遇到这样的句子我会开心很久：
After Galileo’s work feeling grew that there were universal laws governing the motion of bodies and that these laws might apply to motion in the heavens as well as on earth.
找出句子主干就是胜利第一步！
主干结构=句子主干+次主干！
词汇突破：work 著作
feeling 认识
universal 普遍
govern 支配
body 物体
laws 规律
apply to 应用于
as well as 也
句子主干： feeling grew （主谓结构）（没有找对的自己思过!）
句子开头的第一个独立名词为句子主语！
Feeling的同位语从句一： that there were universal laws governing the motion of bodies
Feeling的同位语从句二： these laws might apply to motion in the heavens as well as on earth. 状语：After Galileo’s work
参考译文：在伽利略著作之后，这样的认识加强了，即认为存在着支配物体运动的普遍规律，这些规律不仅适用于地球上物体的运动而且也适用于天体的运动。
今天说说中的句子：
Nowhere is the perception of growing American timidity so strong as in the Middle East. 调整到让你们容易理解的语序吧：
the perception of growing American timidity is so strong nowhere as in the Middle East.
= the perception of growing American timidity is not so strong in any place as in the Middle East. 每天一句，根本停不下来，今天继续奇葩的句子！继续找句子主干！周末了更希望看到你们的回复！过千给评论，我们一起坚持！
But the individualist approach, by attacking gender roles, denying the significance of physiological difference, and condemning existing familial institutions as hopelessly patriarchal, has often simply treated as irrelevant the family roles important to many women.
词汇突破：individualist approach 个人主义的方法
gender roles 性别角色
physiological difference 生理区别
condemn 指责
familial institutions 家庭制度
irrelevant 不相干，无关紧要
hopelessly 无可救药的，毫无希望的
patriarchal 父权制度
句子主干：the individualist approach has often simply treated the family roles as irrelevant 这个地方你需要识别出：treat的宾语是the familyroles
as irrelevant 这里做的是补语，你一定要觉得是状语也无所谓。
反正语序就应该是我写的那样的。Treat sth as„把某物当做是„; 认为某物是„;
其他成分：by attacking gender roles,
（by)denying the significance of physiologicaldifference,
and (by) condemning existing familial institutions as hopelessly patriarchal 三个并列的状语，你一定要觉得是定语其实也无所 谓，只是你要知道（ing的 动作发出者都是individualistapproach）
还有一个难点，看好了：
important to many women.句子做定语修饰前面的 family roles
family roles important to many women 对许多妇女而言非常重要的家庭角色
参考译文： 而个人主义的方法由于（by）攻击性别角色，否定生理差别的重要性， 指责现存的家庭体制是不可救药的父权制，进而简单的把对许多妇女而 言非常重要的家庭角色视为无关紧要了。
This seems a justification for neglect of those in need, and a rationalization of exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom.
主干识别: This seems a justification for neglect and arationalization
其他成分：of thosein need 定语
of exploitation 定语
of the superiority of those at the top andthe inferiority of those at the bottom 定语
翻译点拨：词汇点拨：
Justification 证明....正当
Rationalization 证明„合理
Exploitation 剥削
Superiority 优越
Inferiority 劣势，弱势
成分的点拨：
这句话的翻译难点在于不能按英文的成分来翻译，需要将英文的成分转换为中文的成分。 This seems a justification for neglect of those in need.
直接按原来成分翻译为：
这似乎是对于那些有需要的人的忽视的证明。
名词转译为动词：
这种说法似乎使我们可以很正当的去忽视那些需要帮助的人
同样的方法处理后半句：
arationalization of exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top and theinferiority of those at the bottom.
去使剥削合理化，使上层人的变得更优越，而底层人变得更加弱势。
参考译文：这种说法似乎使我们可以很正当的去忽视那些需要帮助的人，去使剥削合理化，使上层人的变得更优越，而底层人变得更加弱势。
My point is that its central consciousness—its profound understanding of class and gender as shaping influences on people’s lives—owes much to that earlier literary heritage, a heritage that, in general, has not been sufficiently valued by most contemporary literary critics.
词汇突破：central consciousness 中心思想
A owes much to B； A很大程度得益于B;
literary heritage 文学遗产
contemporary 现代的
literary critics 文学批评家
understanding of A as B 把A理解为B
断句：My point is that/ its central consciousness—its profound understanding of class and gender as shaping influences on people’s lives—owes much to that earlier literary heritage, /a heritage/ that, in general, has not been sufficiently valued by most contemporary literary critics. 主干识别：my point is that „
its central consciousness owes much to that earlier literary heritage
其他成分：两个同位语：
同位语一：
its profound understanding of class and gender as shaping influences on people’s lives 同位语二：
a heritage（ that, in general, has not been sufficiently valued by most contemporary literary critics 定语从句）
=this is a heritge
this= earlier literary heritage
参考译文：我的观点是，这种流派的中心的意识是：其深刻地认为阶级和性别对于 人们的生活有着塑造性的影响。这种意识在很大程度上得益于那个更早的文化遗产，而这个文化遗产从总体而言并没有引起当代文学评论家们足够的重视。
今天的句子绝对惊艳！
Anyone considering taking part in a work of transformation of those forms of older art which seem to us in many ways unsatisfactory , so that they should be more in turn with the changing times, and anyone who does not quail(害怕)at the prospect of seeking out new forms of expression for new materials and new building function, will find spiritual kinship ,observing Borromini.
词汇突破： Borromini 博罗里尼(的建筑)
spiritual kinship 精神上的相似性；kinship 亲属关系；血缘关系
这种逗逼般的长句子并不可怕，就是把若干个句子连接在一起，切分开独立成句就好了。 句子主干：Anyone and anyone will find spiritual kinship.
次主干：1. considering taking part in a work of transformation of those forms of older art Considering的动作发出者是Anyone
2.which seem to us in many ways unsatisfactory
which = those forms of older art
to us 状语
in many ways 状语
those forms of older art seem unsatisfactory.
3. so that they should be more in turn with the changing times
4. who does not quail(害怕)at the prospect of seeking out new forms of expression for new materials and new building function
who= anyone
5. observing Borromini
Observing 的动作发出者是anyone.
来各位亲，把这五个句子都翻译一下，然后再串起来；
先翻译2和3；
对于我们而言，旧的艺术形式从很多方面来讲都不令人满意；所以这些形式应该跟上改变的时代步伐，
再翻译1和4：
任何考虑参加变革这些形式的工作的人，任何勇于为新材料和新建筑功能探索新表现形式人，
最后翻译5 和主句：
观察一下博罗里尼的建筑，都会发现精神上的类似。
串起来就可以了：
对于我们而言，旧的艺术形式从很多方面来讲都不令人满意；所以这些形式应该跟上改变的 时代步伐，任何考虑参加变革这些形式的工作的人，任何勇于为新材料和新建筑功能探索新 表现形式人，观察一下博罗里尼的建筑，都会发现精神上的类似性。
（至于这句话到底是什么意思，其实我也不太懂，因为没有语境）
有同学还是在纠结这个句子，那我就再讲一下哦：
Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West.
如果还原为正常语序为：
1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living nowhere than in the Far West.
人口统计的数据表明：在远西地区，美国人是最渴望获得宽敞生活的。
No more„than„(no在这里就是nowhere中的no, than后面加的非句子那就是表示最高级了)
今天的句子是一个科技类的句子，单词比较复杂，但是不需要记。重点是体会一下翻译的方法。不用太纠结，翻译本来就难，慢慢积累。
The increasing complexities of microsurgery, laser technology, arthroscopy and who knows what next demand understanding and competence in techniques that require educationally sound training for the future orthopedist.
词汇突破: 这些单词不要记：
Microsurgery 显微外科；
laser technology 激光技术；
arthroscopy 关节窥镜
who knows what next 谁也不知道的未来的新技术：这是一个常见的表达，偏口语，不做正规的语法分析。
Orthopedist 整容医师
主干识别：The increasing complexities demand understanding and competence （in techniques ）
其他成分：that require educationally sound training for the future orthopedist. 定语从句 翻译点拨： 单独成句；
成分和词性的转换：为了符合中文的表达习惯，英文中的成分不一定会和中文的成分严格对应，比如定语可以转化为状语，定语也可以转化为宾语；名词
The increasing complexities of microsurgery, laser technology, arthroscopy and who knows what next
先翻of 后的内容：显微外科、激光技术、关节窥镜以及谁也不知道还要发明的什么新技术， 再翻译： The increasing complexities其日益增加的复杂性；
谓语的翻译： demand understanding and competence in techniques
这就要求（人们）理解和掌握这些技术；
that require educationally sound training for the future orthopedist.
在翻译这个定语从句为单独的一个句子：
这就要求未来的整形医师必须具备教育良好的训练
参考译文： 显微外科、激光技术、关节窥镜以及谁也不知道还要发明的什么新技术，其日益增加的复杂性要求（人们）理解和掌握这些技术，这就要求未来的整形医师必须具备教育良好的训练
"有时候，我们不是看到了希望才去坚持，而是坚持了才看到希望！”
Sometimes, it is not the hope that makes our persistence durable, but the persistence that makes our hope visible.
