《英语词汇学教程》（2004年版）练习答案【Chapter 1】7． tart: loose woman bloke: fellowgat: pistol swell: greatchicken: coward blue: fightsmoky: police full: drunkdame: woman beaver: girl8. haply = perhaps albeit = althoughmethinks = it seems to me eke = alsosooth = truth morn = morningtroth = pledge ere = beforequoth = said hallowed = holybillow = wave/ the sea bade = bid12. DenizensAliensTranslation loansSemantic loanskettlediewallskirthusbandconfrerepro patriaWunderkindmikadoparvenuchopsticktyphoonblack humourlong time no seedream【Chapter 2】Ex.1 The Indo-European Language Family is one of the most important language families in the world. It is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East and India. English belongs to this family and the other members of the Indo-European have more or less influence on English vocabulary. A knowledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them more appropriately. 2. Indo-European Language FamilyBalto-Slavic Indo-Iranian Celtic Italian Hellenic GermanicRoumanian Hindi Breton Spanish Greek EnglishLithuanian Persian Scottish French SwedishPrussian Irish Italian GermanPolish Portuguese NorweigianSlavenian IcelandicRussian DanishBulgarian Dutch6. When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bonds which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.Most of the content words are either of Greek or Latin origin. What are left are mostly functional words. This shows that Greek and Latin play a very important part in the English vocabulary. 8. eventful [Latin + English] hydroplane [Greek + Latin]falsehood [ Latin + English] pacifist [Latin + Greek]saxophone [German + Greek]heirloom [ French + English]joss house [ Portuguese + English] television [Greek + Latin]9.amateur (late) finacé (late) empire (early)peace (E) courage (E) garage (L)judgement (E) chair (E) chaise (L)grace (E) servant (E) routine (L)jealous (E) savaté (L) genre (L)gender (E) début (L) morale (L)state (E) chez (L) ballet (L)11. allegro, f 轻快andante, j 行板diminuendo, g 渐弱largo, d 缓慢pianoforte, a 轻转慢alto, i 女低音crescendo, b 渐强forte, e 强piano, h 轻soprano, c 女高音12.cherub (Hebrew) snorkel (G) coolie (Hindi) tulip (Turk)lasso (Sp) wok (Ch)shampoo (Indian) chocolate (Mex)tepee (Am Ind) jubilee (Gr)kibitz (G) Sabbath (Heb)chipmunk (Am Ind) tamale (Mex)cotton (Arab) voodoo (Afr)loot (Hindi) sauerbraten (G)13. a. alligator b. lococ. rodeo d. bonanzae. igloo f. blitzkriegg. wigwam h. canoei. hurricane j. boomerangk. panchos【Chapter 3】1. a. morpheme b. allomorphc. bound morpheme d. free morphemee. affix f. informational affixg. derivational affix h. rooti. stem j. base3. individualistic individualist + ic [stem, base]individual + ist [stem, base]individu + al [stem, base]in + dividu [root, stem, base]undesirablesun + desirable [stem, base]desir + able [root, stem, base]free morpheme = free rootmorpheme bound rootbound morpheme inflectional affixaffix prefixderivational affixsuffix【Chapter 4】Affixation5. non-smoker incapable impractical disobey insecurity irrelevant immature inability/disability unofficiallyunwillingness illegal disagreementillogical disloyal inconvenientnon-athletic6. harden horrify modernizememorize falsify apologizedeepen glorify sterilizelengthen intensify beautifyfatten sympathizea. apologized b. beautify c. lengtheningd. sympathized e. fatten f. falsifyg. memorizing h. Sterilize7. a. employee b. politician c. participantd. waitress e. conductor f. teacherg. pianist h. examinee/examiner8. trans- = across: transcontinental, trans-worldmono- = one: monorail, monoculturesuper- = over, above: superstructure, supernaturalauto- = self: autobiography, automobilesub- = bad, badly: malpractice, malnutritionmini- = little, small: minicrisis, miniwarpre- = before: prehistorical, preelectionex- = former: ex-teacher, ex-filmer Compoundingheartbeat [S + V] brainwashing [V + O]movie-goer [place + V] baking powder [ V +adv]far- reaching [V + Adv] dog-tired [adv + a]lion-hearted [adv + a] love-sick [adv + a]boyfriend [S + complement] peace-loving [V +O]snap decision [V + O] easy chair [ a + n]on-coming [V +adv] tax-free [adv +a]light-blue [a + a] goings-on [V +adv]4. well-bred/well-behaved culture-bound/homeboundneedle work/homework