动词时态
一、时态的概念及形式
英语中的时态是一种用来表示不同时间中动作发生的动词形式。时间有现在、过去、将来和过去将来四种，动作则由一般、进行、完成和完成进行四部分组成。两种结合则构
二、一般现在时
(一) 一般现在时的基本用法
一般现在时通常以动词原形表示，当主语为第三人称单数时，词尾需加s 或-es
1. 表示现在、经常性、习惯性的动作或存在的状态。常见的时间状语有：always, ever
day, in the morning, now, often, on Tuesday, sometimes, seldom, usually等。 She always forgets I don’t like corned beef.(腌牛肉) She is a professor now.
We have English classes every day.
2. 表示客观真理，或不受时间限制的客观存在或表示日期有关的内容时。
Two plus five is seven.
Time and tide wait for no man. Light travels faster than sound. What day is it tomorrow? 3. 图片说明、电影说明、解说戏剧内容及场景、报刊、杂志、书籍等不强调过去时间，
单纯表示客观事实时，用一般现在时。 The article describes social problems.
Scene II （Tom and Mary are in the office. There is a big desk near the window.
4. 在有when, while, after, before, until等引导的时间状语和有if 引导的条件状语从句中，
用一般现在时表示经常发生或存在的状态。 Before I go to bed I will read newspapers.
When I come across a new word, I will look it up in the dictionary.
（二）一般现在时表示将来的几种特殊用法
1. 在时间或条件状语从句中，主句用一般将来时，从句要用一般现在时代替一般将来
时：在no matter wh-词等引导的让步状语从句中，也常用一般现在时态代替一般将来时。
We ’ll buy you another two presents while we’re out today. I will stay at home if rains tomorrow.
Unless you get rid of smoking, you will not stay healthy.
When you come next time, I’ll show you around our campus. Whether he drives or takes the train, he’ll be here on time. 2. 表示动作移动的动词，如arrive, come ,go, leave, start等，常用一般现在代替将来时，
来表示预定的行为，即将来的但已事先安排好的动作（如时刻表），这种安排很固定，不容易改变。
The film show begins in a minute. The plane takes off at five o’clock pm. 3. 在see (to it)/ make sure/ make certain +that 从句中，常用一般现在时表示将来。
Make sure (that) you pick me up at five.
I ’ll see ( to it) that I return the reference book on time.
(三) 一般现在时表示过去时间
一般现在时可用来表示过去时间，用于强调现在的事实或结果，这样的动词有:tell, say, hear, learn, forget等。
Diana says you told her to come over here. I hear (that) he has come back from America.
They tell me that your younger sister has graduated from the Teachers’ College.
三．一般过去式
一般过去时表示过去发生的事，都由动词的过去式表示。 （一） 一般过去时的基本用法
1. 一般过去时用来表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，也可表示过去的
习惯动作。常用的过去时间状语有：then, yesterday, last Friday, at that time, just now, a few hours ago.
The process took no more than a few beats of my heart. They were here just now.
Did you get up early this morning. He graduated from college in 1996.
2. 也可以表示过去经常发生或反复发生的动作，可与时间状语often 连用; used to+
动词原形，或would+动词原形也表示过去经常，反复发生的动作。 His father used to drink.(used to 过去常……，现在不再……) They came and saw me. He was often late for school.
When I was young, I would work on the farm.
(二) 一般过去时的特殊用法
1. 在“It is (high//about/proper) time (that) sb. did…”句型中，表示“…该的时候了”，谓语动词用一般过去时。
It is high time that you went to bed.
2. 主句的谓语动词用现在完成时，since 引导的从句通常用一般过去时。 She has never called on me since she moved to the country.
3. 主句用过去将来时，时间或条件状语从句用一般过去时代替过去将来时。
He said that he would stay at school if it rained the next day. Her mother would not go to bed until she came back home. 4. 在“would rather,或would sooner（宁愿，但愿）”后面的从句中，如果表示现在
或将来的动作或情况，用一般过去时。 I ’d rather you left at once.
He would rather you came on Friday. 5. 礼貌过去时
礼貌过去时不是指过去时间，而是指现在时间。这里使用过去时只是为了表示礼貌，使口气显得委婉、谦逊，而与过去的时间毫不相干。因此在回答中，如果仍保留情态动词的话，一般要换成现在式。 —Did you want to see me now? —Yes, I do.
—Would you help me? —Yes, I will.
We wondered if they could help us.
四、一般将来时
一般将来时表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态。常用的时间状语有：tomorrow, next week, next year, in a few days等。 （一） will/shall表示将来时的用法
will (shall)+动词原形（shall 用于一人称，will 用于第二，三人称, 表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态，也可以表示反复发生的动作或习惯性动作，或事物固有的属性和必然趋势，常含有“预见，意图”等之义。 I ’m afraid the police will arrive shortly. We shall succeed this time.
The students will have five English classes per week this term. 注意：有时will 可用于条件状语从句中，并不表示将来，而是表示“意愿，拒绝，推论”等。例如：
If he won’t come, we’ll ask someone else.
If they will do this, they will probably add years to their lives.
（二）”am/is/are going to+动词原形”表示将来时
“ be going to+动词原形”表示说话人的意图或打算（早已决定好的打算），或有迹象表明即将发生，可能会出现的情况，有时表示建议或命令等。（多用于口语中所有人称） She ’s going to teach criminal law and run the legal aid programs. Now you’re going to hurry.
I ’m afraid they’re going to lose the game. I ’m going to clean the kitchen this afternoon.