有人会觉得老师你这样每天都正能量满满的，肯定不是真实的你，只是你没有把你苦逼的一面展现出来而已，你肯定会有想骂人，想吐槽，想放弃的时候。
每个人都有情绪，都有不如意的时候；我确实也有，但是当我习惯了用一种方式来要求自己之后才发现原来习惯的力量是如此的强大，以致于现在这种状态就是本来的自己。你就是你想成为的那个人！慢慢的你发现你真的成为了那样的人！
今天来看看你是怎么被干掉的：
原文：Deliberate practice entails (needs) more than simply repeating a task. Rather, it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate
feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.
(concentrating as much on A as on B)
直接翻译：关注A和B一样多l
改译：既关注A也关注B
选项：Deliberate practice requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration. 对于这样的题目必须分析原文和选项的主干成分，KK在这里再次拜托大家了！
Deliberate practice involves = Deliberate practice requires 这里就是原文和选项一致的地方； 同时原文中的obtaining immediate feedback = immediate feedback
但是出题人的阴谋开始了：
后面的宾语偷偷被偷换了：
concentrating as much on technique as on outcome 绝对不等于 a high degree of concentration 啊！
前面翻译为：既关注于技术又关注于结果
后面翻译为：很高的关注度
还在靠“连连看”做题的同学是不是该醒醒了，做题的时候就拜托分析下主干结构吧！ entail = need : The work entails precision. 这工作需要精确无误。
今天去了主席的故居，伟人的足迹！时代在进步，我们会变的更好，但是不能去否定之前的伟大，critical thinking的同义词是creation，而不是谩骂；今天送主席的一句诗词给大家，当年尼克松访华的时候也引用了这句话：
So many deeds cry out to be done，and always urgently；
the world rolls on，time presses.
Ten thousand years are too long；
seize the day，seize the hour！
多少事，从来急；天地转，光阴迫。
谓语的翻译： demand understanding and competence in techniques
这就要求（人们）理解和掌握这些技术；
that require educationally sound training for the future orthopedist.
在翻译这个定语从句为单独的一个句子：
这就要求未来的整形医师必须具备教育良好的训练
参考译文： 显微外科、激光技术、关节窥镜以及谁也不知道还要发明的什么新技术，其日益增加的复杂性要求（人们）理解和掌握这些技术，这就要求未来的整形医师必须具备教育良好的训练
"有时候，我们不是看到了希望才去坚持，而是坚持了才看到希望！”
Sometimes, it is not the hope that makes our persistence durable, but the persistence that makes our hope visible.
有人会觉得老师你这样每天都正能量满满的，肯定不是真实的你，只是你没有把你苦逼的一面展现出来而已，你肯定会有想骂人，想吐槽，想放弃的时候。
每个人都有情绪，都有不如意的时候；我确实也有，但是当我习惯了用一种方式来要求自己之后才发现原来习惯的力量是如此的强大，以致于现在这种状态就是本来的自己。你就是你想成为的那个人！慢慢的你发现你真的成为了那样的人！
今天来看看你是怎么被干掉的：
原文：Deliberate practice entails (needs) more than simply repeating a task. Rather, it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate
feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.
(concentrating as much on A as on B)
直接翻译：关注A和B一样多l
改译：既关注A也关注B
选项：Deliberate practice requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration. 对于这样的题目必须分析原文和选项的主干成分，KK在这里再次拜托大家了！
Deliberate practice involves = Deliberate practice requires 这里就是原文和选项一致的地方； 同时原文中的obtaining immediate feedback = immediate feedback
但是出题人的阴谋开始了：
后面的宾语偷偷被偷换了：
concentrating as much on technique as on outcome 绝对不等于 a high degree of concentration 啊！
前面翻译为：既关注于技术又关注于结果
后面翻译为：很高的关注度
还在靠“连连看”做题的同学是不是该醒醒了，做题的时候就拜托分析下主干结构吧！ entail = need : The work entails precision. 这工作需要精确无误。
今天去了主席的故居，伟人的足迹！时代在进步，我们会变的更好，但是不能去否定之前的伟大，critical thinking的同义词是creation，而不是谩骂；今天送主席的一句诗词给大家，当年尼克松访华的时候也引用了这句话：
So many deeds cry out to be done，and always urgently；
the world rolls on，time presses.
Ten thousand years are too long；
seize the day，seize the hour！
多少事，从来急；天地转，光阴迫。
一万年太久，只争朝夕
The increase in numbers of married women employed outside the home in the twentieth century had less to do with the mechanization of house work and an increase in leisure time for these women than it did with their own economic necessity and with high marriage rates that shrank the available pool of single women workers, previously, in many cases, the only women employers would hire.
词汇突破： have to do with„ 与„有关
Economic necessity 经济需求
pool of single women workers 单身女工的资源
high marriage rates 高结婚率
主干识别： 在主干中出现了一个比较结构：
A had less to do with B and C than A did with D and E
A = The increase
B= mechanization
C= an increase
D= their own economic necessity
E= high marriage rates
并列中加不加with都是可以的；
(与其说A与BC 有关，还不如说与DE有关。)
其他成分: high marriage rates后出现定语从句
that shrank the available pool of single women workers, previously, in many cases, the only women employers would hire.
微观分析： the only women（whom） employers would hire.
The ONLY women = single women workers
同位语中加上一个定语从句其中whom被省略了。, previously, in many cases状语
参考译文： 20世纪，在家庭外被雇佣的女性人数增加了，这与其说是由于家务活的机器化和闲暇时间的增加，还不如说是由于女性自身的经济需求和由于高结婚率。正是高结婚率减少了单身女工劳动力资源的数量，而在这之前很多情况下，她们是雇主们会雇佣的唯一女性。
翻译点拨： 动态名词，单独成句，都用上了。
背诵的作文的句子！
Proficiency in anything requires a great deal of determination and self-discipline. In addition, a person’s ability to cope with frustration is also a critical factor in one’s life career.
要精通任何事情都需要极大的决心和自律精神。此外，一个人应对挫折的能力也是影响他一生事业的一个重要因素。
由于给了写作的句子就不给同学新的负担了，下面这个句子和35是一样的！温故知新！ Although it has been possible to infer from the goods and services actually produced what manufactures and servicing trades thought their customers wanted, only a study of relevant personal documents written by actual consumers will provide a precise picture of who wanted what.
词汇突破： manufactures制造商
servicing trades服务业
precise准确的
主干识别： a study will provide a precise picture.
其他成分： Although it has been possible to infer from the goods and services
actually produced what manufactures and servicing trades thought
their customers wanted （状语从句）
of relevant personal documents written by actual consumers （定语修饰study,翻译的时候不需要翻译出修饰关系）
of who wanted what.（定语修饰picture）
微观分析： it has been possible to infer what manufactures and servicing trades
thought their customers wanted （状语从句的主干，形式主语it，真的主语是： to infer„） from the goods and services actually produced（状语从句中的状语）
参考译文：尽管我们有可能从实际生产的商品和服务中推断出制造商和服务行业对于顾客需求的想法，但是只有对那些由实际的消费者所写就的相关个人记录进行研究才能精确地描述出到底是“谁”想要“什么”。
(但是只有对真正顾客所写的相关个人记录的研究才能对什么人需要什么东西提供一个精确的描述。)
翻译点拨：在我长难句的第二天课程中给出了相关动态名词的讲解，这里的study，picture我就翻译为了动词，这样就比括号里的翻译靠谱多 了。
周末涨知识了！今年阅读的命题热点，别怪我没有告诉你！
“电车难题”(Trolley problem) 也叫(trolleyology) 是伦理学领域最为知名的思想实验之一. 其经典场景是这样的：
Version 1:
You are watching a trolley speeding down a track that will kill five unsuspecting people. There is a switch that would divert the trolley on to another track where it will kill only one person. Would you throw this switch?
这周的经济学人给出了另外的一个版本：
Version 2:
Alter the scenario a bit. There is no switch. But you can push a fat man over the bridge onto the tracks to save the five. (You cannot stop the trolley by jumping yourself, only the fat man is heavy enough.) Would you do it?
研究表明：
The physical and emotional distance from the killing makes throwing the switch much more popular than throwing the man.
（今天抄这句！）
参考译文：与杀戮之间的生理和情感的距离使得“扳动一个开关”比“推一个人下去”更让人容易接受。
毕竟：Most people quail at the idea of shoving the man to his death.
文章借以上场景作为引入：
提出文章的核心观点：
When moral dilemmas are posed in a foreign language, people become more coolly utilitarian; (utilitarian实用主义)
Specifically, when people are asked the fat man question in a foreign language, they are more likely to kill him for others’ sake.
文章在最后还提出：
Meetings of international organisations like the United Nations or the European Union are often conducted in languages that are not the preferred ones of most of those attending.
国际会议，比如联合国和欧盟的会议，经常是通过大多数与会者不擅长的语言（非母语）来进行的。
Perhaps it is reassuring to think they may be more coolly rational than meetings of monoglots—unless, that is, you are the metaphorical fat man about to be pushed under a train. (抄这句）
可能，能让人感到安慰的（reassuring）是，这些会议将比那些用单一语言（monoglots）来进行的会议要更加冷静和理性。当然，除非你是那个在比喻场景中的那个即将被推下去的胖子。
解释：（ 对大多数人来讲，理性总是好的吧，但是如果你是哪个胖子，在这种理性的会议上，你就会被推下去，你就不会觉得安慰了啊。所以用了unless.)
