6、过去进行时
（1）构成：由助动词be的过去式 ＋现在分词构成。其中be有人称和数的变化，第一、第三人称单数用was，其他用were.
1）过去进行时动词主要表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行或持续进行的动作。过去进行时经常与过去时配合使用。例如：
This time yesterday, we were having anEnglish lesson.昨天这个时候，我们正在上英语课。
The teacher was giving us a lesson whenTom walked into the room. 老师在给我们上课时，汤姆走进教室。
While we were having supper, all thelights went out. 我们吃饭的时候，灯灭了。
He was reading while she was settingthe table. 她摆桌子时，他在读书。
It was getting dark. The wind wasrising. 天渐渐黑下来了。风势增强了。
2）过去进行时动词常用always,continually, frequently等词连用，表示过去经常发生的行为。这种用法表明带有的感情色彩。例如：
The two brothers were frequentlyquarreling when they were young. 两兄弟小时候常吵架。
In Qing Dynasty, China was alwaysmaking concessions to western powers.清朝时，中国总是对西方列强妥协。
翻译练习：
1）我记得他哥哥上小学时经常在课堂上提问题。
I remember his brother was constantlyasking questions in class when he was at primary school.
2）我母亲做饭的时候，我父亲在抽烟。
While my mother was cooking, my fatherwas smoking.
3）我正在写东西，小明把灯关了。
When I was writing, Xiao Ming turnedoff the light.
4）夕阳西下，天渐渐黑下来了。
The sun was setting. It was gettingdark.
5）你走进他们的房间时，他们正在听广播吗？
Were they listening to the broadcastwhen you entered their room?
6）她给你打电话的时候，你在干什么？
What were you doing when she called youon the phone?
7、过去完成时
（1）构成：一律用had +过去分词构成。
（2）用法：
1）表示发生在过去某一时间或动作之前的事情，即“过去的过去”。用过去完成时，必须有一个过去的时间或动作来作参照，说明在此之前某事已发生。如果两个动作都是在过去发生的，先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的用一般过去时。例如：
She told me she had been there threetimes before.她告诉我她以前到过那里三次。（“去过”发生在“告诉”之前）
How long had he taught here by the endof last term?到上学期末为止，他在这里教学多长时间啦？（“教学”发生在上学期末结束之前）
When we arrived, the football match hadalready begun. 我们到的时候，足球赛已经开始了。
She had visited China twice before shecame this year.她今年来中国之前已访问过中国两次了。
2）过去完成时动词可以表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或呈现的状态，这一动作一直持续到过去这一时刻或将继续下去。例如：
By the middle of last month, I hadlived in Beijing for five years.到上月中旬，我已在北京住了五年了。
By six o’clock they had worked foreight hours. 到六点为止，他们已工作八小时了。
When I came to Shanghai, he had beenthere for a long time.我到上海时，他在那里很长时间了。
3）过去完成时动词常用于间接引语和虚拟语气，我们以后会详细讲述。
4）此外，过去完成时常用于no sooner…than… 和 hardly(scarcely) …when…这两个句型，前面部分用过去完成时，后面部分用一般过去时。例如：
No sooner had he stolen the purse thanhe was caught red-handed. = He had no sooner stolen the purse thanhe was caught red-handed.他刚偷到钱包就被当场抓获。
Saddam had hardly realized what washappening when he was captured. = Hardly had Saddam realized whatwas happening when he was captured.萨达姆还没有意识到在发生什么事情就被抓获了。
翻译练习：
1）很幸运，下雨前我们已经到家了。
Luckily, we had got home before itbegan to rain.
2）张华说他的笔记本丢了。
Zhang Hua said he had lost hisnotebook.
3）他曾告诉过我，会议两点钟开。可是当我到了以后，我还得等到两点半。
He had told me that the meeting was at2, but when I arrived I had to wait till 2:30.
4）他在这里住了两三天，才觉得没有什么拘束（feelat home）。
When he had stayed here for two orthree days, he began to feel at home.
8、过去完成进行时
（1）形式：had been +动词的现在分词。
（2）用法：表示一直持续到过去某个时间的行为动作，此行为动作或刚结束、或还没结束（可以从上下文看出）。这一时态经常与一般过去时一起使用。例如：
When he came in, I had been trying torepair the TV for a couple of hours.他进来的时候，我一直在努力修理电视机好几个小时了
The roads were dangerous. It had beenraining for two whole days.道路很危险。雨一直下了两整天。
They were tired because they had beendigging since dawn.他们累了，因为从天亮开始他们就一直在挖。
The boy was delighted with the newmountain bike. He had been hoping for one for a long time.那男孩得到一辆新山地自行车很高兴。很长时间来他一直希望有一辆。
9、一般将来时
一般将来时动词表示将来发生的动作或情况。主要有以下几种表现形式：
（1）shall/will + 动词原形
表示单纯的将来，不涉及主语的主观意愿。第一人称I,we用shall 或will，其余用will.其否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下：
否定式
疑问式
I shall/will not study….