Don ’t regret over it. We’re going to have another try. 注意：be going to和will 的比较 be going to和will 的比较
be going to表示事先考虑过的“意图”，而will 不是事先考虑过的“意图”；be going to可以用在条件状语从句中表示将来，而will 则不能。 —Why have you torn the paper into pieces?
—I am going to rewrite it.(事先考虑的，不用will) —It is really a big stone.
—I will help you to move it.（临时决定的，非事先考虑的，不用be going to）
If you are going to attend the meeting, you’d better leave now.(条件状语从句中不用will 表将来时) （三）“am/is/are about to+动词原形”表示将来时 “be about to +动词原形”比奥斯即将发生的动作，“正要（将要）…”，句中不可用表示将来的时间状语。
The talk is about to begin.(正确) The talk is about to begin soon. The sun is about to sink to the west.
(四) “am/is/are+动词原形”表示计划，安排活用来征求意见。如果不是人能安排的动作，就不能用此句型；用于条件状语从句中。表示假设、打算或意图；was(were) to +动词原形“后来结果，注定”的含义，并非单纯指过去将来。 The French President is to visit China.(安排，预定) You are to be back by 9 o’clock. （安排，约定） Am I to take over his work? （征求意见） The highway is to be opened in May. （计划）
I think I am to faint.（错误，是否晕倒自己不能安排）
If we are to catch the 7:30 train, we must leave at six.（正确）
At that time, he did not know that quitting the job was to become the turning point in his life. （五）am/is/are +V-ing(现在进行时) 表示将来动作
现在进行时表示将来，用来表示安排和计划。所用的动词都是表示具体的动作，如：arrive, come, do, eat, fly, go, have, join, leave, meet, move, play, return, see, sleep, speak, start, stay, take, wear, work等。（这时常有一个表示将来不久的时间状语） ‘Right ’ Harry said, ‘ I’ve changed my mind, I’m staying.’ I ’m seeing the doctor today.
We are having a meeting this morning.
We are leaving for New York after the performance.
(六) 用一般现在时表示将来时
一般现在时与某些含有“出发，到达”之意的动词连用，表示将来的但已事先安排好的动作或时刻表有关的动作。常用的动词有：arrive, begin, come, end, go, leave, open, return, sail, start, stay, stop等。在时间或条件状语从句中，主句用一般将来时从句要用一般现在时代替将来时。
When does the show begin? The train leaves at nine am.
The meeting starts straight after lunch.
Mr. Wang will meet you when you get to the airport. (七) 表示将来，下列时态可换用 The match starts/ is starting at 10:30.
The plane takes/ is taking off at 9:00 tonight.
I ’m having/ going to have dinner with her tomorrow evening. 五、过去将来时
过去将来时表示从过去某一时间看将要发生的事。一般用在宾语从句中，主语谓语动词为一般过去时。
（一） 过去将来时的基本用法
would/should+动词原形，表示从过去某时看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态，但表示过去的某种习惯性行为时，只能用would.
It would cause me physical pain to be separated from Edward now. He said that he would wait for us at the bus stop. I asked her if I should see her the following Sunday. Whenever we had trouble, he would come to help us. （二） 过去将来时的特殊用法
was/were going to+动词原形表示“过去的打算/准备做某事” was/were about to+动词原形表示“正要做某事” was/were on the point of + doing 表示“正要做某事” was/were to 动词原形表示按计划，安排将要发生的事
was/were to have done(不定式的完成式) 表示按计划，安排没有实现的事 was/were +doing (leaving, coming, seeing等) 也可表示过去将来时
In a little over twelve hours, I would address the biggest audience of my life, and I was struggling to find the right words to convey my themes and beliefs. I thought it was going to snow.
He told me that he was leaving soon. She said she was to take up the position.
I was just about to go to bed when I heard a knock on the door. Last Sunday we were going to go for a picnic but it rained. 六、现在完成时
现在完成时主要有两种用法：已完成的动作对现在造成的影响或产生的结果；未完成的动作持续到现在的情况。其形式为：have (has)+过去分词。
（一） 已完成的动作对现在造成的影响或产生的结果，着眼点在现在
常用的时间状语有：yet, just, before, recently, once, lately, ever, never等；可与表示频度的时间状语连用：often, sometimes, rarely, once, twice, three times等; 也可以与包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用，如：now, today, this morning, this month, this year等。（这种用法通常与瞬间动作的动词连用，不能与表示时间段的时间状语连用） You have just achieved what very alchemist in history has strived for. He has just come back.
I have seen that film before.
I have sometimes had letters from him. I have lost my passport.
We have had too much rain this year. He has come back. 不能说：He has come back for three weeks. 可以说：He has come back for three ago. He has been back for three weeks.
（二） 现在完成时可表示动作的持续或重复（未完成的用法）
现在完成时的持续性用法指动作或状态从过去某时开始持续到现在，可能继续下去，也可能刚刚结束，主要与延续性动词或状态动词连用，通常与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。这样的时间状语有：so far, up to now, for a long time, up till now, up to present, in/during/over the past(last)few years, these few days (weeks, months, years), since 等。
Again, Voldemort looked up at the slowly revolving body as he went on, “ I shall attend to the boy in person. There have been too many mistakes where Harry Potter is concerned. Some of them have been my own.” So far she has written five books.
He has worked here for over twenty years.
We have seen each other three times in the past three weeks. Up to now, I have finished two-thirds of the work.
注意：every day 即可同一般现在时连用，表示“每天”，也可同现在完成时连用，指从过去某时到现在一段时间内的“每一天”，例如： It has snowed here every day since last Sunday.