（that is 没有实际意义，就是一种习惯用法，相当于说话时候的，额，额...)
所以文章的标题是：
Gained in translation
背景介绍：
功利主义提出的观点是，大部分道德决策都是根据“为最多的人提供最大的利益”的原则做出的。从一个功利主义者的观点来看，明显的选择应该是拉拉杆，拯救五个人只杀死一个人。但是功利主义的批判者认为，一旦拉了拉杆，你就成为一个不道德行为的同谋——你要为另一条轨道上单独的一个人的死负部分责任。然而，其他人认为，你身处这种状况下就要求你要有所作为，你的不作为将会是同等的不道德。总之，不存在完全的道德行为，这就是重点所在。许多哲学家都用电车难题作为例子来表示现实生活中的状况经常强迫一个人违背他自己的道德准则，并且还存在着没有完全道德做法的情况。
不怕万人阻挡，就怕自己投降！
有梦想才能有远方！
Our dreams are the internal powerful engine and the compass that may enable us to bring up our potential glowing capacity and to guide ourselves into the future. (写作背诵句！)
今天阅读的句子不难：
The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways.
词汇突破：dramatic 巨大的
Passionate 情绪激动的
句子切分：1. The same dramatic technological changes have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices（定语从句；that=the same dramatic technological changes)
2. The same dramatic technological changes have also increased the risk.(主句）
3. Passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways.（同位语从句）
参考译文：剧烈的技术变革使营销人员获得了数量更多、种类更广的沟通选择，但 同时也带来了更高的风险，因为激动的消费者能够以更迅速、更明显、 更有害的方式来表达他们的意见。
所以刚才太累只发了阅读的句子，但又想起了一个很好的写作的句子，现在再来给大家补上一个写作的句子。一起加油！
Opinions are furiously divided as to whether the unintended harm caused by the Internet will outweigh its benefits.
互联网所带来的意想不到的害处是否会比其带来的益处更大，人们的看法非常不同。(写作背诵句！)
今天的句子是和金融相关的句子，有一定的专业性，请同学们尽量把握！
A financial vehicle that saw the euro zone take most risk through equity,other governments a bit more through subordinated debt and private-sectorinvestors the least through senior debt is still a long shot.
词汇突破： Afinancial vehicle 融资工具和融资方式
Equity 权益
subordinated debt 次级贷
senior debt 优先款
（这样专业的名词不认识是很正常的。考场遇到了大家都不会的）
a long shot : 很少机会成功的尝试
注意：不要用字典的解释去用到翻译中，一定要根据语境来决定具体的表达。
例句：Reaching our sales goal thisquarter is a long shot because of the economy.
由于经济原因，本季度我们不太可能完成销售目标.
主干识别：Afinancial vehicle is still a long shot.
其他成分： that sawthe euro zone take most risk through equity, other governments a bit morethrough subordinated debt and private-sector investors the least through seniordebt 定语从句，that=financial vehicle 在翻译的时候一定单独成句。
翻译点拨：financialvehicle 不可能发出saw 的动作，所以不能翻译为：融资方式看见。其实就是指：融资方式是什么样子的；
the euro zone take most riskthrough equity, 后面是并列引起的省略补全后是：
other governments take a bit more through subordinated debt and
private-sector investors take the least through senior debt is stilla long shot.
翻译出来是： 欧元区通过普通股票吸收最多的风险，其他政府通过次级贷吸收稍多的风险，而私有行业的投资者则通过优先债吸收最少的风险
翻译的时候注意调整语序。
参考译文：欧元区通过普通股票吸收最多的风险，其他政府通过次级贷吸收稍多的风险，而私有行业的投资者则通过优先债吸收最少的风险，这种融资模式依然是不太可能实现的。 这个句子是GRE真题的句子，和考研句子比起来有一定难度，不过看了这样难的句子再来看考研的句子就会有俯视的感觉哦！就如现在你看四六级是不是爽很多！
The physicist rightly dreads precise argument, since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed, whereas an argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of its underlying assumptions.
词汇突破：dread vt. 害怕，担心；
Precise adj. 精确的
Whereas conj. 鉴于；然而；反之
Perturbation n. 忧虑；不安；烦恼；
n. 小的变化
主干识别：The physicist rightly dreads precise argument
物理学家正当地害怕精确的论断。
= 物理学家害怕（做出）精确的论断是正确的。
其他成分：since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed, whereas an argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of its underlying assumptions.. 状语从句
微观分析：1. since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed,
an argument loses all its force 从句中的主干
that is convincing only if it is precise 定语从句修饰argument
if the assumptions are slightly changed 状语从句
on which it is based 定语从句修饰assumptions, which 指代assumptions ;
= the argument is based on assumptions;
连在一起翻译，先翻状语从句
如果这个论断所基于的假设发生了细微变化的话，那么这个只有在精确的情况下才能有说服力的论断就会失去其全部的说服力。
=如果一个只有在精确的情况下才能有说服力的论断所基于的假设发生了细微变化的话，那么这个论断就会失去其全部的说服力
解释一下： 由于要先翻状语从句，所以先把定语从句的信息先说了，反正都是修饰同一个argument , 这样可以更通顺，更符合中文习惯。
2. whereas an argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of its underlying assumptions.
an argument may well be stable 主干
that is convincing though imprecise 定语从句
under small perturbations of its underlying assumptions. .状语
（its underlying assumptions= assumptions on which it is based这个替换牛吧！）
而一个尽管不精确但是却令人信服的论断，即使在其基于的理论发生轻微变化的时候，依旧是稳定的。
参考译文： 物理学家害怕（做出）精确的论断是正确的。因为，如果一个只有在精确的情况下才能有说服力的论断所基于的假设发生了细微变化的话，那么这个论断就会失去其全部的说服力，而一个尽管不精确但是却令人信服的论断，即使在其基于的理论发生轻微变化的时候，依旧是稳定的
一篇纽约时报的文章，被参考消息转载了，被我看到了！今年阅读甚至写作的热点。今天的句子需要背！我在车上一个字一个字打的！我给自己点赞！你看着办！
Liberal education must not limit itself to critical thinking and problem solving; it must also foster openness, participation and opportunity.
词汇突破：liberal education 素质教育
foster 培养
参考译文：素质教育不应该只局限于批判性思维和问题解决的能力。还必须培养开放的态度，参与的精神和机遇。
It should be designed to take us beyond the campus to a life of ongoing, pragmatic learning that finds inspiration in unexpected sources, and increases our capacity to understand and contribute to the world — and reshape it, and ourselves, in the process.
词汇突破：ongoing 持续的
pragmatic 实用的
reshape 重塑
句子分析：主干：
it should be designed to take us beyond the campus to a life.
其他成份：
of ongoing, pragmatic learning 定语
that finds inspiration in unexpected sources, and increases our capacity to understand and contribute to the world — and reshape it, and ourselves, in the process. 定语从句
并列动词：finds and increase
understand and contribute and reshape 并列动词
注意：逗号和破折号的用法其实是很自由的，作者很多时候为了强调一些词和短语，尤其是在并列的时候，多加一个逗号或破折号没有什么值得奇怪的，也没有太多规律可讲，所以不用纠结。
参考译文：素质教育的宗旨应当是引导我们超越校园，走向一种持续和务实的学习生活，这种学习能让我们从未知的资源中找到灵感，并增强理解世界和为世界做贡献的能力，并在这一过程中重塑这个世界和我们自己。
这是同学们最近问的很多的一个句子，再给大家解析一下！一定认真看哈！
“So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define ‘journalism’ as a
term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are.”
主干识别：Newman wrote+宾语从句
其他成分：So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism that I amtempted to define ‘journalism’ as a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are.
主干：
So few authors havebrains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism 结果状语从句：
I am tempted todefine ‘journalism’ as a term of contempt applied by writers who are not readto writers who are.
翻译点拨：词汇的处理：
brains 智慧
literary gift 文学天赋
keep one’s own endup in„在„中站住脚跟
Be tempted to 倾向于„
Journalism 新闻写作
a term of contempt轻蔑之词
主句的处理：
Newman wrote
Newman 曾写道
宾语从句的处理：
So few authors have brains enough orliterary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism 由于几乎没有作家能拥有足够的智慧或文学天赋以保证他们在新闻报纸写作中站稳脚跟” I am tempted to define ‘journalism’as a term of contempt
我倾向于把‘新闻写作’定义为一个轻蔑之词
定语的处理：
a term of contempt applied by writerswho are not read to writers who are.
a term of contempt applied by A to B
被A 用到B身上的轻蔑之词
A= writers who are not read （不被人读的作家=不受欢迎的作家）
B= writers who are （read）(被人读的作家=受欢迎的作家)
参考译文：Newman 曾写道，“由于几乎没有作家能拥有足够的智慧或文学天赋以保证他们在新闻报纸写作中站稳脚跟”，我倾向于把‘新闻写作’定义为不受读者欢迎的作家用来嘲讽受读者欢迎的作家的一个 ‘轻蔑之词’ ”
今天的航班上重新听肯尼迪总统的就职演说，可以感到那个时代的激荡和伟大： Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate.