praiseworthy/respectworthybar-woman/sportswoman nation-wide/college-wideclear-minded/strong-minded military-style/newstyleself-control/self-respect budget-related/politics-relatedwater-proof/fire-proof once-fashionable/once-powerfulnews-film/news-letter mock-attack/mock-sadnesssister-in-law/father-in-law home-baked/home-producedhalf-way/half-done ever-lasting/ever-greenage-conscious/status-conscious campus-based/market-basedConversion7. a. stomach [n → v]b. room [n → v]c. wolf [n → v]d. come/go [v → n]e. familiar [a → n]f. innocent [a → n]g. flat [a → n]h. ah/ ouch [int → v]i. warm [a → n]j. has-been/might-have-been [finite v → n]k. Hamlet [proper n → v]l. buy [v → n]m. smooth [a → v]Blendingmotel (motor + hotel) humint (human + intelligence)advertisetics (advertisement + statistics)psywarrior (psychological warrior)hoverport (hovercraft + port)chunnel (channel + tunnel) hi-fi (high + fidelity) cinemactress (cinema + actress)Clippingcopter (helicopter) dorm (dormitory)lab (laboratory) prefab (prefabricated house)gas (gasoline) prof (professor) scope (telescope) champ (champion) sarge (sergeant) mike (microphone) ad (advertisement) tec (detective)Acronymy2. kg = kilogram ft = foot cf = confercm = centimeter $ = dollar ibid = ibidem etc. = et cetera VIP = very important personOPEC = Organization of Petroleum Exporting CountriesTOEFL = teaching of English as a foreign language3. a. SALTb. radarc. AIDSd. BASICe. Laserf. WHOg. sonarh. G-manBackformation2. lase (laser)escalate (escalator)babysit (babysitter)peeve (peevish)orate (orator)commute (commuter)Commonization of Proper Namesa. tantalize—Tantalus b. Argus-eyed—Argus c. narcissism—Narcissus d. sabotage—sabotse. martinet—Martinetf. yahoo—Yahoo g. Shylock—Shylock h. hoovering—Hooveri. utopia—Utopia j. Uncle Tommism—Uncle Tom 【Chapter 5】6. apes—b birds—a cattle—m cricket—n doves—c foxes—j geese—k sheep—f wolves—g monkeys—epigs—l hyenas—hturkeys—d swans—i9. a. A scientist working in a project to develop industrial uses for nuclear power might have all the positive associations with “atomic”, such as “benefit, energy”, etc. b. A Japanese resident of Hiroshima, victim of the atomic explosion at the end of World War II, might have all the negative associations with “atomic”, such as “suffering, killing, death, horrorckward7encourage/ promoteinstigate8groupclique/gang14. bull [-HUMAN +MALE +ADULT +BOVINE]cow [-HUMAN -MALE +ADULT +BOVINE]calf [-HUMAN +MALE -ADULT +BOVINE]rooster [-HUMAN +MALE +ADULT +GALLINE]hen [-HUMAN -MALE +ADULT +GALLINE]chicken [-HUMAN +MALE +ADULT +GALLINE]-HUMANbullcowcalf+BOVINEroosterhenchicken+GALLINE+MALE-MALE+ADULT【Chapter 6】Polysemy4.Homonymy4. 1) Make both ends meat is a parody of make both ends meet which means “have enough money for one’s needs”. Here the butcher cleverly uses the pair of homonyms meat and meet to make a pun. It makes a proper answer to the lady’s question. (1) Butchers cannot make both ends meat (make whole sausages with all meat) because they cannot make both ends meet (If they made sausages with all meat, which is more costly, they would not earn enough money to survive.)( 2) Don’t complain. All the butchers do the same. I am not the only one who is making sausages with bread.2) Swallow is a bird which is seen in summer. But by one swallow we see, we cannot deduce that it is already summer time. Swallow can also mean a mouthful of wine. On a cold winter day, if one has a swallow of wine, one may feel warm.3) arms has two meanings: weapons; the human upper limbs. Since “a cannon ball took off his legs”, the soldier was not able to fight on, so he “laid down his arms”, which means “surrender”. It can also mean he laid down his upper limbs.Synonymy3. avaricious: greedycourteously: politelyemancipate: set freecustomary: usualwidth: breadthadversary: opponentgullible: deceivedremainder: residueinnocent: sinlessobstacle: obstructionvexation: annoyance5. a. identifiable b. safetyc. motivates d. delicatee. surroundings f. artificialg. prestige h. perspirei. accomplishment j. silentk. impressive l. evaporate6. run move spin turn whirl roll7. a. stead b. gee-gee c. ripe d. mature e. effective f. efficient g. fatigued, children h. tired, kidsi. declined j. refused k. rancidl. addled m. Penalties