（三） 现在完成时的特殊用法
1. 句型：This is (It is) the first (second,…) time that sb. has ( have ) done…
That was (It was) the first (second,…)time that sb. had done… This is the third time that I have watched the TV play. That was the second time that they had visited our city. 2. 句型：It is (has been) …(时间段) since sb. did…
It is (has been) about five years since they moved to the city.
3. 现在完成时用的时间状语或条件状语从句中，表示将来某个动作发生之前已经
完成的动作。
I will give my opinion when I have read the book through.
If she hasn’t gone to bed when you see her, tell her to give me a ring. 4. have gone (to) 表示“某人到某地去了”， 人还在那里或在路上，不在此地。
have been (to )表示“某人到过某地”，人并不在此地
She has gone to town.
She has been to Europe (twice).
5. when 或where 引导的疑问句，一般不用现在完成时，发生过的常用一般过去时。
When did you buy the watch? Where did the accident happen?
七、过去完成时
过去完成时主要表示过去某时或某动作之前已完成的动作或情况，即表示“过去的过去”。其结构为：had +过去分词。 （一） 已完成的用法
已完成的用法表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前刚刚完成或结束，也可能是早已完成或结束。
Kenyatta had been released from prison and inaugurated Kenya’s first president. When I got to the station the train had left.
Anna had come to Europe before the outbreak of the war.
(二) 未完成的用法
未完成的用法表示一个动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始，一直延续到这一时间，而且到那时还没结束，仍有继续下去的可能性。只适用于持续性动作或状态动词。常与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。
By seven o’clock they had worked for fourteen hours.
Tom married Marry last week. They had known each other since their schooldays. (三) 过去完成时表示一个动作先于另一个动作的用法还常见于宾语从句，状语从句或定语从
句等。
Harry took a deep breath and asked the question that had obsessed him for the last month. ‘Where ’s Vodemort?’
She wore the necklace her mother had left her. I soon realized that I had made a serious mistake.
She was very excited as she had never been to a dance. (四) 过去完成时的特殊用法
1. 过去完成时+to do 表示过去未曾实现的希望、打算或意图，通过只适用于下列动词，如：hope, intend, mean, want, plan, think, suppose等。
I had intended to come over to see you last night, but someone called and I couldn’t get away. I had hoped to send him a Christmas card, but I forget to do so. 2. 句型“no sooner… than…””hardly ( scarcely)… when/before…”中的主句通常用 “过去完成时”，从句用“一般过去时”，句型的含义为“一…就…”；“no sooner, hardly (scarcely)置于句首时，要用倒装语序。
Hardly had we begun (We had hardly begun) when we were told to stop.
We had no sooner set out( No sooner had we set out) than a thunderstorm broke.
3. 在“would rather, would sooner(宁愿，但愿) ”，wish 等后面的从句中，如果表示过去的动作或情况，用过去完成时。
They would rather you had left yesterday.
4. 句型“…had done… when …did ”, 句型的含义为 “刚刚…这时、突然”。 Jack had just left hospital when he fell ill again. We had finished our work when the bell rang.
八、现在进行时
现在进行时主要表示现在正在进行的动作。其结构为：be ( is, am ,are) +现在分词。
（一） 现在进行时表示此刻或现阶段正在进行的动作，可以不用时间状语，也可以和now,
at the moment, at present等时间状语连用。 They are having a meeting now. She is learning English at college.
She is traveling around the country (now).
（二） 现在进行时表示将来的动作，用来表示安排和计划。所用的动词都是表示具体动作
的动词，如：come, go, leave, arrive, start, join, play, eat, work, return, take, wear, meet, move, sleep, have, do, stay, speak, fly, see, get等。（这时常有一个表示将来不久的时间状语）
Are you working next week?
Mike is coming home on Thursday. What are you doing at the weekend?
My sister is getting married next December.
（三） 动作动词的现在进行时同频率副词always, forever, continually, constantly等连用，表
示重复的，持续性的动作。这种动作可能使人感到不满、抱怨、厌倦或觉得不合理等。
She is constantly leaving things about. She is always reading novels.
状态动词的现在进行时同频率副词always, forever, continually, constantly等连用，表示某种思想，情绪，行为反复发生，含有厌恶，烦躁，赞叹等感情色彩。
She is always doubting my words.
He ’s forever imagining dangers that don’t exist.
He is one of those who are always thinking of others.
（四） 表示感觉，感情，情绪，精神后动，拥有关系等的动词，一般不用进行时态
例如： She doesn’t care for red. The plan sounds a good one. He holds half share in the firm.
The club consists of more than 500 members. The nurse is minding the baby.
(五)be 的进行时
be 的进行时加动态形容词表示暂时出现的某种情况或品质。多含讽刺，厌烦，不满，异乎例如： I think you are being unfair. He is being quite helpful to us. She is being friendly today. (六) 现在进行时表示礼貌
现在进行时还可用来表示礼貌或委婉语气。这一用法只限于hope, want, wonder等动词。 I ’m hoping to borrow some money.
We ’re wondering if you have any suggestion.
九、过去进行时
过去进行时表示过去某个时间正在发生的事，相当于现代进行时的过去形式。其结构为：was/were +现在分词。
（一） 过去进行时的基本用法
表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或表示过去某一阶段内正在进行的动作。 We were expecting you yesterday.
While we were watching TV, she was talking on the phone.