（我不要因为恐惧而谈判，但是我们永远不要害怕谈判。）
连这样的句子看起来都是如此的隽永。虽然飞机折腾的几上几下。但是现在可以上完课后静静的一杯清茶一盏孤灯，一切安好！
Time was when biologists somewhat over worded the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on "worthless" species. 主干识别：Time was when„主系表结构
其他成分：biologists somewhat over worded the evidence 表语从句
that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, evidence的同位语从句之一
or that they prey only on "worthless" species.
evidence的同位语从句之二
翻译点拨：词汇点拨：
Game 猎物
Preserve保持
the physically weak 体弱者
prey 猎杀
somewhat或多或少
over worded 过多的提及（滥用）
成分的点拨：
Time was when= there was time when…
曾经有段时间，
同位语从句的处理：
： 或者 “即，”“也就是说„”
成分的处理：
biologists somewhat over worded the evidence
生物学家或多或少滥用了一种证据，
that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak,
即这些生物通过杀死体弱者来保持种群的健康，
or that they prey only on "worthless" species.
或者说它们仅仅捕食没有价值的物种。
参考译文：曾经有段时间，生物学家或多或少滥用了一种证据，即这些生物通过杀死体弱者
来保持种群的健康，或者说它们仅仅仅捕食没有价值的物种。
He did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning.
试着找出句子的主干哦！
句子解析：
He did not accept （动词）+ as well founded （宾补）+the charge（宾语）+
made by some of his critics （宾语的定语） that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning.(charge的同位语从句）
主干：
he did not accept the charge as well founded.（这种隔离结构你不应该陌生，就如状语放到动词和宾语之间是一样的。）
accept ： 认为
charge：指责
例子：
Can we accept his account as true ? 我们能够相信他说的是实情吗? 也可以写成：Can we accept as true his account ? 我们能够相信他说的是实情吗?
同时我们还可以在后面加上一句同位从句解释这个指责是什么：
that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning.
那么在翻译的时候我们就可以先翻译这个同位语从句，和定语，同时把charge翻译为名词： 他的一些批评者指责他虽然是一个好的观察者，但是却没有推理的能力，他不认为这些指责是有根据的。
he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning.
他的一些批评者指责他虽然是一个好的观察者，但是却没有推理的能力，他不认为这些指责是有根据的。
下面的句子知道是之前的那个句子吗？
She wished to discard the traditional methods and established vocabularies of such dance forms as ballet and to explore the internal sources of human expressiveness.
找出并列来:
词汇突破：discard 抛弃
established vocabularies 已有的词汇
expressiveness 表达
主干识别：she wished to discard... and to explore
(你找对这个并列了吗？一定要注意并列的识别。）
其他成分：宾语的并列：the traditional methods and established vocabularies
of such dance forms as ballet
参考译文：她希望抛弃掉传统的方法和那些舞蹈形式的已有词汇，比如芭蕾等，同时她也希望探索出人类表达的内在资源。（是不是看译文都看不懂啊，是的，我也看不懂，这不是你英语的问题，是这样的文章我们本来就读不懂。）
先给大家补充一个结构：
Sth comes at a cost.
(做)某事会付出代价； 某事很贵；
Finding a job comes at a cost. = Finding a job can be expensive.
（做简历花钱吧，求职的交通住宿费花钱吧，都不容易啊）
今天的句子是最新的一期经济学人上的文章，关于公司合并的，也是一共四个句子，构成一个相对完整的段落，希望同学们能不看解析就读懂。重点是把握一些熟悉单词的具体语境含义。
On May 20th AT&T, America’s second-biggest supplier of both mobile-phone and fixed-line-broadband services, agreed to buy Direct TV, the country’s leading satellite-TV distributor, for $48.5 billion in cash and shares. Two words can sum up why AT&T was so keen to buy Direct TV and why its owners were happy to sell: bundles and bulk. Telecoms and television companies everywhere are desperate to sell customers bundles of mobile telephone services, fixed lines, broadband and television, rather than individual services. Extra bulk promises extra bargaining power with programme-makers: a similar logic underlies a proposed $45 billion tie-up between America’s two biggest cable-TV companies, Comcast and Time Warner Cable (which also rank first and third in broadband).
第一句：
On May 20th AT&T, America’s second-biggest supplier of both mobile-phone and fixed-line-broadband services, agreed to buy Direct TV, the country’s leading satellite-TV distributor, for $48.5 billion in cash and shares.
参考译文：5月20日，AT&T公司，美国第二大移动通讯和固定线宽带服务供应商，同意以484亿美金的价格用现金和股票的形式收购Direct TV公司，美国国内领先的卫星电视分销商。
第二句：
Two words can sum up why AT&T was so keen to buy Direct TV and why its owners were happy to sell: bundles and bulk.
参考译文：两个单词能概括为什么AT&T公司如此热衷于收购Direct TV公司，而后者又是如此开心的出售自己：捆绑和规模（bundles and bulk）
注意：如果不懂这两个单词的语境含义就看3句和4句了）
第三句：
Telecoms and television companies everywhere are desperate to sell customers bundles of mobile telephone services, fixed lines, broadband and television, rather than individual services. 各地的通讯公司和电视服务商都急切地打包出售移动通讯服务，固定宽带业务和电视业务，而不是单独出售某一项业务。
第四句：
Extra bulk promises extra bargaining power with programme-makers: a similar logic underlies a proposed $45 billion tie-up between America’s two biggest cable-TV companies, Comcast and Time Warner Cable (which also rank first and third in broadband).
词汇突破：extra 增加的
Promise 产生，带来
Underlie 导致，带来
Tie-up 合并
参考译文：增加的规模会带来更强的与节目制造商更强的谈判实力。这一相似的逻辑也导致了美国两家最大的有线电视公司之间近450亿美金的合并议案。两家公司分别是Comcast 和Time Warner Cable，而两家公司同时也是排名第一和第三的宽带服务供应商。
We are required to look into our hearts,spark our hopes, and fire our imaginations.
我们必须关注内心，激发希望，燃烧想象。（写作背诵句）
Additional social stresses may also occurbecause of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migrationmovements—themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means oftransport.
主干识别： Additional social stresses may also occur 主谓结构
其他成分： becauseof the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements 状语
themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.同位语
翻译点拨： Additional social stresses may also occur
增加的社会压力也可能会出现。
试着解释一下：additional可以译作动词增加；主语改为social stress,
社会压力也可能会增加
（may also occur 可以略去。）
because of the population explosion or problems arising from massmigration movements 因为人口爆炸和由于大规模的人口迁移而引起的种种问题
themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.
现代交通工具使得Themselves（大规模的人口迁移）变得相对容易。
同位语可以用括号放到解释说明的名词之后。
人口爆炸和大规模的人口迁移（现代交通工具使其变得相对容易）引起的种种问题
参考译文：由于人口猛增或大量人口流动(现代交通工具使大量人口流动变得相对容易)所引起了各种问题这也增加了新的社会压力。
又是一个不错的句子。这是一位同学在空间里面留言问的问题。找出句子主干就是胜利！评论过千给解析！加油！
Even a reader skeptical of Jameson's claim that a collective political unconscious leaves evidence of itself in individual texts, which together form an uninterrupted historical-political master narrative (the "single great collective story" of Marxist struggle, in Jameson's take on things ), might be convinced by his broader argument about the persistence of allegory and allegorical interpretation.
词汇突破：詹明信（FredricJameson）西方马克思主义研究的一个美国学者
Claim 观点
Argument 观点
Marxist 马克思主义的
Allegory 寓言
a collective political unconscious 集体政治无意识
individual texts 个人文本
an uninterrupted historical-politicalmaster narrative 一个没有间断的政治历史的宏大叙事 take 看法
主干识别：a reader mightbe convinced by his broader argument.
其他成分：定语：skepticalof Jameson's claim=the reader is skeptical of Jameson's claim
Claim的同位语从句： a collective politicalunconscious leaves evidence of itself in individual texts, which together forman uninterrupted historical-political master narrative (the "single greatcollective story" of Marxist struggle, in Jameson's take on things)
Argument的定语： about the persistence of allegoryand allegorical interpretation.
进一步微观分析：acollective political unconscious leaves evidence of itself in individual texts 同位语从句的主干：
集体政治无意识也在个人文本中留下了自己的证据
whichtogether form an uninterrupted historical-political master narrative
which= 个人文本；可以从form判断出来，如果是“集体无意识”那就应该是forms; 这些文本共同构成了一个没有间断的政治历史的宏大叙事
(the"single great collective story" of Marxist struggle, in Jameson'stake on
things) 对于叙事的同位语解释
用詹明信对于事情的看法来讲，就是马克思主义斗争的单个伟大的集体故事。
about the persistence of allegory andallegorical interpretation.
寓言和寓言性解释的持续存在；
参考译文：詹明信认为集体政治无意识也在个人文本中留下了自己的证据，这些文本共同构成了一个没有间断的政治历史的宏大叙事；同时，他从更宏观的角度提出，寓言和寓言性解释持续存在；甚至对第一个观点持有怀疑态度的读者也有可能会相信他的第二个观点。 注意：我不是学西马的，我也没有这个句子的背景，他的具体观点是什么我真不知道。但对于句子的分析和理解一定要到位：
简化一下就是：
A reader skeptical of Jamison’s one idea might beconvinced by his broader argument.