n. fines o. rebuked p. accusedAntonymy5. a. similar/same b. safe c. sharp/ smart d. send e. stingy/ selfish h. simple f. significant/sensible i. sure g. skeptical/ suspicious l. smooth j. slipshod/ slovenly/ sloppyk. sleepiness/ sleep / slumber m. subjective n. sob/ scowl 6. a. old-fashioned b. completely c. moisture d. special e. essential f. similarityg. innocent h. rigid i. loosen j. clarity k. deserted l. fruitful m. peremptory n. depressed o. indifferent 7. a. feed—starve, cold-fever b. wisdom—follies c. haste—leisure d. penny—pound, wise—foolish e. speech—silence f. absence—presence g. admonish—praise i. wise men—fools h. young—old private—public saint—devil j. mind—body k. foul—fair l. danger—security m. deliberate--prompt n. children—parents o. bully—coward p. head—tail 8. right—wrong single—return dry—sweet hard—easy strong—faint rough—calm light—dark cold—warm high—low/deep Hyponymy3. furniture: desk, chair, table, bedmatter: liquid, gas, solidmeat: pork, beef, muttongo: run, fly, walk4. profession workplacesurgeon: clinic, hospitalplumber: house, buildinglawyer: office, law courtsmechanic: garagephotographer: studioforeman: worksite, factory5. 6. In Sentence 1, got, furniture, recently are superordinates because they are general and convey a very vague idea whereas in Sentence 2, the three words are replaced respectively by bought, cupboard, three days ago, which are subordinates, conveying a definite and clear idea. So Sentence 2 is better than Sentence 1.In 3, it is said, magnificent building, destroyed, yesterday are superordinate terms, which are comparatively much more general than the news says, Royal Hotel, burnt down, last night respectively in 4, which can be described as subordinates. Since 4 is clearer than 3 in meaning, it is better.Semantic field3. Group 1 is synonymously semantic field and Group 2 is semantic filed. The difference lies: In 1 the words are synonyms, none of them covers the meaning of another, and they differ only in style and emotive values. In 2 the words are not synonyms, but each refers to a specific type of horse. Horse is a cover term or superordinate, and others are subordinates. These terms have no difference in style or affective meaning.【Chapter 7】4. 1) extension 2) extension3) narrowing 4) degradation5) elevation 6) narrowing7) extension 8) extension9) narrowing 10) elevation11) narrowing 12) degradation13) degradation 14) degradation5. a. associated transfer b. abstract to concrete c. abstract to concrete d. abstract to concrete e. abstract to concrete f. abstract of concreteg. associated transfer h. associated transfer i. synesthesia j. synesthesia 6. a. objective b. subjective, objective c. objective d. subjective e. subjective f. subjective g. subjective h. subjective, objective 7. a. die b. graveyardc. bedlam疯人院 d. old peoplee. strike f. Policemang. stupid pupil h. poor peoplei. toilet j. fat personk. unemployed mother 【Chapter 8】2. a. to repairb.?? measurement and determination of one’s positionc.?? predicamentd.? injectiona.? a single complete dividing part (of a rocket)b.? the theatre or acting as a professionc.?? a particular point or period in a process of developmentd.? to plan, arrange and carry outa.?? interchange and discussion of ideas, esp. for mutual understanding orharmonyb.?? conversationc.?? a written conversation (of a play, etc.)3. a. synonym b. explanation/ definitionc. antonym d. examplee. relevant details f. relevant detailsg. relevant details 4. a.?? stop people drinkingstop drinking by themselvesb.?? a stone house which is biga house built of big stonesc.?? a picture possessed by Bettya photograph of Bettyd.?? aunts who are visitingpaying a visit to auntse.?? take Jane as his wifepreside over Jane’s weddingf. a weapon that can fly over long distance and that it explodes when it hits thething it aims atan object that is thrown at somebody in order to hurt him【Chapter 9】6. a—2) b—9) c—3)d—6) e—1) f—8)g—5) h—4) i—7)j—10)7. a. stand out againstb. approve ofc. get … over withd. looking intoe. come up withf. comply withg. cashed in onh. go withouti. to profit by / fromj. dut down …to8. a cool cat = a really calm personblow one's stack = lose control over oneselffly off the handle = become