（二） 表示计划，安排过去预计将要发生的事。这样的动词有：come, go, leave, arrive, start,
join, play, eat, work, return, take, wear, meet, move, sleep, have, do, stay, speak, fly, see,
get 等。
I didn’t know he was coming until yesterday. They were leaving for New York a few days later.
（三） 过去进行时同频度副词always, forever, continually, constantly等连用，表示某种感情
色彩
She was always changing her mind.
He was constantly helping others when he lived here. （四） 过去进行时表示礼貌
过去进行时表示礼貌或婉转口气。这一用法只限于hope, want, wonder 等动词，用来提出请求。比一般过去时口气更委婉一些。 I was hoping you could send me some books. I was wondering if you could help me.
（五） 句型“…was/were doing… when …did ”, 句型的含义为 “正在…这时、突然”。
I was taking a walk in a park when I met an old friend of mine.
The police were taking the man away when a newspaper reporter appeared. 十、将来进行时
将来进行时表示将来某个时刻正在进行的或持续的动作。其结构为：shall/will +be+现在分词。 I will be having a meeting. I ’ll be taking my holidays soon.
What will you be doing this time tomorrow? 十一、将来完成时
将来完成时表示将来某时之前或某动作发生之前已经完成的动作，或表示一个动作持续到将来某时或某动作发生之前，常和“by+时间名词”的时间状语连用。其结构为：will/shall +have +过去分词。
I shall have finished it by next Friday.
When we get there, they’ll probably have left.
By the time you finish the work, the sun will have set. 十二、现在完成进行时
现在完成进行时表示一个由过去某时起一直持续的动作，这动作可能刚刚停止，也可能还在进行。这个时态常和for, since, all, long等构成的时间状语连用。本时态的结构为：have/has been +现在分词。
We ’re been monitoring the situation for a few weeks. How long have you been reading the book? He ’s been playing tennis since he was eight.
She is very tired. She’s been working all morning.
十三、几组时态的比较
（一） 现在完成时与一般过去时的比较
现在完成时强调过去动作对现在的影响，或过去的动作持续到现在；而一般过去时只强调过去，不强调对现在的影响，并表示动作早已结束（过去发生，过去结束）。 I have read the book. I read the book last year.
He worked in this company for three years.(现在已不在这家公司工作)
He has worked in this company for three years.（现在仍在这家公司工作）
（二）过去完成时与一般过去时的比较
一般过去时表示相对于现在而言的过去的时间；而过去完成时表示的则是相对于过去某一时间而言的过去时间，即过去的过去。 She brushed her teeth and went to bed.
All representatives had been present before 5 yesterday afternoon. (三) 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的比较 1. 在与表示一段时间的状语连用时，现在完成时与现在完成进行时都可以表示一个动作从过去某时开始持续到说话时，并可能持续下去，在一定的上下文中，这两个时态可以互换使用。
They have talked for about three hours.
They have been talking for about three hours. 2. 表示感受，情感，看法，认识，愿望以及所有关系等状态的动词，如：belong, exist, feel, hate, love, want等，一般不与现在完成进行时连用。 They have known each other since childhood.
3. 在现代英语中，动词：lie, sit, stay, stand, wait等动词更趋向于用现在完成进行时。 I haven’t been waiting for a long time.
The old man has been sitting there all the afternoon.
(四) 过去进行时与一般过去时的比较 过去进行时往往表示动作的未完成性，侧重说明动作的持续性和持续时间的长度；而一般过去时往往表示动作已完成，只是说明过去某时发生某事，强调动作的事实。当两个动作同时发生时，通常用过去时表示短暂动作，用过去进行时表示持续动作。 I was reading a novel last night. I read a novel last night.
He was working from two o’clock until supper time. He worked from two o’clock until supper time. 十四、时态的呼应
英语从句（特别是宾语从句）中的谓语动词的时态，常常受到主句谓语动词时态的影响和制约，这种现象称为“时态呼应”。
（一） 如果主句的谓语时一般现在时或一般将来时，从句可以根据需要选用时态，如过去、
现在或将来时态等。
I will tell you how they got (will got) the information.
I know who is( was, will be, has been) in charge of the work.
（二） 如果主句中谓语动词的时态时一般过去时，则从句用过去相关的时态
I didn’t know where he was.
I thought she was taking a bath then.
She promised that she would give me whatever help I needed.
She knew that he had forgotten his promise.
(三) 如果从句表示的是客观事实、真理或一个人（物）的经常性的特点或习惯，其时态通常用一般现在时，不受主句时态的影响
例如：Our teacher said that handsome is what handsome does.老师说，善行胜于美貌，美德为人称道。
He said that he usually reads the newspaper before going to bed.(习惯)
The teacher told the children that the sun is the centre of the solar system.
(四) 如果从句表示的仍然是现在或将来的时间，其时态不受主句的影响。
She said that she is flying to New York next week.
She told me that her father is still operating on the patient.
注意1：不同情况可能需要做不同处理。
He told me that his wife was ill.(可能是几天前告诉的)
He told me that his wife is sill.(可能是刚才告诉we 的)
She said she was leaving that evening.(现在已离开了)
She said she is leaving this evening.(现在还未离开，准备离开)
注意2：有时两种情况都可以用。
Did you say you have(had) no money？你说过你没（当时没）钱了吗？
I remembered that you are (were) very fat and wear( wore) glasses.我记得你很胖（当时很胖）并带着眼镜（当时带着眼镜）。
（五）在I don’t care, I don’t mind, It doesn’t matter, It’s not important, see (to it) that, make sure, make certain等结构中，宾语从句多用一般现在时
I don’t care whether he comes or not.
It doesn’t matter who goes there in his place.