昨天的句子很多同学说根本不知道在说什么，实话实说我也不知道在说什么；还有同学说考研的句子不会这么难吧，你看看12年的翻译你就知道了，其实你也不知道在说什么。你管他在说什么，只要切分对了，语法分析没错，调整好语序，就好了，至于在说什么，爱咋咋地。
Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathwaytracked through it , whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order.
主干识别：Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change.
其他成分：that are independent of the family tree or the path way tracked through it 定语从句
whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order.
并列句
翻译点拨：词汇点拨：
Chomsky乔姆斯基
Be independent of 不受„ 的影响
family tree 谱系（根据上下文可以提示大家这里是指语言的）
Greenbergian格林堡式的（合成词）
universality普遍性
co-dependencies相互依存
whereas但是
成分的处理：
先翻主句：
Chomsky’sgrammar should show patterns of language change
乔姆斯基的语法应该显示出语言变化的模式
再将定语从句单独成句：
thatare independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it
这些模式不受语言谱系或贯穿谱系路径的影响；
whereasGreenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particulartypes of word-order
但是格林堡式的普遍性预测了特定的词序类型间紧密（strong）的依存性
这是2011年英语二的翻译真题。15分满分。
考研的同学不要在四六的的最后冲刺上花太多的时间，不要打乱你的复习规划，重要的是保持自己的节奏。我与你们同在！
Who would have thought that, globally, the IT industry produces about the same volume of greenhouse gases as the world’sairlines do---roughly 2 percent of all C02 emissions?
Many everyday tasks take a surprising tollon the environment. A Google search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of C02,depending on how many attempts are needed to get the “right” answer. To deliver results to its users quickly,then, Google has to maintain vast data centers around the world, packed withpowerful computers. While producing large quantities of C02, these computersemit a great deal of heat, so the centers need to be well air-conditioned, whichuses even more energy?
However, Google and other big techproviders monitor their efficiency closely and make improvements. Monitoring isthe first step on the road to reduction, but there is much more to be done, andnot just by big companies.
第一句：
Who would have thought that, globally, theIT industry produces about the same volume of greenhouse gases as the world’sairlines do---roughly 2 percent of all C02 emissions?
解析：1.其中的难点来自于globally 这个状语到底放在那里比较合适，这里只有通过语义进行判断；
2.---roughly 2 percent of all C02 emissions作之前the same volume 的同位语
参考译文：谁能想到信息技术行业产生的温室气体总量会与航空业不相上下，约占全球二氧化碳排放量的2%?
第二句：
Many everyday tasks take a surprising tollon the environment.
解析：1.对于toll 的理解：
Thehailstone took a heavy toll of the crops in our village last night.
昨晚那场冰雹损坏了我们村的庄稼。
Take a toll „ 对„造成伤害；
2. 根据上下文可以在这里加上定语，信息技术行业中的许多日常工作；
参考译文：（信息技术行业的）许多日常工作对环境造成了意想不到的危害。
第三句：
A Google search can leak between 0.2 and7.0 grams of C02, depending on how many attempts are needed to get the “right”answer.
解析： dependingon„取决于„前面有一个范围，所以这里可以在翻译的时候加上：（具体的数值）取决于„
Attempts 这里可以赋予具体的含义：搜索
参考译文：每用谷歌搜索一次就会释放出0.2克至7.0克的二氧化碳，具体的数值取决于使用者需要搜索多少次才能得到“正确”答案。
第四句：
To deliver results to its users quickly,then, Google has to maintain vast data centers around the world, packed withpowerful computers.
解析：To deliverresults to its users quickly, 状语
packed with powerful computers. 状语
参考译文：为了把搜索结果迅速传输给用户，谷歌不得不在全世界范围内建立大型数据中心，并配备大功率计算机。除了排放大量二氧化碳，这些计算机还释放许多热量，因此数据中心还需要良好的空调环境，而这又会更多的能量。
第五句：
While producing large quantities of C02,these computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centers need to be wellair-conditioned, which uses even more energy?
解析：while :与此同时；在翻译的时候可以处理为:除了„
(在英语一的翻译中，我们经常见到的while表示转折的意思，KK 多次给大家提到的哦：) 参考译文：排放大量二氧化碳，这些计算机还释放许多热量，因此数据中心还需要良好的空调环境，而这又会消耗更多的能量。
第六句：
However, Google and other big tech providers monitortheir efficiency closely and make improvements.
参考译文：不过，谷歌和其他大型技术供应商已在密切监控其数据中心作效率并做出改进。 第七句：
Monitoring is the first step on the road toreduction, but there is much more to be done, and not just by big companies.
参考译文：监控只是减排的第一步，需要做的还有多，而且这不单单是大公司的事情。 刚来空间的新朋友，你可以一天两句的跟上就可以了！一切都来的及！
But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities ofthe news media.
主干识别：the idea restson an understanding
其他成分：the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen 同位语从句
of the established conventions and special responsibilities of thenews media.
定语
翻译点拨：词汇点拨：
rests on 基于„
established conventions 已确立的传统（规定/习俗）
成分的点拨：
先翻译同位语从句：
thejournalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen
新闻记者应比普通公民更加深刻（透彻）地了解法律
再翻主句：
主句中定语和宾语的处理：
an understanding of the established conventions and specialresponsibilities of the news media. 对于新闻媒体中已确立的传统和特殊责任的理解
根据语义可以确定of the newsmedia.修饰theestablished conventions and special responsibilities
参考译文：新闻记者应比普通公民更加透彻地了解法律，而这种看法是基于对新闻媒体中已确立的传统（规定）和特殊责任的理解。
Amid the recriminations and broken treaties after the failure of the European Union’s biggest economic project, wild currency swings between those in the core and those in the periphery would almost certainly bring the single market to a shuddering halt.
【词汇突破】recriminations相互指责，吵架； 反诉； 揭丑；
例句：Their relationship deteriorates into an endless cycle of squabbling , jealousy and recriminations.
他们的关系陷入争吵、嫉妒、指责的恶性循环
Treaty 合约和条约；
Periphery边缘； 圆周； 外围； 边缘地带
Shuddering发抖的，震动的
Halt 停止
【主干识别】wild currency swings would bring the single market to a shuddering halt.
【其他成分】Amid the recriminations and broken treaties after the failure of the European Union’s biggest economic project, 状语
between those in the core and those in the periphery定语
【微观解析】介词短语：介词Amid +名词1the recriminations and名词2 broken treaties 介词短语中的定语 after the failure of the European Union’s biggest economic project,
【难点揭秘】长状语置于句首造成主干识别的困难，主语过长造成了翻译的难点。
【译文赏析】在欧盟最大的经济计划破产后的一片指责和违约之中，货币在欧盟核心国家和边缘国家中肆意动荡，这足以使欧元区的单一市场走向毁灭。
【翻译点拨】将主语wild currency swings between those in the core and those in the periphery翻译为一个句子将名词swings 转译为动词。
从明天开始吧！
The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data.
主干识别：这是一个带有结果状语从句的系表结构，主句系表结构的框架为：
The „languages were so different from.. that „各种语言是如此的不同，以至于„„
其他成分：结果状语：some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data.一些学者甚至指责Boas 和Sapir编造了他们的资料
定语：The newly described languages 这些新近被描述的语言
介词from 的宾语：the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia 经过充分研究的欧洲和东南亚的语言
翻译点拨: 翻译此句的关键在于掌握结构原文的so ... that „（如此„以至于）结构； accused sb. of sth. (指责／谴责某人作了某事)，
fabricating（捏造, 伪造, 虚构），
The newly described（这些新近被描述的），
strikingly different（显著的不同），
the well studied languages（经过充分研究的各种语言）的准确译法。
此句难点有三处：
1） strikingly different 差别显著
许多人不理解strikingly，要么不译，要么错译为“严格不同”，“完全差别”。
2） so„that (如此„) 以至于
由于so„that间隔长，有的考生看不道这一句法结构，错把that后的从句当作South Asia的定语，译文语义混乱。
3） fabricating 编造
这个词许多人不认识，错译为 “构造”，“修饰”，“弄错”或“修改”。
参考译文： 这些新近被描述的各种语言与经过充分研究的欧洲和东南亚的语言是如此的显著的不同，以至于一些学者甚至指责Boas 和Sapir编造了他们的资料。
In the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization-with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed-was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so.
主干识别： the process of industrialization was spread over nearly a century
并列句由whereas引导主干：
a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so.