excessively angrywhat's more = furthermoreget away with = commit an illegitimate act without penaltyof course = naturallyget on = get oldpepper and salt = grey (hair)make up for = compensate forlost time = time wastedtake it easy = relax, not worryget up = rise from bedturn in = go into bedtake care of = manage or look afterlike a breeze = without effort or easilytime off = time for restget it made = be successfulthis is it = be in a position or place, or have possession of an object beyond which more of the same is unnecessary * Sam is really a calm person. He never loses control of himself and hardly ever becomes too angry. Furthermore, he knows how to manage his business financially by using a few tricks… Needless to say, he, too, is getting older. His hair is beginning to turn grey, but he knows how to compensate for wasted time by relaxing. He rises early, exercises, and goes to bed early. He manages his frankfurter dispensary without visible effort, until it is someone else's turn to work there. Sam is successful, he has reached his life's goal. 9. a. “Well, it's the old story of the stitch in time,” he said. A stitch in time saves nine.b. Fleur's head was lost in the tool-box, but her voice was heard saying: “Too many cooks, better let me.”Too many cooks spoil the broth. c. But not many other people held that view discerning his finger still very large in every pie — so much so that there often seemed less pie than finger.have a finger in the pied. I’m thinking of putting up a “Silence is golden” placard in his office. Nobody can hear themselves think.Speech is silver, silence is golden.e. They four had one likeness: their appearance and their work was as it were a wheel in the middle of a wheel.wheel within wheelsf. He quotes them extensively nevertheless, together with other equally suspect evidence, because otherwise he would have no straw with which to make his bricks.make bricks without straw10. wind and weather wheeling and dealingwaifs and strays town and gowntop and tail time after timerules and regulations rise and fallrags and tatters puff and blow pick and shovel peace and quiet over and above one and onlyoff and on neck and neckshoulder to shoulder moan and groanmilk and water man and beast 11. a. 好奇伤身。b. 闻声知鸟。／闻言知人。 c. 种瓜得瓜。／种豆得豆。d. 美貌只是一层皮。／不可以貌取人。e. 良药苦口。f. 谨慎是安全之本。g. 子为人之父。／从小看大。h. 不满是前进的第一步。／不满就是进步的开始i. 入乡随俗。j. 吃一堑，长一智。k. 烈火试真金，逆境炼意志。【Chapter 10】14. draft (AmE)—draught (BrE)gaol (BrE)—jail (AmE)aesthetic (BrE)—esthetic (AmE)check (AmE)—cheque (BrE)travel (AmE)—travell (BrE)catalog (AmE)—catalogue (BrE)16. subway (AmE) = underground/ tube (BrE)subway (BrE): underground passage way across a roadpublic school (AmE) = private school (BrE esp. boarding school)17. The information can be found in Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (New Edition 1987, reprinted almost yearly) p590.18. The expressions can be found in Language Notes entitled Thanks in Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (New Edition 1987, reprinted almost yearly) p1097.19. The information can be found in Collins COBUILD English Dictionary (1995 Britain; 2000 上海外语教育出版社)。rich: ◆◆◆◆◇ = belonging to 1200wealthy: ◆◆◇◇◇= belonging to 3200affluent: ◆◇◇◇◇= belonging to 8100These words can not be used interchangeably because they differ in intensity of meaning, in range of meaning and in formality. Generally the higher the frequency of use, the more common it is. Comparatively, affluent is the most formal, strongest and most infrequently-used word.20. dull has 9 meanings; 5 synonyms; 4 antonyms; 6 superordinates (CCED 1987, p439)21. blurt has two meanings, for meaning 1, the information given in the Extra Column is: V + O/REPORT-CL/QUOTE + A(out), or V + QUOTE; ≠ bottle up. That means blurt is a verb followed by object or object clause, or by direct quote (直接引语) followed by adverbial out; its antonym is bottle up. For meaning 2, we find: V + O/REPORT/QUOTE + A (out).22. on an empty stomach = Route to find information: empty (key word) → empty stomach →EAT 12 (EAT has 14 meanings), meaning without having eaten anything.corporal punishment = Route to find information: punishment →corporal punishment, meaning punishment by hitting usually with a stick.????????