动词时态
一、时态的概念及形式
英语中的时态是一种用来表示不同时间中动作发生的动词形式。时间有现在、过去、将来和过去将来四种，动作则由一般、进行、完成和完成进行四部分组成。两种结合则构
二、一般现在时
(一) 一般现在时的基本用法
一般现在时通常以动词原形表示，当主语为第三人称单数时，词尾需加s 或-es
1. 表示现在、经常性、习惯性的动作或存在的状态。常见的时间状语有：always, ever
day, in the morning, now, often, on Tuesday, sometimes, seldom, usually等。 She always forgets I don’t like corned beef.(腌牛肉) She is a professor now.
We have English classes every day.
2. 表示客观真理，或不受时间限制的客观存在或表示日期有关的内容时。
Two plus five is seven.
Time and tide wait for no man. Light travels faster than sound. What day is it tomorrow? 3. 图片说明、电影说明、解说戏剧内容及场景、报刊、杂志、书籍等不强调过去时间，
单纯表示客观事实时，用一般现在时。 The article describes social problems.
Scene II （Tom and Mary are in the office. There is a big desk near the window.
4. 在有when, while, after, before, until等引导的时间状语和有if 引导的条件状语从句中，
用一般现在时表示经常发生或存在的状态。 Before I go to bed I will read newspapers.
When I come across a new word, I will look it up in the dictionary.
（二）一般现在时表示将来的几种特殊用法
1. 在时间或条件状语从句中，主句用一般将来时，从句要用一般现在时代替一般将来
时：在no matter wh-词等引导的让步状语从句中，也常用一般现在时态代替一般将来时。
We ’ll buy you another two presents while we’re out today. I will stay at home if rains tomorrow.
Unless you get rid of smoking, you will not stay healthy.
When you come next time, I’ll show you around our campus. Whether he drives or takes the train, he’ll be here on time. 2. 表示动作移动的动词，如arrive, come ,go, leave, start等，常用一般现在代替将来时，
来表示预定的行为，即将来的但已事先安排好的动作（如时刻表），这种安排很固定，不容易改变。
The film show begins in a minute. The plane takes off at five o’clock pm. 3. 在see (to it)/ make sure/ make certain +that 从句中，常用一般现在时表示将来。
Make sure (that) you pick me up at five.
I ’ll see ( to it) that I return the reference book on time.
(三) 一般现在时表示过去时间
一般现在时可用来表示过去时间，用于强调现在的事实或结果，这样的动词有:tell, say, hear, learn, forget等。
Diana says you told her to come over here. I hear (that) he has come back from America.
They tell me that your younger sister has graduated from the Teachers’ College.
三．一般过去式
一般过去时表示过去发生的事，都由动词的过去式表示。 （一） 一般过去时的基本用法
1. 一般过去时用来表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，也可表示过去的
习惯动作。常用的过去时间状语有：then, yesterday, last Friday, at that time, just now, a few hours ago.
The process took no more than a few beats of my heart. They were here just now.
Did you get up early this morning. He graduated from college in 1996.
2. 也可以表示过去经常发生或反复发生的动作，可与时间状语often 连用; used to+
动词原形，或would+动词原形也表示过去经常，反复发生的动作。 His father used to drink.(used to 过去常……，现在不再……) They came and saw me. He was often late for school.
When I was young, I would work on the farm.
(二) 一般过去时的特殊用法
1. 在“It is (high//about/proper) time (that) sb. did…”句型中，表示“…该的时候了”，谓语动词用一般过去时。
It is high time that you went to bed.
2. 主句的谓语动词用现在完成时，since 引导的从句通常用一般过去时。 She has never called on me since she moved to the country.
3. 主句用过去将来时，时间或条件状语从句用一般过去时代替过去将来时。
He said that he would stay at school if it rained the next day. Her mother would not go to bed until she came back home. 4. 在“would rather,或would sooner（宁愿，但愿）”后面的从句中，如果表示现在
或将来的动作或情况，用一般过去时。 I ’d rather you left at once.
He would rather you came on Friday. 5. 礼貌过去时
礼貌过去时不是指过去时间，而是指现在时间。这里使用过去时只是为了表示礼貌，使口气显得委婉、谦逊，而与过去的时间毫不相干。因此在回答中，如果仍保留情态动词的话，一般要换成现在式。 —Did you want to see me now? —Yes, I do.
—Would you help me? —Yes, I will.
We wondered if they could help us.
四、一般将来时
一般将来时表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态。常用的时间状语有：tomorrow, next week, next year, in a few days等。 （一） will/shall表示将来时的用法
will (shall)+动词原形（shall 用于一人称，will 用于第二，三人称, 表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态，也可以表示反复发生的动作或习惯性动作，或事物固有的属性和必然趋势，常含有“预见，意图”等之义。 I ’m afraid the police will arrive shortly. We shall succeed this time.
The students will have five English classes per week this term. 注意：有时will 可用于条件状语从句中，并不表示将来，而是表示“意愿，拒绝，推论”等。例如：
If he won’t come, we’ll ask someone else.
If they will do this, they will probably add years to their lives.
（二）”am/is/are going to+动词原形”表示将来时
“ be going to+动词原形”表示说话人的意图或打算（早已决定好的打算），或有迹象表明即将发生，可能会出现的情况，有时表示建议或命令等。（多用于口语中所有人称） She ’s going to teach criminal law and run the legal aid programs. Now you’re going to hurry.
I ’m afraid they’re going to lose the game. I ’m going to clean the kitchen this afternoon.