其他成分： In the early industrialized countries of Europe 状语
with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed状语
翻译点拨： 词汇处理：
industrialized countries 工业化国家
the process of industrialization 工业化进程，工业化过程
with ...that followed 随„„而来的，以及
far-reaching changes 深刻的变革，影响深远的变化
social patterns 社会结构
spread over 持续，延续
nearly a century 大约(将近、几乎)一个世纪
a developing nation 一个发展中国家
undergo 经历
in a decade or so 在10年左右的时间
whereas 但是
参考译文： 在先期实现工业化的欧洲国家里，其工业化进程以及随之而来的各种深刻的社会结构变革持续了大约一个世纪，而如今一个发展中国家在10年左右的时间内就可以完成同样的过程。特别补充： 表示观点的单词的翻译：
believe（相信，认为）、claim（声称，宣称）、assert（断言）、maintain（维持，保持，坚持认为，主张）；set（陈述，认为）；depict（描 述，说明）prove（证明）；demonstrate（说明，表明）、validate（证明，证实）、contend（坚持说）、point out（指出）、as sb put it（正 如某人所提出，指出）、be convinced that（相信，确信）、accept（接受）、acquire（获得、获取）、add（补充，说明） account （认识， 说明）
我们能做的只有坚持！
However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascinating and delightful aspects.
主干识别：the world is so made
其他成分：that elegant systems are unable to deal with some of the world's more fascination and delightful aspects. 结果状语从句主干
in principle 状语
some of the world's more fascinating and delightful都是定语，修饰名词aspects
翻译点拨：这句话句子结构不难主要是对词的处理：
1.the world is so made直译“世界就是这样构成的”，意译“世界就是如此”。
2.elegant systems elegant大纲解释为“优雅的，优美的，精致的”，这些词义与system(体系、系统)都不能搭配，所以引申为“完美的”。注意下 列例子中elegant的翻译：
elegant manners优雅的风度
an elegant dress漂亮雅致的女服
a set of books with elegant bindings一套装帧精美的书籍
a life of elegant ease优裕闲适的生活
an elegant style of writing优雅的文体
an elegant piece of reasoning简要明确的论证
an elegant wine上等好酒
3.in principle惯用法，意为“原则上，基本上，大体上，在理论上”。
例如：
We agree in principle but we dislike your methods.
我们原则上同意，但我们不喜欢你使用的方法。
There's no reason in principle why man shouldn't one day travel to the most distant stars. 从理论上讲，没有理由认为人类不可能在将来的某一天飞向遥远的星球。
4.deal with...aspects按照搭配原则译为“解决/处理„问题”。
注意：aspects的词义定位一定要以deal with为依据。
参考译文：然而，世界就是如此，完美的体系一般而言是无法解决/处理世界上某些更加引人入胜和令人愉悦的问题的。
今天的句子是《时文精析》上面的。
IF you are a suspicious type you may bedisturbed by the fact that, despite reassurances of the safety of the procedure, dentists and their technicians, when administering X-rays, usuallystep out of the room while the deed is done.
词汇突破：suspicious多疑
Reassurances
字典含义是：消除恐惧或疑虑；恢复信心；放心；
英语解释是：remove sb's fears or doubts; make sb confident again
在这个语境中还是愿意翻译为： 再次确认，再次保证
Administering 实施
Dentists 牙医
主干识别：you maybe disturbed by the fact
其他成分：状语从句：IF youare a suspicious type
同位语从句：, despite reassurances of the safety of the procedure, dentists andtheir technicians, when administering X-rays, usually step out of the roomwhile the deed is done.
参考译文： 如果你是多疑的人，你可能会由于下面的事实而感到不安：尽管一再地保证治疗过程是安全的，在实施X射线治疗的时候，牙医和技术人员通常会在进行治疗时走出房间。 真题的句子！
真题为王！！！
Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools.
【词汇突破】hypocritical 虚伪的；
spectacles 景象
ample 充足的
radical 激进的，根本的
journalist 记者，新闻工作者
advocate 支持
participatory democracy 参与制民主
enrolled in 注册入学，入伍
【主干识别】we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles 主谓结构的被动态
【其他成分】 which now more than ever seem in ample supply 定语从句修饰spectacles；“：”之后列出三种虚伪的景象的代表人物，举例说明。
【微观解析】定语从句还原为一个完整的句子：The spectacles now more than ever seem in ample supply.其主干为：The spectacles seem in ample supply；now more than ever为状语。代表人物一 the critic of American materialism（美国物质主义的批评者） with a Southampton summer home;（其拥有南安普顿的避暑山庄）；代表人物二 the publisher of radical books（激进书刊的出版者）who takes his meals in three-star restaurants，定语从句讲他们却在三星级酒店就餐（因为激进主义者往往是最求生活极简的）；代表人物三 the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life（支持在人生的各个阶段推崇参与制民主的记者）whose own children are enrolled in private schools定语从句讲他们自己的孩子却在私立学校上学（私立学校的教育是精英制的，而参与制民主是需要和大众贴近的）。
【难点揭秘】冒号后并列的三个部分就是三个名词后面接上比较长的定语修饰，这样就造成了阅读的困难；
【译文赏析】相反，我们看到了这些非常虚伪的景象，他们似乎比以前的任何时候都更多见：批判美国式物质主义的人却拥有位于南安普顿的避暑山庄：激进书籍的出版商却在三星级餐厅享用一日三餐；倡导在人生各个阶段实施参与式民主的记者，他的子女却就读于私立学校。
【翻译点拨】we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles如果直接翻译那就是：我们被招待了很好的虚伪景象；这样的说法并不符合中文的习惯，中文是多主动，英语多被动，因此句子转译为：我们看到了这些非常虚伪的景象fine 处理为非常。
这是经济学人最新的文章；Technology Quarterly 是一个很有特色的栏目，也是出题人的最爱；
这个一篇关于网络安全的文章。
But with online security frequently breached and personal data plundered, Mr Balkan is not alone in thinking there will be a big market for privacy products. Other new ventures are meant to appeal to an audience believed to have grown indignant at the gathering of personal data for
commercial purposes by industry giants like Google and Facebook.
词汇突破：breach 破坏
Plunder 窃取
Venture 企业
Appeal to 吸引
句子解析：第一句：
句子主干：Mr Balkan is not alone
状语一：online security frequently breached（独立主格）
状语二：personal data plundered （独立主格）
状语三：in thinking there will be a big market for privacy products
参考译文：由于网络安全经常被破坏，个人数据经常被窃取，所以不只是Mr Balkan一个人认为保护隐私类的产品将会有巨大的市场。
第二句：
句子主干：Other new ventures are meant to appeal to an audience
an audience的定语： believed to have grown indignant at the gathering of personal data for commercial purposes by industry giants like Google and Facebook.
微观解析：believed to have grown indignant at„
参考译文：其他一些新的企业，也准备去吸引这样一些用户，大家认为这些用户对于一些行业巨头如谷歌和Facebook出于商业目的收集用户个人数据的行为越来越愤怒。
翻译点拨： an audience believed to have grown indignant at „
死译：一些听众被认为是对于„越来越愤怒.
直译：大家认为这些这些用户对于„越来越愤怒
In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.
主干识别：the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community
（the non-commercial tree species are） to be preserved as such
其他成分： In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced状语
within reason状语
翻译点拨： 词汇点拨：
Ecologically生态
non-commercial tree species 没有商业价值的树种（非经济类树种）
native forest community 当地森林群落
as such 相应的
within reason 在合理的范围之内
例句：The Clinton campaign has been low in expectations all day and it seems within reason. 克林顿竞选团已经放低了他们这些天的期望,看起来是有道理的.
Preserved 保护
成分点拨：
先翻状语1：
In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced
在林业生态更为发达的欧洲，
（将ecologically转译为名词）
再翻主句和状语：
the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community 没有商业价值的树种被合理地看成是当地森林群落的成员
to be preserved as such
并得到了相应的保护
参考译文： 在林业生态更为发达的欧洲，没有商业价值的树种被合理地看成是当地森林群落的成员，并得到相应的保护。
惊艳的句子！
Human history began when the inheritance of genetics and behavior which had until then provided the only way of dominating the environment was first broken through by conscious choice.
词汇突破：1.Inheritancen. 继承；遗传；遗产
2.Genetics n.遗传，遗传学
例句：Smoking, rather than genetics,was the cause of his early demise.
导致他英年早逝的原因是吸烟而非遗传
3.dominating 支配
4.broken through 打破
5. conscious 有意识的
6. until then 直到那时；（在句子有时也可以处理为：一直）
主干识别：Human history began
其他成分：when the inheritance of genetics and behavior which had until then provided the only way of dominating the environment was first broken through by
conscious choice.
状语从句
微观分析： 状语从句主干：
theinheritance of genetics and behavior was first broken through by consciouschoice
定语从句：
Which（=the inheritance of genetics andbehavior） had untilthen provided the only way of dominating the environment
翻译点拨： 刚才的分析就是我们在翻译的课堂上常讲的第一步：句子结构分析，保证句子理解的正确性。
到了第二步我们就不能按英语的结构来翻译了，就应该按照中文的表达习惯来翻译了。具体的讲就是：每个过长部分都可以单独成句；然后按中文语序排列；
刚才的句子可以翻译为三个句子：
1. Human history began
人类历史开始了
2. when the inheritance of genetics and behaviorwas first broken through by conscious choice 当遗传和行为的继承第一次被有意识的选择打破的时候
3. Which（=the inheritance of genetics andbehavior） had untilthen provided the only way of dominating the environment
遗传和行为的继承一直提供了唯一支配环境的方式
=遗传和行为的继承一直是支配环境的唯一方式。
大家会发现这个句子按照321的顺序会很通顺，因为符合中文时间顺序的表达习惯：
参考译文：遗传和行为的继承一直是支配环境的唯一方式，当这种继承第一次被有意识的选
择打破时，人类的历史就开始了。
比较一下：当那种一直是支配环境的惟一发式的遗传和行为的继承第一次被有意识的选择打破时，人类历史便开始了。（这种翻法就弱爆了！）
It （谬论）applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources，and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.