《英语词汇学教程》（2004年版）练习答案【Chapter 1】7． tart: loose woman bloke: fellowgat: pistol swell: greatchicken: coward blue: fightsmoky: police full: drunkdame: woman beaver: girl8. haply = perhaps albeit = althoughmethinks = it seems to me eke = alsosooth = truth morn = morningtroth = pledge ere = beforequoth = said hallowed = holybillow = wave/ the sea bade = bid12. DenizensAliensTranslation loansSemantic loanskettlediewallskirthusbandconfrerepro patriaWunderkindmikadoparvenuchopsticktyphoonblack humourlong time no seedream【Chapter 2】Ex.1 The Indo-European Language Family is one of the most important language families in the world. It is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East and India. English belongs to this family and the other members of the Indo-European have more or less influence on English vocabulary. A knowledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them more appropriately. 2. Indo-European Language FamilyBalto-Slavic Indo-Iranian Celtic Italian Hellenic GermanicRoumanian Hindi Breton Spanish Greek EnglishLithuanian Persian Scottish French SwedishPrussian Irish Italian GermanPolish Portuguese NorweigianSlavenian IcelandicRussian DanishBulgarian Dutch6. When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bonds which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.Most of the content words are either of Greek or Latin origin. What are left are mostly functional words. This shows that Greek and Latin play a very important part in the English vocabulary. 8. eventful [Latin + English] hydroplane [Greek + Latin]falsehood [ Latin + English] pacifist [Latin + Greek]saxophone [German + Greek]heirloom [ French + English]joss house [ Portuguese + English] television [Greek + Latin]9.amateur (late) finacé (late) empire (early)peace (E) courage (E) garage (L)judgement (E) chair (E) chaise (L)grace (E) servant (E) routine (L)jealous (E) savaté (L) genre (L)gender (E) début (L) morale (L)state (E) chez (L) ballet (L)11. allegro, f 轻快andante, j 行板diminuendo, g 渐弱largo, d 缓慢pianoforte, a 轻转慢alto, i 女低音crescendo, b 渐强forte, e 强piano, h 轻soprano, c 女高音12.cherub (Hebrew) snorkel (G) coolie (Hindi) tulip (Turk)lasso (Sp) wok (Ch)shampoo (Indian) chocolate (Mex)tepee (Am Ind) jubilee (Gr)kibitz (G) Sabbath (Heb)chipmunk (Am Ind) tamale (Mex)cotton (Arab) voodoo (Afr)loot (Hindi) sauerbraten (G)13. a. alligator b. lococ. rodeo d. bonanzae. igloo f. blitzkriegg. wigwam h. canoei. hurricane j. boomerangk. panchos【Chapter 3】1. a. morpheme b. allomorphc. bound morpheme d. free morphemee. affix f. informational affixg. derivational affix h. rooti. stem j. base3. individualistic individualist + ic [stem, base]individual + ist [stem, base]individu + al [stem, base]in + dividu [root, stem, base]undesirablesun + desirable [stem, base]desir + able [root, stem, base]free morpheme = free rootmorpheme bound rootbound morpheme inflectional affixaffix prefixderivational affixsuffix【Chapter 4】Affixation5. non-smoker incapable impractical disobey insecurity irrelevant immature inability/disability unofficiallyunwillingness illegal disagreementillogical disloyal inconvenientnon-athletic6. harden horrify modernizememorize falsify apologizedeepen glorify sterilizelengthen intensify beautifyfatten sympathizea. apologized b. beautify c. lengtheningd. sympathized e. fatten f. falsifyg. memorizing h. Sterilize7. a. employee b. politician c. participantd. waitress e. conductor f. teacherg. pianist h. examinee/examiner8. trans- = across: transcontinental, trans-worldmono- = one: monorail, monoculturesuper- = over, above: superstructure, supernaturalauto- = self: autobiography, automobilesub- = bad, badly: malpractice, malnutritionmini- = little, small: minicrisis, miniwarpre- = before: prehistorical, preelectionex- = former: ex-teacher, ex-filmer Compoundingheartbeat [S + V] brainwashing [V + O]movie-goer [place + V] baking powder [ V +adv]far- reaching [V + Adv] dog-tired [adv + a]lion-hearted [adv + a] love-sick [adv + a]boyfriend [S + complement] peace-loving [V +O]snap decision [V + O] easy chair [ a + n]on-coming [V +adv] tax-free [adv +a]light-blue [a + a] goings-on [V +adv]4. well-bred/well-behaved culture-bound/homeboundneedle work/homework