Don ’t regret over it. We’re going to have another try. 注意：be going to和will 的比较 be going to和will 的比较
be going to表示事先考虑过的“意图”，而will 不是事先考虑过的“意图”；be going to可以用在条件状语从句中表示将来，而will 则不能。 —Why have you torn the paper into pieces?
—I am going to rewrite it.(事先考虑的，不用will) —It is really a big stone.
—I will help you to move it.（临时决定的，非事先考虑的，不用be going to）
If you are going to attend the meeting, you’d better leave now.(条件状语从句中不用will 表将来时) （三）“am/is/are about to+动词原形”表示将来时 “be about to +动词原形”比奥斯即将发生的动作，“正要（将要）…”，句中不可用表示将来的时间状语。
The talk is about to begin.(正确) The talk is about to begin soon. The sun is about to sink to the west.
(四) “am/is/are+动词原形”表示计划，安排活用来征求意见。如果不是人能安排的动作，就不能用此句型；用于条件状语从句中。表示假设、打算或意图；was(were) to +动词原形“后来结果，注定”的含义，并非单纯指过去将来。 The French President is to visit China.(安排，预定) You are to be back by 9 o’clock. （安排，约定） Am I to take over his work? （征求意见） The highway is to be opened in May. （计划）
I think I am to faint.（错误，是否晕倒自己不能安排）
If we are to catch the 7:30 train, we must leave at six.（正确）
At that time, he did not know that quitting the job was to become the turning point in his life. （五）am/is/are +V-ing(现在进行时) 表示将来动作
现在进行时表示将来，用来表示安排和计划。所用的动词都是表示具体的动作，如：arrive, come, do, eat, fly, go, have, join, leave, meet, move, play, return, see, sleep, speak, start, stay, take, wear, work等。（这时常有一个表示将来不久的时间状语） ‘Right ’ Harry said, ‘ I’ve changed my mind, I’m staying.’ I ’m seeing the doctor today.
We are having a meeting this morning.
We are leaving for New York after the performance.
(六) 用一般现在时表示将来时
一般现在时与某些含有“出发，到达”之意的动词连用，表示将来的但已事先安排好的动作或时刻表有关的动作。常用的动词有：arrive, begin, come, end, go, leave, open, return, sail, start, stay, stop等。在时间或条件状语从句中，主句用一般将来时从句要用一般现在时代替将来时。
When does the show begin? The train leaves at nine am.
The meeting starts straight after lunch.
Mr. Wang will meet you when you get to the airport. (七) 表示将来，下列时态可换用 The match starts/ is starting at 10:30.
The plane takes/ is taking off at 9:00 tonight.
I ’m having/ going to have dinner with her tomorrow evening. 五、过去将来时
过去将来时表示从过去某一时间看将要发生的事。一般用在宾语从句中，主语谓语动词为一般过去时。
（一） 过去将来时的基本用法
would/should+动词原形，表示从过去某时看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态，但表示过去的某种习惯性行为时，只能用would.
It would cause me physical pain to be separated from Edward now. He said that he would wait for us at the bus stop. I asked her if I should see her the following Sunday. Whenever we had trouble, he would come to help us. （二） 过去将来时的特殊用法
was/were going to+动词原形表示“过去的打算/准备做某事” was/were about to+动词原形表示“正要做某事” was/were on the point of + doing 表示“正要做某事” was/were to 动词原形表示按计划，安排将要发生的事
was/were to have done(不定式的完成式) 表示按计划，安排没有实现的事 was/were +doing (leaving, coming, seeing等) 也可表示过去将来时
In a little over twelve hours, I would address the biggest audience of my life, and I was struggling to find the right words to convey my themes and beliefs. I thought it was going to snow.
He told me that he was leaving soon. She said she was to take up the position.
I was just about to go to bed when I heard a knock on the door. Last Sunday we were going to go for a picnic but it rained. 六、现在完成时
现在完成时主要有两种用法：已完成的动作对现在造成的影响或产生的结果；未完成的动作持续到现在的情况。其形式为：have (has)+过去分词。
（一） 已完成的动作对现在造成的影响或产生的结果，着眼点在现在
常用的时间状语有：yet, just, before, recently, once, lately, ever, never等；可与表示频度的时间状语连用：often, sometimes, rarely, once, twice, three times等; 也可以与包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用，如：now, today, this morning, this month, this year等。（这种用法通常与瞬间动作的动词连用，不能与表示时间段的时间状语连用） You have just achieved what very alchemist in history has strived for. He has just come back.
I have seen that film before.
I have sometimes had letters from him. I have lost my passport.
We have had too much rain this year. He has come back. 不能说：He has come back for three weeks. 可以说：He has come back for three ago. He has been back for three weeks.
（二） 现在完成时可表示动作的持续或重复（未完成的用法）
现在完成时的持续性用法指动作或状态从过去某时开始持续到现在，可能继续下去，也可能刚刚结束，主要与延续性动词或状态动词连用，通常与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。这样的时间状语有：so far, up to now, for a long time, up till now, up to present, in/during/over the past(last)few years, these few days (weeks, months, years), since 等。
Again, Voldemort looked up at the slowly revolving body as he went on, “ I shall attend to the boy in person. There have been too many mistakes where Harry Potter is concerned. Some of them have been my own.” So far she has written five books.
He has worked here for over twenty years.
We have seen each other three times in the past three weeks. Up to now, I have finished two-thirds of the work.
注意：every day 即可同一般现在时连用，表示“每天”，也可同现在完成时连用，指从过去某时到现在一段时间内的“每一天”，例如： It has snowed here every day since last Sunday.