Shall I study…?
You will not study….
Will you study…?
He will not study….
Will he study…?
否定疑问式
简单回答（肯定/否定）
Shall I not (shan’t i) study…?
Yes, you will. No, you won’t.
Will you not (Won’t you)study…?
Yes, I shall/will. No, Ishan’t/won’t.
Will he not (Won’t he) study….?
Yes, he will. No, he won’t.
例如：
I shall be twenty years old next year.我明年二十岁。
The sky is black. I think it will rain.天黑下来了。我想可能会下雨。
You will meet him at the station thisafternoon. 你下午会在车站碰到他。
The train will arrive soon.火车快要到了。
When shall we see you next time?我们下次什么时候能看见你呢？
He probably won’t go with us.?他大概不能和我们一起去。
注意：
1）shall, will的缩写形式为’ll,如I’ll, you’ll, he’ll 和she’ll等。
2）will用于第一人称时，可以表示将来的意愿、决心、允诺、命令等；shall用于第二、三人称时，可以表示说话人的将来的意愿。例如：
I will give you a new pen for yourbirthday.我将送你一支新钢笔作为生日礼物。（允诺）
I will take the college entranceexamination. 我将参加大学入学考试。（决心）
Shall I open thewindow? 我打开窗户好吗？（征求允诺）
You shall have the book as soon as Iget it. 我一拿到书就给你。（说话人的允诺）
The enemy shall notpass. 决不让敌人通过。（说话人的保证）
I will do my best to helpyou. 我愿意尽力帮助你。（意愿）
Nobody shall be late for the meeting.任何人开会都不能迟到。（说话人的命令）
（2）be going + 动词不定式
1）这种结构表示主体现在打算在最近或将来要做某事。这种打算往往是事先考虑好的。例如：
My brother is going to learn Englishnext year. 我哥哥准备明年学英语。
I am going to meet Tom at the stationat six. 我六点钟要到火车站去接汤姆。
She is not going to bethere. 她不会到那儿去的。
When are you going to finish yourwork? 你的工作什么时候做完？
He is going to stay aweek. 他准备呆一星期。
We are going to call a meeting todiscuss it. 我们准备开个会来讨论一下。
2）这种结构还可以表示说话人根据已有的迹象认为非常可能即将发生某事。例如：
Look at these black clouds？it isgoing to rain. 看这些乌云？要下雨了。
I think it is going to snow.我看要下雪。
I am afraid I am going to have a badcold. ?恐怕我要得重感冒。
注意：
1）will 和be going to都可以表示某种意愿。例如：
I won’t (am not going to) tell you myage. 我不（愿意）告诉你我的年龄。
be going to和will在含义和用法上略有不同。Be goingto往往表示事先经过考虑的打算；will多表示意愿，决心。有时不能互换。例如：
I have bought some bricks and I amgoing to build a kitchen withthem.我买了些砖，我要用它们盖个厨房。（不能用will替换）
Can somebody help me? ？I will.谁能帮我一些吗？─？我来。（不能用be goingto替换）
2）be going to可用于条件从句，表示单纯的将来；will则不能。例如：
If you are going to go to the cinemathis evening, you’d better take your umbrella withyou. 你若今晚去看电影，最好带着雨伞。
（3）be to +动词原形，表示安排、命令或肯定将会发生的事情；在问句中表示征求意见。如：
You are not to smoke in thisroom. 你不许在这个房间里抽烟。
In future you are not to go outalone. 将来你不许一个人出去。
The worst is still tocome. 最糟糕的还在后面呢。
Tomorrow is still tocome. 明天过了还有明天。
（4）be about +动词不定式。这种结构表示正要、即将发生的事情。例如：
Let’s go in. The class is about tobegin. 咱们进去吧。马上开始上课了。
They are about to getmarried. 他们即将结婚。
My book is about to bepublished. 我的书即将出版。
一般将来时的关键是记住表示将来的几种句型及其用法。
练习：
用be going to 或will.填空：
1）What are you doing with that spade?？I ___ (plant) sometrees. (am going to plant)
2）This is a terribly heavy box. ？I___ (help) you carryit. (will help)
3) I’ve left my watch upstairs. ？I___ (go) and get it foryou. (will go)
4) Who will post this letter for me?？I____. ?? (will)
5) She has bought a length of cloth;she ____ (make) herself a dress. (is going to make)
6、过去进行时
（1）构成：由助动词be的过去式 ＋现在分词构成。其中be有人称和数的变化，第一、第三人称单数用was，其他用were.