praiseworthy/respectworthybar-woman/sportswoman nation-wide/college-wideclear-minded/strong-minded military-style/newstyleself-control/self-respect budget-related/politics-relatedwater-proof/fire-proof once-fashionable/once-powerfulnews-film/news-letter mock-attack/mock-sadnesssister-in-law/father-in-law home-baked/home-producedhalf-way/half-done ever-lasting/ever-greenage-conscious/status-conscious campus-based/market-basedConversion7. a. stomach [n → v]b. room [n → v]c. wolf [n → v]d. come/go [v → n]e. familiar [a → n]f. innocent [a → n]g. flat [a → n]h. ah/ ouch [int → v]i. warm [a → n]j. has-been/might-have-been [finite v → n]k. Hamlet [proper n → v]l. buy [v → n]m. smooth [a → v]Blendingmotel (motor + hotel) humint (human + intelligence)advertisetics (advertisement + statistics)psywarrior (psychological warrior)hoverport (hovercraft + port)chunnel (channel + tunnel) hi-fi (high + fidelity) cinemactress (cinema + actress)Clippingcopter (helicopter) dorm (dormitory)lab (laboratory) prefab (prefabricated house)gas (gasoline) prof (professor) scope (telescope) champ (champion) sarge (sergeant) mike (microphone) ad (advertisement) tec (detective)Acronymy2. kg = kilogram ft = foot cf = confercm = centimeter $ = dollar ibid = ibidem etc. = et cetera VIP = very important personOPEC = Organization of Petroleum Exporting CountriesTOEFL = teaching of English as a foreign language3. a. SALTb. radarc. AIDSd. BASICe. Laserf. WHOg. sonarh. G-manBackformation2. lase (laser)escalate (escalator)babysit (babysitter)peeve (peevish)orate (orator)commute (commuter)Commonization of Proper Namesa. tantalize—Tantalus b. Argus-eyed—Argus c. narcissism—Narcissus d. sabotage—sabotse. martinet—Martinetf. yahoo—Yahoo g. Shylock—Shylock h. hoovering—Hooveri. utopia—Utopia j. Uncle Tommism—Uncle Tom 【Chapter 5】6. apes—b birds—a cattle—m cricket—n doves—c foxes—j geese—k sheep—f wolves—g monkeys—epigs—l hyenas—hturkeys—d swans—i9. a. A scientist working in a project to develop industrial uses for nuclear power might have all the positive associations with “atomic”, such as “benefit, energy”, etc. b. A Japanese resident of Hiroshima, victim of the atomic explosion at the end of World War II, might have all the negative associations with “atomic”, such as “suffering, killing, death, horrorckward7encourage/ promoteinstigate8groupclique/gang14. bull [-HUMAN +MALE +ADULT +BOVINE]cow [-HUMAN -MALE +ADULT +BOVINE]calf [-HUMAN +MALE -ADULT +BOVINE]rooster [-HUMAN +MALE +ADULT +GALLINE]hen [-HUMAN -MALE +ADULT +GALLINE]chicken [-HUMAN +MALE +ADULT +GALLINE]-HUMANbullcowcalf+BOVINEroosterhenchicken+GALLINE+MALE-MALE+ADULT【Chapter 6】Polysemy4.Homonymy4. 1) Make both ends meat is a parody of make both ends meet which means “have enough money for one’s needs”. Here the butcher cleverly uses the pair of homonyms meat and meet to make a pun. It makes a proper answer to the lady’s question. (1) Butchers cannot make both ends meat (make whole sausages with all meat) because they cannot make both ends meet (If they made sausages with all meat, which is more costly, they would not earn enough money to survive.)( 2) Don’t complain. All the butchers do the same. I am not the only one who is making sausages with bread.2) Swallow is a bird which is seen in summer. But by one swallow we see, we cannot deduce that it is already summer time. Swallow can also mean a mouthful of wine. On a cold winter day, if one has a swallow of wine, one may feel warm.3) arms has two meanings: weapons; the human upper limbs. Since “a cannon ball took off his legs”, the soldier was not able to fight on, so he “laid down his arms”, which means “surrender”. It can also mean he laid down his upper limbs.Synonymy3. avaricious: greedycourteously: politelyemancipate: set freecustomary: usualwidth: breadthadversary: opponentgullible: deceivedremainder: residueinnocent: sinlessobstacle: obstructionvexation: annoyance5. a. identifiable b. safetyc. motivates d. delicatee. surroundings f. artificialg. prestige h. perspirei. accomplishment j. silentk. impressive l. evaporate6. run move spin turn whirl roll7. a. stead b. gee-gee c. ripe d. mature e. effective f. efficient g. fatigued, children h. tired, kidsi. declined j. refused k. rancidl. addled m. Penalties