主干识别：It applies equally to traditional historians and to social science historians
其他成分：who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources定语 who equate their activity with specific techniques.定语
翻译点拨：词的处理
Applies 适用于„,
特别主义：
当说某物适用于人的时候，可以转译为：人会采取某物或者人运用某物；
traditional historians 传统历史学家，历史传统派
view history as 把历史看作是
sources 源泉，引申为史料来源
social science historians 社会科学历史学家，历史社科派
their activity 活动，引申为历史学研究活动，历史研究
equate... with 把„„等同于，认为„„是
specific techniques 具体方法
对于过长的定语可以采取单独成句的翻译方法
两个定语翻译为：
传统历史学家认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论，
社会科学历史学家认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究。
参考译文：传统历史学家认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论，社会科学历史学家认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究，这种谬论同样适用于他们（他们同样持有这样的谬论）
今天的句子是一个科技类的句子，也是长难句书上的。也是之前的89句，多巩固！单词比较复杂，但是不需要记。重点是体会一下翻译的方法。不用太纠结，翻译本来就难，慢慢积累。
The increasing complexities of microsurgery, laser technology, arthroscopy and
who knows what next demand understanding and competence in techniques that require educationally sound training for the future orthopedist.
词汇突破: 这些单词不要记：
Microsurgery 显微外科；lasertechnology 激光技术；arthroscopy 关节窥镜
who knows what next 谁也不知道的未来的新技术：这是一个常见的表达，偏口语，不做正规的语法分析。
Orthopedist 整容医师
主干识别：The increasing complexities demandunderstanding and competence （in techniques ） 其他成分： that require educationallysound training for the future orthopedist. 定语从句 翻译点拨：单独成句；
成分和词性的转换：为了符合中文的表达，英文中的成分不一定会和中文的成分严格对应，
比如定语可以转化为状语，定语也可以转化为宾语；名词
The increasing complexities ofmicrosurgery, laser technology, arthroscopy and who knows what next
先翻of 后的内容：显微外科、激光技术、关节窥镜以及谁也不知道还要发明的什么新技术， 再翻译：The increasing complexities其日益增加的复杂性；
谓语的翻译：demand understanding and competence intechniques
这就要求（人们）理解和掌握这些技术；
that require educationally soundtraining for the future orthopedist.
在翻译这个定语从句为单独的一个句子：
这就要求未来的整形医师必须具备教育良好的训练
参考译文：显微外科、激光技术、关节窥镜以及谁也不知道还要发明的什么新技术，其日益增加的复杂性要求（人们）理解和掌握这些技术，这就要求未来的整形医师必须具备教育良好的训练
经济学人上的文章，分析男性为什么比女性更弱。和2000年的第二篇文章话题类似。还是老规矩，评论过千给解析。大家可以练习一下书写的速度和工整度的统一了。
WHY past generations regarded women as the weaker sex is a mystery to anyone who has examined the question objectively, for they are far stronger than men—outliving them in pretty well every society in the world. Partly that is because men are more violent, and their violence is largely directed at other men. But partly it is physiological. Men seem to wear out faster than women do. Yet no one knows why.
词汇突破：pretty well=almost
directed at 针对
wear out 消耗
physiological 生理的
参考译文：过去，人们认为女性是更弱势的性别。对于任何客观的研究过这个问题 的人而言，人们为什么这样认为还是个迷。因为女性要比男性强太多，在这个世界上几乎每个社会中，女性寿命都要比男性长。人们之所以这样认为，部分是由于男性要更暴力。而且他们的暴力大部分是针对其他男性的。这也部分是因为生理的因素。男性精力似乎比女性消耗的快。 但是没有人知道是为什么。
Madeleine Beekman of the University of Sydney, Australia, and her colleagues, however, have a hypothesis. As they outline in a paper in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, they think at least some of the blame lies with subcellular structures called mitochondria (pictured), which provide the body with its power by burning glucose and using the energy thus released to make ATP, a molecule that is biology’s universal fuel.
词汇突破：subcellular structures 亚细胞结构
Mitochondria 粒腺体（线粒体）
Glucose 葡萄糖
ＡＴＰ 三磷酸腺苷
以上的单词不用记。
下面这个表达一定要掌握：
some of the blame lies with A; A 是部分原因；
outline 指出
hypothesis 假说
参考译文：但是，澳大利亚悉尼大学Madeleine Beekman同事一起提出一种假说。他们在英国皇家学会哲学学报发表的一篇论文中指出，亚细胞结构，也就是粒腺体是造成这一现象的部分原因。粒腺体通过燃烧葡萄糖为机体提供能量，并利用该能量释放三磷腺苷，三磷腺苷是生物界普遍的燃料。
四六级作文到底会考什么？
四六级考试的作文题目无非就是两类：
第一．和自己发展有关的个人成长成功话题；
第二．和社会现象相关的学校社会热点话题；
而四六级的写作结构很固定：
第一段：引出话题（对于图画描述）
第二段：阐释话题
第三段：总结话题
第一类话题需要大家说自己的认识，其实就是喊出一些无用的口号，并且的变了方的把这些口号喊的比较复杂，人在成长成功过程中的品质通常包括了：
某种品质对成功很重要:
可能出现的主题词：
顺境与逆境( Favorable Circumstances and adverse Circumstances)
勤奋（diligence; painstaking work）
谨慎和坚毅（prudence and determination）
热情和乐观（, enthusiasm and optimism）
博学和求知（learnedness and seeking knowledge/pursuit of knowledge）
绝望和坚持（Frustration and perseverance）
独立性问(independence)
感恩(gratitude)
创新( creation and innovation)
鼓励 (encouragement)
自满和谦逊 （self-satisfied and modest）
合作（cooperation）等：注意替换主题词就可以了.
All in all, by cooperation among each other, we will be able to explore a wider world and reach further horizon. Furthermore, whatever difficulty or situation we are confronted with, those who have the spirit of cooperation and team work are nearer to success. Just as John Adams, the second U.S. president quoted from the ancient Greek Aesop’s Fables,“United we stand, divided we fall.”
自信：(confidence)
(可以把独立换成考场上需要你写的主题词，比如，the spirit of impendence等)
社会和学校话题：
对于学校社会话题同样是喊出口号，分析利弊，不可能写出太多实质的话题：
常见的话题：
1． 资源保护(Energy and Resource Saving)环境保护( Environmental protection)
低碳环保（low-carbon life）旅游对环境的影响（
2． 人口增长(The growth of China’s population)
3． 社会保障问题(Social security fund)
4． 假冒伪劣产品问题( Counterfeits and unqualified products)食品安全(food safety)
5． 消费者权益保护问题( The protection of consumers rights and interests)
6． 社会诚信的缺失 （Honest is the best policy . It pays to be honest.）
It is not hard to notice that without honesty/credibility, hardly can individuals or organizations make money, take profits, let alone obtain wealth in the long term, especially in this fiercely competitive modern world, I argue.
我认为，不难发现，要是没有诚信在这样一个竞争激烈的现代社会中，从长期来看个人和组织是很难赚到钱，赚到利润的，更不必说获得财富了。
7. 知识产权保护问题（Intellectual Property protection. No plagiarizing）
8． 微博和微信的强势崛起（ The rise of the WeiBo,Wechat ）
9． 传统文化的传播（traditional Chinese culture）
It is my view that national culture as priceless spiritual treasure should be preserved and cherished. Meanwhile, there are good reasons to advocate international culture. While global economic integration has fostered thorough cultural interchanges, it is multiculturalism that essentially makes the society and its people diverse, colorful, vigorous and open-minded. Nevertheless, certainly, when we are confronted with a different culture, we should be sensible enough to absorb its essence and to resist its dark side. Only in this way can we promote cultural development positively and make our world dimensional, colorful and vigorous.
孝敬父母（caring parents ）(filial piety)
Only in a reasonable, prosperous and healthy atmosphere can we hope to witness the ideal scene in which our parents can enjoy their life to the uttermost.
10． 提高学生的身体素质（ physical exercise build a strong body and relieve pressure and keep a pleasant mood）
11． 大学生的就业（ sticking to our own choice of following our parent’s arrangement ） Only in a reasonable, prosperous and healthy atmosphere can we hope to witness the ideal scene in which our graduates can enjoy their careers to the uttermost.
12． 大学城的建造（the construction of university town）
Only in a reasonable, prosperous and healthy atmosphere can we hope to witness the ideal scene in which our students can enjoy their study to the uttermost.
先谈社会话题：
负面的话题无非要涉及解决的问题，正面话题就是展望未来，现在送大家一些在考研和四六级中正负面话题都能用的表达：
The general public is supposed to enhance their awareness that
大众需要提升对于„的意识是，
In view of the complexity of such a topic, we must treat it socially, economically and culturally. 考虑到话题的复杂性，我们必须从社会，经济和文化角度来对待这个话题。
In a sense, it is not why sth. exists in today’s world but what we should do to cope with it. 总之，不是讨论为什么在今天的世界会存在这种话题，而在于我们应该怎么去应对他。 文章最后一定能用到的表达：
In view of the importance and the complexity of such a positive/negative phenomenon, we must treat it socially, economically and culturally and maintain it the very force that has driven our society/或 life forward. Only in a reasonable, prosperous and healthy atmosphere can we hope to witness the ideal scene in which people can enjoy their life to the uttermost./或in which student can enjoy their study to the uttermost.
