.
Ireland ranks fifth in the world in terms of gender equality. In 2011, Ireland was ranked the most charitable country in Europe, and second most charitable in the world. Contraception was controlled in Ireland until 1979, however, the receding influence of the Catholic Church has led to an increasingly secularized society . In 1983, the Eighth Amendment recognized “theright to life of the unborn”,subject to qualifications concerning the “equalright to life”of the mother. The passage of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments guarantees the right to have an abortion performed abroad, and the right to learn about “services”that are illegal in Ireland, but legal abroad. The prohibition on divorce in the 1937Constitution was repealed in 1995under the Fifteenth Amendment. Divorce rates in Ireland are very low compared to European Union averages while the marriage rate in Ireland is slightly above the European Union average.
Capital punishment is constitutionally banned in Ireland, while discrimination based on age, gender, sexual orientation, marital or familial status, religion and race is illegal.
Ireland became the first country in the world to introduce an environmental levy for plastic shopping bags in
2002and a public smoking ban in 2004. Recycling in Ireland is carried out extensively and Ireland has the second highest rate of packaging recycling in the European Union.
Section 2:Chinese-English Translation (50points)
Translate the following passage into English .
不冲突不对抗是构建中美新型大国关系的必要前提。有研究显示，历史上大约有过15次新兴大国的崛起，其中有11次与既有大国之间发生了对抗和战争。但现在的世界已今非昔比，中美之间乃至全球各国之间已是日趋紧密的利益共同体，对抗将是双输，战争没有出路。不冲突、不对抗的宣示，就是要顺应全球化潮流，改变对中美关系的负面预期，解决两国之间的战略互不信，构建对中美关系前景的正面信心。
相互尊重，是构建中美新型大国关系的基本原则。世界是多样的，中美作为两个社会制度不同、历史文化背景各异，同时又利益相互交织的大国，相互尊重就显得尤为重要。我们只有相互尊重对方人民选择的制度与道路，相互尊重彼此的核心利益与关切，才能求同存异，进而聚同化异，实现两国的和谐相处。
合作共赢，是中美构建新型大国关系的必由之路。中美双方在双边关系各领域都有着广泛合作需求和巨大合作潜力。此外，作为两个大国，环顾当今世界，从反恐到网络安全，从核不扩散到气候变化，从中东和平到非洲发展，也都离不开中美两国的共同参与、合作和贡献。
2015年11月英语三级笔译真题参考答案
英译汉
大师兄点评：
2015年11月英语三级笔译英译汉第一篇来自维基百科“爱尔兰”词条，本文介绍的是爱尔兰国家的概况，主要包括爱尔兰的独立历史、经济现状、人口出生率等几个方面，内容比较零散。全文共8段580词，符合三级笔译大纲英译汉文章单词余约600词的要求，本文的难度不大。较有难度的地方主要包括以下几个方面。这些主要是涉及到爱尔兰的历史、宗教以及爱尔兰和英国的关系，需要考生有一定的政治常识。
第一段中的“It is a unitary, parliamentary republic with an elected president serving as head of state ”这句应该翻译为“中央集权的议会制共和国”，“unitary ”为“中央集权的”，而不是“单一的”。在其后的“the head of government ”应该翻译为“总理”，而非“政府首脑”。爱尔兰的总统和总理的职权是不同的。
第二段中的“Initially a dominion, Ireland received official British recognition of full legislative independence in the Statute of Westminster of 1931”这句应翻译难度比较大。首先要明白“dominion ”的意思以及“Statute of Westminster of 1931”这部法律。“dominion ”的意思是“A dominion is an area of land that is controlled by a ruler ”，自治领是英国殖民地制度下一个特殊的国家体制，这些自治领是自治国家，但是没有立法权。另外“Statute of Westminster of 1931”指的是1931年英国议会通过的“威斯敏斯特条例”。它是关于处理英联邦内部关系的重要法律。它赋予加拿大、澳大利亚、南非、爱尔兰等前英国殖民地以完全的立法权。
第七段中“the receding influence of the Catholic Church ”比较难理解，这里的背景是，罗马天主教一直是爱尔兰的主要宗教，信奉天主教人口达到90%，但由于基督教在爱尔兰的传播，天主教的影响力正逐渐下降。
大师兄翻硕版译文：
爱尔兰共和国是西欧的一个主权国家，其国土面积为爱尔兰岛的六分之五。爱尔兰的首都和最大城市是都柏林，该国460万人口中约三分之一居住在这座大都市。唯一与爱尔兰在陆地上接壤的是英国的北爱尔兰。爱尔兰是中央集权的议会制共和国，总统为国家元首，由选举产生。爱尔兰总理由议会下议院选出。
在爱尔兰独立战争和随后签署的《英爱条约》之后，爱尔兰于1922年脱离联合王国获得独立。独立之初的爱尔兰只是一块（仍受英国控制的）自治领，在1931英国议会通过《威斯敏斯特条例》后，爱尔兰才获得英国对其立法独立的正式承认。1937年爱尔兰实施了一部新宪法，这部宪法规定该国的名称为“爱尔兰”。在1949年，《爱尔兰共和国法案1948》获得通过，爱尔兰宣布成为一个共和国。
以人均GDP 计算，爱尔兰位居世界最富裕国家行列。1973年，爱尔兰通过了一系列自由经济政策，这促进了经济的快速增长，同时社会不平等问题加剧。1995年到2007年，该国经济欣欣向荣。但其经济良好态势被2008年爆发的史无前例的金融危机所中断，与此同时全球经济也遭受重挫。