n. fines o. rebuked p. accusedAntonymy5. a. similar/same b. safe c. sharp/ smart d. send e. stingy/ selfish h. simple f. significant/sensible i. sure g. skeptical/ suspicious l. smooth j. slipshod/ slovenly/ sloppyk. sleepiness/ sleep / slumber m. subjective n. sob/ scowl 6. a. old-fashioned b. completely c. moisture d. special e. essential f. similarityg. innocent h. rigid i. loosen j. clarity k. deserted l. fruitful m. peremptory n. depressed o. indifferent 7. a. feed—starve, cold-fever b. wisdom—follies c. haste—leisure d. penny—pound, wise—foolish e. speech—silence f. absence—presence g. admonish—praise i. wise men—fools h. young—old private—public saint—devil j. mind—body k. foul—fair l. danger—security m. deliberate--prompt n. children—parents o. bully—coward p. head—tail 8. right—wrong single—return dry—sweet hard—easy strong—faint rough—calm light—dark cold—warm high—low/deep Hyponymy3. furniture: desk, chair, table, bedmatter: liquid, gas, solidmeat: pork, beef, muttongo: run, fly, walk4. profession workplacesurgeon: clinic, hospitalplumber: house, buildinglawyer: office, law courtsmechanic: garagephotographer: studioforeman: worksite, factory5. 6. In Sentence 1, got, furniture, recently are superordinates because they are general and convey a very vague idea whereas in Sentence 2, the three words are replaced respectively by bought, cupboard, three days ago, which are subordinates, conveying a definite and clear idea. So Sentence 2 is better than Sentence 1.In 3, it is said, magnificent building, destroyed, yesterday are superordinate terms, which are comparatively much more general than the news says, Royal Hotel, burnt down, last night respectively in 4, which can be described as subordinates. Since 4 is clearer than 3 in meaning, it is better.Semantic field3. Group 1 is synonymously semantic field and Group 2 is semantic filed. The difference lies: In 1 the words are synonyms, none of them covers the meaning of another, and they differ only in style and emotive values. In 2 the words are not synonyms, but each refers to a specific type of horse. Horse is a cover term or superordinate, and others are subordinates. These terms have no difference in style or affective meaning.【Chapter 7】4. 1) extension 2) extension3) narrowing 4) degradation5) elevation 6) narrowing7) extension 8) extension9) narrowing 10) elevation11) narrowing 12) degradation13) degradation 14) degradation5. a. associated transfer b. abstract to concrete c. abstract to concrete d. abstract to concrete e. abstract to concrete f. abstract of concreteg. associated transfer h. associated transfer i. synesthesia j. synesthesia 6. a. objective b. subjective, objective c. objective d. subjective e. subjective f. subjective g. subjective h. subjective, objective 7. a. die b. graveyardc. bedlam疯人院 d. old peoplee. strike f. Policemang. stupid pupil h. poor peoplei. toilet j. fat personk. unemployed mother 【Chapter 8】2. a. to repairb.?? measurement and determination of one’s positionc.?? predicamentd.? injectiona.? a single complete dividing part (of a rocket)b.? the theatre or acting as a professionc.?? a particular point or period in a process of developmentd.? to plan, arrange and carry outa.?? interchange and discussion of ideas, esp. for mutual understanding orharmonyb.?? conversationc.?? a written conversation (of a play, etc.)3. a. synonym b. explanation/ definitionc. antonym d. examplee. relevant details f. relevant detailsg. relevant details 4. a.?? stop people drinkingstop drinking by themselvesb.?? a stone house which is biga house built of big stonesc.?? a picture possessed by Bettya photograph of Bettyd.?? aunts who are visitingpaying a visit to auntse.?? take Jane as his wifepreside over Jane’s weddingf. a weapon that can fly over long distance and that it explodes when it hits thething it aims atan object that is thrown at somebody in order to hurt him【Chapter 9】6. a—2) b—9) c—3)d—6) e—1) f—8)g—5) h—4) i—7)j—10)7. a. stand out againstb. approve ofc. get … over withd. looking intoe. come up withf. comply withg. cashed in onh. go withouti. to profit by / fromj. dut down …to8. a cool cat = a really calm personblow one's stack = lose control over oneselffly off the handle = become