（三） 现在完成时的特殊用法
1. 句型：This is (It is) the first (second,…) time that sb. has ( have ) done…
That was (It was) the first (second,…)time that sb. had done… This is the third time that I have watched the TV play. That was the second time that they had visited our city. 2. 句型：It is (has been) …(时间段) since sb. did…
It is (has been) about five years since they moved to the city.
3. 现在完成时用的时间状语或条件状语从句中，表示将来某个动作发生之前已经
完成的动作。
I will give my opinion when I have read the book through.
If she hasn’t gone to bed when you see her, tell her to give me a ring. 4. have gone (to) 表示“某人到某地去了”， 人还在那里或在路上，不在此地。
have been (to )表示“某人到过某地”，人并不在此地
She has gone to town.
She has been to Europe (twice).
5. when 或where 引导的疑问句，一般不用现在完成时，发生过的常用一般过去时。
When did you buy the watch? Where did the accident happen?
七、过去完成时
过去完成时主要表示过去某时或某动作之前已完成的动作或情况，即表示“过去的过去”。其结构为：had +过去分词。 （一） 已完成的用法
已完成的用法表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前刚刚完成或结束，也可能是早已完成或结束。
Kenyatta had been released from prison and inaugurated Kenya’s first president. When I got to the station the train had left.
Anna had come to Europe before the outbreak of the war.
(二) 未完成的用法
未完成的用法表示一个动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始，一直延续到这一时间，而且到那时还没结束，仍有继续下去的可能性。只适用于持续性动作或状态动词。常与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。
By seven o’clock they had worked for fourteen hours.
Tom married Marry last week. They had known each other since their schooldays. (三) 过去完成时表示一个动作先于另一个动作的用法还常见于宾语从句，状语从句或定语从
句等。
Harry took a deep breath and asked the question that had obsessed him for the last month. ‘Where ’s Vodemort?’
She wore the necklace her mother had left her. I soon realized that I had made a serious mistake.
She was very excited as she had never been to a dance. (四) 过去完成时的特殊用法
1. 过去完成时+to do 表示过去未曾实现的希望、打算或意图，通过只适用于下列动词，如：hope, intend, mean, want, plan, think, suppose等。
I had intended to come over to see you last night, but someone called and I couldn’t get away. I had hoped to send him a Christmas card, but I forget to do so. 2. 句型“no sooner… than…””hardly ( scarcely)… when/before…”中的主句通常用 “过去完成时”，从句用“一般过去时”，句型的含义为“一…就…”；“no sooner, hardly (scarcely)置于句首时，要用倒装语序。
Hardly had we begun (We had hardly begun) when we were told to stop.
We had no sooner set out( No sooner had we set out) than a thunderstorm broke.
3. 在“would rather, would sooner(宁愿，但愿) ”，wish 等后面的从句中，如果表示过去的动作或情况，用过去完成时。
They would rather you had left yesterday.
4. 句型“…had done… when …did ”, 句型的含义为 “刚刚…这时、突然”。 Jack had just left hospital when he fell ill again. We had finished our work when the bell rang.
八、现在进行时
现在进行时主要表示现在正在进行的动作。其结构为：be ( is, am ,are) +现在分词。
（一） 现在进行时表示此刻或现阶段正在进行的动作，可以不用时间状语，也可以和now,
at the moment, at present等时间状语连用。 They are having a meeting now. She is learning English at college.
She is traveling around the country (now).
（二） 现在进行时表示将来的动作，用来表示安排和计划。所用的动词都是表示具体动作
的动词，如：come, go, leave, arrive, start, join, play, eat, work, return, take, wear, meet, move, sleep, have, do, stay, speak, fly, see, get等。（这时常有一个表示将来不久的时间状语）
Are you working next week?
Mike is coming home on Thursday. What are you doing at the weekend?
My sister is getting married next December.
（三） 动作动词的现在进行时同频率副词always, forever, continually, constantly等连用，表
示重复的，持续性的动作。这种动作可能使人感到不满、抱怨、厌倦或觉得不合理等。
She is constantly leaving things about. She is always reading novels.
状态动词的现在进行时同频率副词always, forever, continually, constantly等连用，表示某种思想，情绪，行为反复发生，含有厌恶，烦躁，赞叹等感情色彩。
She is always doubting my words.
He ’s forever imagining dangers that don’t exist.
He is one of those who are always thinking of others.
（四） 表示感觉，感情，情绪，精神后动，拥有关系等的动词，一般不用进行时态
例如： She doesn’t care for red. The plan sounds a good one. He holds half share in the firm.
The club consists of more than 500 members. The nurse is minding the baby.
(五)be 的进行时
be 的进行时加动态形容词表示暂时出现的某种情况或品质。多含讽刺，厌烦，不满，异乎例如： I think you are being unfair. He is being quite helpful to us. She is being friendly today. (六) 现在进行时表示礼貌
现在进行时还可用来表示礼貌或委婉语气。这一用法只限于hope, want, wonder等动词。 I ’m hoping to borrow some money.
We ’re wondering if you have any suggestion.
九、过去进行时
过去进行时表示过去某个时间正在发生的事，相当于现代进行时的过去形式。其结构为：was/were +现在分词。
（一） 过去进行时的基本用法
表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或表示过去某一阶段内正在进行的动作。 We were expecting you yesterday.
While we were watching TV, she was talking on the phone.