在2011年和2013年的《联合国人类发展指数报告》中，爱尔兰位列最发达国家第七位。并且该国在国家发展的其他几个指标方面表现突出，包括媒体自由、经济自由和公民自由方面。该国奉行不结盟的中立外交政策。
2011年，爱尔兰人口为4588252人，自2006年来增加了8.2%。截止2011年，爱尔兰的出生率为欧盟最高（每千人每年出生16名婴儿）。2012年，爱尔兰35.1%的新生儿为未婚女性所生。在2002年到2006年这个阶段，爱尔兰每年人口增长率超过2%，这归功于较高速度的自然人口增长和移民。这个增长率在随后的2006年到2011年这个阶段稍微下降，此阶段的人口年增长率为1.6%。
在性别平等方面，爱尔兰排名世界第五。在2011年，爱尔兰被评为欧洲最慈善国家第一名，世界最慈善国家第二名。在1979年以前，避孕措施在爱尔兰是受到管制的，但罗马天主教影响力的消退导致了爱尔兰社会越来越世俗化。1983年，第八修正案承认了“未出生的婴儿的生命权”，其所具有的生命权资格与其妈妈的生命权资格是平等的。第十三和第十四修正案的通过确保了女性有在国外堕胎的权利以及学习“堕胎服务”的权利，这种服务在爱尔兰是违法的，但在国外是合法的。1937年宪法禁止离婚的规定在1995年通过的第十五修正案中被废止了。与欧盟平均水平相比，爱尔兰的离婚率十分的低，而爱尔兰的结婚率则稍稍高于欧盟平均水平。
爱尔兰宪法禁止死刑，同时规定基于年龄、性别、性取向、婚姻或家庭状况、宗教和种族方面的歧视是违法的。
爱尔兰在2002年开始对塑料购物袋开征环境税，2004年开始在公共场所禁烟，而这些举措在世界上均属首创。资源循环利用在爱尔兰开展的很广泛，爱尔兰的包装循环利用率在欧盟位居第二。
2016年5月和2015年11月英语三级笔译真题及译文
汉译英
大师兄点评：
本文节选自中华人民共和国外交部长王毅2013年9月20日在布鲁金斯学会的演讲，《如何构建中美新型大国关系》。本文共3段436字，难度不大。其中，“新型大国关系”、“利益共同体”、“顺应潮流”等词都是很常见的表达。本文的难度总体不大。
第一段中“新型大国关系”的表达为“the new model of major-country relations ”；“利益共同体”的翻译有两种——“a community of shared interests ”和“a community of common interests ”。第三句“中美之间乃至全球各国之间已是日趋紧密的利益共同体”中“乃至全球”可以翻译为“all countries at large ”。
第二段中“求同存异”、“聚同化异”较为常见，“求同存异”有三种翻译：“seek common ground while putting aside differences ”、“seek common ground while shelving differences ”、“seek common ground while reserving differences ”。“聚同化异”需要一定的解释性翻译，即：积聚或扩大共识，化解分歧，可以译为“expand common ground and dissolve differences ”。
大师兄版译文：
“Noconflict or confrontation”is the prerequisite for the new model of major-country relations between us. According to some study of history, there have been about 15cases of rise of emerging powers. In 11cases, confrontation and war broke out between the emerging and the established powers. However, we now live in a different world. China and the United States and in fact all countries in the world are part of a community of shared interests. Countries are increasingly interconnected. Neither of us will benefit from confrontation. War will get us nowhere. “Noconflict or confrontation”means that we need to follow the trend of globalization, reverse negative projections of China-US relations, address strategic distrust and build confidence in the future of China-US relations.
“Mutualrespect”is a basic principle for this new model. We live in a world of rich diversity. For China and the United States, two major countries different in social system, history and culture yet connected by intertwined interests, mutual respect is all the more important. Only by respecting each other’ssystem and path chosen by their people, as well as each other’score interests and concerns can we seek common ground while reserving differences and, on that basis, expand common ground and dissolve differences so that China and the United States will be able to live together in harmony.
“Win-wincooperation”is the only way to turn the vision into a reality. There is an enormous need and vast potential for bilateral cooperation in all fields. Besides, the world certainly needs China and the United States, two major countries with great influence, to work together and contribute on issues ranging from counter terrorism to cyber security, from nuclear non-proliferation to climate change, and from peace in the Middle East to Africa’sdevelopment. Win-win progress is only possible when both countries are committed to growing cooperation. Moreover, such win-win outcome should not just be beneficial to China and the United States, it should also be beneficial to all countries in the world.
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