1）过去进行时动词主要表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行或持续进行的动作。过去进行时经常与过去时配合使用。例如：
This time yesterday, we were having anEnglish lesson.昨天这个时候，我们正在上英语课。
The teacher was giving us a lesson whenTom walked into the room. 老师在给我们上课时，汤姆走进教室。
While we were having supper, all thelights went out. 我们吃饭的时候，灯灭了。
He was reading while she was settingthe table. 她摆桌子时，他在读书。
It was getting dark. The wind wasrising. 天渐渐黑下来了。风势增强了。
2）过去进行时动词常用always,continually, frequently等词连用，表示过去经常发生的行为。这种用法表明带有的感情色彩。例如：
The two brothers were frequentlyquarreling when they were young. 两兄弟小时候常吵架。
In Qing Dynasty, China was alwaysmaking concessions to western powers.清朝时，中国总是对西方列强妥协。
翻译练习：
1）我记得他哥哥上小学时经常在课堂上提问题。
I remember his brother was constantlyasking questions in class when he was at primary school.
2）我母亲做饭的时候，我父亲在抽烟。
While my mother was cooking, my fatherwas smoking.
3）我正在写东西，小明把灯关了。
When I was writing, Xiao Ming turnedoff the light.
4）夕阳西下，天渐渐黑下来了。
The sun was setting. It was gettingdark.
5）你走进他们的房间时，他们正在听广播吗？
Were they listening to the broadcastwhen you entered their room?
6）她给你打电话的时候，你在干什么？
What were you doing when she called youon the phone?
7、过去完成时
（1）构成：一律用had +过去分词构成。
（2）用法：
1）表示发生在过去某一时间或动作之前的事情，即“过去的过去”。用过去完成时，必须有一个过去的时间或动作来作参照，说明在此之前某事已发生。如果两个动作都是在过去发生的，先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的用一般过去时。例如：
She told me she had been there threetimes before.她告诉我她以前到过那里三次。（“去过”发生在“告诉”之前）
How long had he taught here by the endof last term?到上学期末为止，他在这里教学多长时间啦？（“教学”发生在上学期末结束之前）
When we arrived, the football match hadalready begun. 我们到的时候，足球赛已经开始了。
She had visited China twice before shecame this year.她今年来中国之前已访问过中国两次了。
2）过去完成时动词可以表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或呈现的状态，这一动作一直持续到过去这一时刻或将继续下去。例如：
By the middle of last month, I hadlived in Beijing for five years.到上月中旬，我已在北京住了五年了。
By six o’clock they had worked foreight hours. 到六点为止，他们已工作八小时了。
When I came to Shanghai, he had beenthere for a long time.我到上海时，他在那里很长时间了。
3）过去完成时动词常用于间接引语和虚拟语气，我们以后会详细讲述。
4）此外，过去完成时常用于no sooner…than… 和 hardly(scarcely) …when…这两个句型，前面部分用过去完成时，后面部分用一般过去时。例如：
No sooner had he stolen the purse thanhe was caught red-handed. = He had no sooner stolen the purse thanhe was caught red-handed.他刚偷到钱包就被当场抓获。
Saddam had hardly realized what washappening when he was captured. = Hardly had Saddam realized whatwas happening when he was captured.萨达姆还没有意识到在发生什么事情就被抓获了。
翻译练习：
1）很幸运，下雨前我们已经到家了。
Luckily, we had got home before itbegan to rain.
2）张华说他的笔记本丢了。
Zhang Hua said he had lost hisnotebook.
3）他曾告诉过我，会议两点钟开。可是当我到了以后，我还得等到两点半。
He had told me that the meeting was at2, but when I arrived I had to wait till 2:30.
4）他在这里住了两三天，才觉得没有什么拘束（feelat home）。
When he had stayed here for two orthree days, he began to feel at home.
8、过去完成进行时
（1）形式：had been +动词的现在分词。
（2）用法：表示一直持续到过去某个时间的行为动作，此行为动作或刚结束、或还没结束（可以从上下文看出）。这一时态经常与一般过去时一起使用。例如：
When he came in, I had been trying torepair the TV for a couple of hours.他进来的时候，我一直在努力修理电视机好几个小时了
The roads were dangerous. It had beenraining for two whole days.道路很危险。雨一直下了两整天。
They were tired because they had beendigging since dawn.他们累了，因为从天亮开始他们就一直在挖。
The boy was delighted with the newmountain bike. He had been hoping for one for a long time.那男孩得到一辆新山地自行车很高兴。很长时间来他一直希望有一辆。
9、一般将来时
一般将来时动词表示将来发生的动作或情况。主要有以下几种表现形式：
（1）shall/will + 动词原形
表示单纯的将来，不涉及主语的主观意愿。第一人称I,we用shall 或will，其余用will.其否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下：
否定式
疑问式
I shall/will not study….