excessively angrywhat's more = furthermoreget away with = commit an illegitimate act without penaltyof course = naturallyget on = get oldpepper and salt = grey (hair)make up for = compensate forlost time = time wastedtake it easy = relax, not worryget up = rise from bedturn in = go into bedtake care of = manage or look afterlike a breeze = without effort or easilytime off = time for restget it made = be successfulthis is it = be in a position or place, or have possession of an object beyond which more of the same is unnecessary * Sam is really a calm person. He never loses control of himself and hardly ever becomes too angry. Furthermore, he knows how to manage his business financially by using a few tricks… Needless to say, he, too, is getting older. His hair is beginning to turn grey, but he knows how to compensate for wasted time by relaxing. He rises early, exercises, and goes to bed early. He manages his frankfurter dispensary without visible effort, until it is someone else's turn to work there. Sam is successful, he has reached his life's goal. 9. a. “Well, it's the old story of the stitch in time,” he said. A stitch in time saves nine.b. Fleur's head was lost in the tool-box, but her voice was heard saying: “Too many cooks, better let me.”Too many cooks spoil the broth. c. But not many other people held that view discerning his finger still very large in every pie — so much so that there often seemed less pie than finger.have a finger in the pied. I’m thinking of putting up a “Silence is golden” placard in his office. Nobody can hear themselves think.Speech is silver, silence is golden.e. They four had one likeness: their appearance and their work was as it were a wheel in the middle of a wheel.wheel within wheelsf. He quotes them extensively nevertheless, together with other equally suspect evidence, because otherwise he would have no straw with which to make his bricks.make bricks without straw10. wind and weather wheeling and dealingwaifs and strays town and gowntop and tail time after timerules and regulations rise and fallrags and tatters puff and blow pick and shovel peace and quiet over and above one and onlyoff and on neck and neckshoulder to shoulder moan and groanmilk and water man and beast 11. a. 好奇伤身。b. 闻声知鸟。／闻言知人。 c. 种瓜得瓜。／种豆得豆。d. 美貌只是一层皮。／不可以貌取人。e. 良药苦口。f. 谨慎是安全之本。g. 子为人之父。／从小看大。h. 不满是前进的第一步。／不满就是进步的开始i. 入乡随俗。j. 吃一堑，长一智。k. 烈火试真金，逆境炼意志。【Chapter 10】14. draft (AmE)—draught (BrE)gaol (BrE)—jail (AmE)aesthetic (BrE)—esthetic (AmE)check (AmE)—cheque (BrE)travel (AmE)—travell (BrE)catalog (AmE)—catalogue (BrE)16. subway (AmE) = underground/ tube (BrE)subway (BrE): underground passage way across a roadpublic school (AmE) = private school (BrE esp. boarding school)17. The information can be found in Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (New Edition 1987, reprinted almost yearly) p590.18. The expressions can be found in Language Notes entitled Thanks in Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (New Edition 1987, reprinted almost yearly) p1097.19. The information can be found in Collins COBUILD English Dictionary (1995 Britain; 2000 上海外语教育出版社)。rich: ◆◆◆◆◇ = belonging to 1200wealthy: ◆◆◇◇◇= belonging to 3200affluent: ◆◇◇◇◇= belonging to 8100These words can not be used interchangeably because they differ in intensity of meaning, in range of meaning and in formality. Generally the higher the frequency of use, the more common it is. Comparatively, affluent is the most formal, strongest and most infrequently-used word.20. dull has 9 meanings; 5 synonyms; 4 antonyms; 6 superordinates (CCED 1987, p439)21. blurt has two meanings, for meaning 1, the information given in the Extra Column is: V + O/REPORT-CL/QUOTE + A(out), or V + QUOTE; ≠ bottle up. That means blurt is a verb followed by object or object clause, or by direct quote (直接引语) followed by adverbial out; its antonym is bottle up. For meaning 2, we find: V + O/REPORT/QUOTE + A (out).22. on an empty stomach = Route to find information: empty (key word) → empty stomach →EAT 12 (EAT has 14 meanings), meaning without having eaten anything.corporal punishment = Route to find information: punishment →corporal punishment, meaning punishment by hitting usually with a stick.????????