（二） 表示计划，安排过去预计将要发生的事。这样的动词有：come, go, leave, arrive, start,
join, play, eat, work, return, take, wear, meet, move, sleep, have, do, stay, speak, fly, see,
get 等。
I didn’t know he was coming until yesterday. They were leaving for New York a few days later.
（三） 过去进行时同频度副词always, forever, continually, constantly等连用，表示某种感情
色彩
She was always changing her mind.
He was constantly helping others when he lived here. （四） 过去进行时表示礼貌
过去进行时表示礼貌或婉转口气。这一用法只限于hope, want, wonder 等动词，用来提出请求。比一般过去时口气更委婉一些。 I was hoping you could send me some books. I was wondering if you could help me.
（五） 句型“…was/were doing… when …did ”, 句型的含义为 “正在…这时、突然”。
I was taking a walk in a park when I met an old friend of mine.
The police were taking the man away when a newspaper reporter appeared. 十、将来进行时
将来进行时表示将来某个时刻正在进行的或持续的动作。其结构为：shall/will +be+现在分词。 I will be having a meeting. I ’ll be taking my holidays soon.
What will you be doing this time tomorrow? 十一、将来完成时
将来完成时表示将来某时之前或某动作发生之前已经完成的动作，或表示一个动作持续到将来某时或某动作发生之前，常和“by+时间名词”的时间状语连用。其结构为：will/shall +have +过去分词。
I shall have finished it by next Friday.
When we get there, they’ll probably have left.
By the time you finish the work, the sun will have set. 十二、现在完成进行时
现在完成进行时表示一个由过去某时起一直持续的动作，这动作可能刚刚停止，也可能还在进行。这个时态常和for, since, all, long等构成的时间状语连用。本时态的结构为：have/has been +现在分词。
We ’re been monitoring the situation for a few weeks. How long have you been reading the book? He ’s been playing tennis since he was eight.
She is very tired. She’s been working all morning.
十三、几组时态的比较
（一） 现在完成时与一般过去时的比较
现在完成时强调过去动作对现在的影响，或过去的动作持续到现在；而一般过去时只强调过去，不强调对现在的影响，并表示动作早已结束（过去发生，过去结束）。 I have read the book. I read the book last year.
He worked in this company for three years.(现在已不在这家公司工作)
He has worked in this company for three years.（现在仍在这家公司工作）
（二）过去完成时与一般过去时的比较
一般过去时表示相对于现在而言的过去的时间；而过去完成时表示的则是相对于过去某一时间而言的过去时间，即过去的过去。 She brushed her teeth and went to bed.
All representatives had been present before 5 yesterday afternoon. (三) 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的比较 1. 在与表示一段时间的状语连用时，现在完成时与现在完成进行时都可以表示一个动作从过去某时开始持续到说话时，并可能持续下去，在一定的上下文中，这两个时态可以互换使用。
They have talked for about three hours.
They have been talking for about three hours. 2. 表示感受，情感，看法，认识，愿望以及所有关系等状态的动词，如：belong, exist, feel, hate, love, want等，一般不与现在完成进行时连用。 They have known each other since childhood.
3. 在现代英语中，动词：lie, sit, stay, stand, wait等动词更趋向于用现在完成进行时。 I haven’t been waiting for a long time.
The old man has been sitting there all the afternoon.
(四) 过去进行时与一般过去时的比较 过去进行时往往表示动作的未完成性，侧重说明动作的持续性和持续时间的长度；而一般过去时往往表示动作已完成，只是说明过去某时发生某事，强调动作的事实。当两个动作同时发生时，通常用过去时表示短暂动作，用过去进行时表示持续动作。 I was reading a novel last night. I read a novel last night.
He was working from two o’clock until supper time. He worked from two o’clock until supper time. 十四、时态的呼应
英语从句（特别是宾语从句）中的谓语动词的时态，常常受到主句谓语动词时态的影响和制约，这种现象称为“时态呼应”。
（一） 如果主句的谓语时一般现在时或一般将来时，从句可以根据需要选用时态，如过去、
现在或将来时态等。
I will tell you how they got (will got) the information.
I know who is( was, will be, has been) in charge of the work.
（二） 如果主句中谓语动词的时态时一般过去时，则从句用过去相关的时态
I didn’t know where he was.
I thought she was taking a bath then.
She promised that she would give me whatever help I needed.
She knew that he had forgotten his promise.
(三) 如果从句表示的是客观事实、真理或一个人（物）的经常性的特点或习惯，其时态通常用一般现在时，不受主句时态的影响
例如：Our teacher said that handsome is what handsome does.老师说，善行胜于美貌，美德为人称道。
He said that he usually reads the newspaper before going to bed.(习惯)
The teacher told the children that the sun is the centre of the solar system.
(四) 如果从句表示的仍然是现在或将来的时间，其时态不受主句的影响。
She said that she is flying to New York next week.
She told me that her father is still operating on the patient.
注意1：不同情况可能需要做不同处理。
He told me that his wife was ill.(可能是几天前告诉的)
He told me that his wife is sill.(可能是刚才告诉we 的)
She said she was leaving that evening.(现在已离开了)
She said she is leaving this evening.(现在还未离开，准备离开)
注意2：有时两种情况都可以用。
Did you say you have(had) no money？你说过你没（当时没）钱了吗？
I remembered that you are (were) very fat and wear( wore) glasses.我记得你很胖（当时很胖）并带着眼镜（当时带着眼镜）。
（五）在I don’t care, I don’t mind, It doesn’t matter, It’s not important, see (to it) that, make sure, make certain等结构中，宾语从句多用一般现在时
I don’t care whether he comes or not.
It doesn’t matter who goes there in his place.