Shall I study…?
You will not study….
Will you study…?
He will not study….
Will he study…?
否定疑问式
简单回答（肯定/否定）
Shall I not (shan’t i) study…?
Yes, you will. No, you won’t.
Will you not (Won’t you)study…?
Yes, I shall/will. No, Ishan’t/won’t.
Will he not (Won’t he) study….?
Yes, he will. No, he won’t.
例如：
I shall be twenty years old next year.我明年二十岁。
The sky is black. I think it will rain.天黑下来了。我想可能会下雨。
You will meet him at the station thisafternoon. 你下午会在车站碰到他。
The train will arrive soon.火车快要到了。
When shall we see you next time?我们下次什么时候能看见你呢？
He probably won’t go with us.?他大概不能和我们一起去。
注意：
1）shall, will的缩写形式为’ll,如I’ll, you’ll, he’ll 和she’ll等。
2）will用于第一人称时，可以表示将来的意愿、决心、允诺、命令等；shall用于第二、三人称时，可以表示说话人的将来的意愿。例如：
I will give you a new pen for yourbirthday.我将送你一支新钢笔作为生日礼物。（允诺）
I will take the college entranceexamination. 我将参加大学入学考试。（决心）
Shall I open thewindow? 我打开窗户好吗？（征求允诺）
You shall have the book as soon as Iget it. 我一拿到书就给你。（说话人的允诺）
The enemy shall notpass. 决不让敌人通过。（说话人的保证）
I will do my best to helpyou. 我愿意尽力帮助你。（意愿）
Nobody shall be late for the meeting.任何人开会都不能迟到。（说话人的命令）
（2）be going + 动词不定式
1）这种结构表示主体现在打算在最近或将来要做某事。这种打算往往是事先考虑好的。例如：
My brother is going to learn Englishnext year. 我哥哥准备明年学英语。
I am going to meet Tom at the stationat six. 我六点钟要到火车站去接汤姆。
She is not going to bethere. 她不会到那儿去的。
When are you going to finish yourwork? 你的工作什么时候做完？
He is going to stay aweek. 他准备呆一星期。
We are going to call a meeting todiscuss it. 我们准备开个会来讨论一下。
2）这种结构还可以表示说话人根据已有的迹象认为非常可能即将发生某事。例如：
Look at these black clouds？it isgoing to rain. 看这些乌云？要下雨了。
I think it is going to snow.我看要下雪。
I am afraid I am going to have a badcold. ?恐怕我要得重感冒。
注意：
1）will 和be going to都可以表示某种意愿。例如：
I won’t (am not going to) tell you myage. 我不（愿意）告诉你我的年龄。
be going to和will在含义和用法上略有不同。Be goingto往往表示事先经过考虑的打算；will多表示意愿，决心。有时不能互换。例如：
I have bought some bricks and I amgoing to build a kitchen withthem.我买了些砖，我要用它们盖个厨房。（不能用will替换）
Can somebody help me? ？I will.谁能帮我一些吗？─？我来。（不能用be goingto替换）
2）be going to可用于条件从句，表示单纯的将来；will则不能。例如：
If you are going to go to the cinemathis evening, you’d better take your umbrella withyou. 你若今晚去看电影，最好带着雨伞。
（3）be to +动词原形，表示安排、命令或肯定将会发生的事情；在问句中表示征求意见。如：
You are not to smoke in thisroom. 你不许在这个房间里抽烟。
In future you are not to go outalone. 将来你不许一个人出去。
The worst is still tocome. 最糟糕的还在后面呢。
Tomorrow is still tocome. 明天过了还有明天。
（4）be about +动词不定式。这种结构表示正要、即将发生的事情。例如：
Let’s go in. The class is about tobegin. 咱们进去吧。马上开始上课了。
They are about to getmarried. 他们即将结婚。
My book is about to bepublished. 我的书即将出版。
一般将来时的关键是记住表示将来的几种句型及其用法。
练习：
用be going to 或will.填空：
1）What are you doing with that spade?？I ___ (plant) sometrees. (am going to plant)
2）This is a terribly heavy box. ？I___ (help) you carryit. (will help)
3) I’ve left my watch upstairs. ？I___ (go) and get it foryou. (will go)
4) Who will post this letter for me?？I____. ?? (will)
5) She has bought a length of cloth;she ____ (make) herself a dress. (is going to make)