特别警惕，四六级还可以出一些应用文作为考察的对象，这里附上一篇欢迎辞； My dear new friends,
You are welcomed to join in our English club. I am very glad that you will be a part of our fantastic club. Established in 2001, our club has celebrated her 10th birthday. In the past ten years, a lot of interesting activities have been designed and organized. Our most famous activities include talk shows, speech competition and role play competition. In our club, you will have ample opportunities to enjoy English movies, meet foreign friends and of course practice your oral English with them. I am sure you will enjoy happy moments in our club and make progress in your English learning.
Do animals have rights? This is how the question is usually put. It sounds like a useful，ground-clearing way to start.Actually，it isn't，because it assumes that there is anagreed account of human rights，which is something the world does not have.
词汇突破：account 看法
Put (常用于观点的表达)
主干识别：it isn't
其他成分：Actually，状语
because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights，which is something the world does not have.状语从句
微观分析：it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights 状语从句的主句 which is something the world does not have 状语从句中的定语从句
翻译点拨：当翻译的句子中出现指代的时候有时需要往前找到指代的对象，并翻译出来，以语义是否通顺为标准。
it指代前面的句子可以翻译为：这种说法，isn't后面省略了so或true
这种说法并不对/情况并不是这样的
第二个it 也是指代it:这种说法认为
an agreed account 约定的看法，共同的认识
an agreed account of human rights 关于人权的约定的认识
which is something the world does not have.这个认识是世界上没有的。
参考译文： （1）这种说法是不对的，因为这种说法认为存在着一种被大家认同的关于人权的看法，而这种共识其实是不存在的。
（2） 事实并非如此，因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有共同的认识为基础的，而这种共同认识并不存在。
考研的同学们不要忘了我们的目标是什么。继续努力就好！只要坚持就没有我们去不了的地方！
On the other, it（discipline这一学科） links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news.
主干识别：it links these concepts to everyday realities
其他成分：in a manner 状语
which is parallel to the links 定语从句
journalists forge 定语从句修饰links
on a daily basis 状语
as they cover and comment on the news 状语
翻译点拨：这个句子由于层次比较复杂，单词虽然简单但是具体赋予中文含义的时候会有一定的难度。
词汇的点拨：
Everyday realities 每天的事实 （日常事实）
Be parallel to 与„相平行（与„相似）
Forge 建立
Forge link 建立联系
Cover news 报道新闻
初步翻译：
另一方面，这个学科把这些概念和日常事实联系起来，以这样一种方式来联系，这种方式类似于新闻记者建立起来的联系，在每天的基础上，当他们报道和评论新闻时。
这样的初步翻译肯定是不行的是需要改进的：
首先可以将: On a daily basis简化翻译为：每天= everyday
后半句可以改为：
这种方式与新闻记者每天报道和评论新闻时建立起来的联系是相似的。
翻译到这里很多考区可以拿满分，但是仔细一点解释就可以知道：
新闻记者在报道和评论新闻的时候建立的联系就是和日常事实建立的联系。
所以这个学科和做法和新闻报道的做法是相似的。
这样在翻译的时候就是可以将平行并列的部分简化的。
参考译文：另一方面，这一学科吧这些概念和日常事实结合在一起，这与新闻记者每天报道和评论新闻时的做法是相似的。
今天的句子很短，但是却代表了一种类型的句子一定好好的仔细看！这是一个GMAT的句子，考研真题很多思路与GMAT的思路很像。今天很多同学都看了基础测评的课程了吧，上了的同学说句话哦，谢谢！
Consequently, nothing seems good or normal that does not accord with the requirements of the free market.
刚一看这个句子的时候有同学会感觉到不习惯，看看这个句子先：
The sun rises that looks beautiful.
其实在本质上是一样的，关键在切分句子为句子主干和次主干，再来理清楚各自之间的关系： The sun rises that looks beautiful.
切分：
The sun rises;
The sun looks beautiful;
所以刚才的句子就是：
Consequently, nothing seems good or normal；
that does not accord with the requirements of the free market；
第二句分句在修饰nothing：
直接翻译:
没有任何不符合自由市场要求的东西看上去是好的或正常的。
转译：
任何不符合自由市场要求的东西看上去都是不好的或不正常的；
只有符合自由市场要求的东西看上去才是好的和正常的；
双重否定的句子还是很多的：
The problem is that the compound（化合物） has mixed effects in the brain, a not unusual occurrence（现象） with psychoactive drug(精神刺激类药物).
参考译文:问题在于这种化合物对于大脑有混合的作用。这对于精神刺激类药物而言是常见的事情。
在暑期的强化中我也会帮到大家的，毕竟我们只讲了细节题和态度题。
这个句子是真题的句子，长难句上也有，你熟悉吗？
For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the 80’s, down-shifting in the mid 90s is not so much a search for the mythical good life--growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into a simpler, less materialistic lifestyle --as a personal recognition of your limitations.
【主干识别】 Down-shifting in the mid- 90s is not so much a search for the mythical good lift as a personal recognition of your limitations.
【难点揭秘】not so(as) much„as 这个比较结构的理解通常理解为：与其说，不如说；例如：He was not so much angry as disappointed.（他与其说愤怒不如说失望。）
【其他成分】For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the 80’s介词短语作状语；growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one同位语；as a personal recognition of your limitations状语。
【微观解析】for 介词 the women of my generation名词 who were urged to keep juggling through the 80’s定语从句修饰the women of my generation。
【译文赏析】对于我这一代曾在整个80年代为生活奔波的女人来说，90年代中期出现的归隐恬退与其说是我们寻求一种神话般的美好生活（用有机肥种植蔬菜，并且冒险去过一种更加简单和更少物质的生活方式）不如说是我们清醒地认识到自身能力是有限的。
The second effort , by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality，identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints.
主干识别：The second effort , by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality
其他成分：identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints. 状语
翻译点拨：词汇点拨：
empirical approach 经验主义的方法
universality 普遍性（这里是指语言的）
biases 歧视和倾向
cognitive constraints 认知限制
成分点拨：
The second effort , by Joshua Greenberg, 主语可单独成句
第二次努力是由乔舒亚.格林堡做出的，
takes a more empirical approach to universality
这一次她采取了采用更为经验主义的方法来（研究）语言的普遍性，
“加上研究二字使翻译更通顺，用到了增词的方法，在介词短语中可以增加动词”
identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints.
确定了多种语言（尤其是语法词序方面）的共同特征，这些特征被认为是代表了由认知限制产生的倾向。
“将状语单独成句，定语从句单独成句，符合我们翻译的原则，那个部成分长了咱就从哪里下手!”
参考译文： 第二次努力是由乔舒亚.格林堡做出的，她这次采用更为经验主义的方法来研究语言的普遍性，确定了多种语言（尤其是语法词序方面）的共同特征，这些特征被认为是代表了由认知限制产生的倾向。
下面是奥巴马就职演讲，对于这个人我很不喜欢，但是他的就职演说词是近十年来最精彩的演说，很多词句可以学习！重点是第二句！
If there is anyone out there who still doubts that America is a place where all things are possible, who still wonders if the dream of our founders is alive in our time, who still questions the power of our democracy, tonight is your answer.
如果还有人仍在怀疑美国是否是一个一切皆有可能的国度的话，如果还有人仍在疑虑我们美国的缔造者的梦想是否还存在于我们这个时代的话，如果还有人仍在质疑我们民主的力量的话，今晚你就可以得到答案。
It's the answer that led those who've been told for so long by so many to be cynical and fearful and doubtful about what we can achieve to put their hands on the arc of history and bend it once more toward the hope of a better day.
切分：
It's the answer/ that led those/ who've been told for so long by so many to be cynical and fearful and doubtful about what we can achieve /to put their hands on the arc of history /and bend it once more toward the hope of a better day.
句子主干提取：
It’s the answer.
你也可以理解为强调句！！！
第一个定语从句：
that led those to put their hands on the arc of history and bend it once more toward the hope of a better day.
第二个定语从句：
who've been told for so long by so many to be cynical and fearful and doubtful about what we can achieve.
在翻译的时候这里先翻第二个定语从句，再翻主干，再翻第一个定语从句，这样符合中文表达的习惯逻辑。
第二个定语从句：
长久以来，一些人一再受到很多人的告诫，要对我们所能取得的成绩要持有讽刺、担忧和怀疑的态度。
主句:
今夜就是给他们的答案；
第一个定语从句：
这个答案可以让他们伸出双手去把握历史的弧线，再次让它再次转向充满希望的美好明天。 大家要把主干理解为强调句也是可以的！不改变语义！
The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years
ago，and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.
词汇突破：in evolution 在演化中
formulated 阐述；表述；解释；论证
shaping 形成（造就）
maintaining 保持，维护
recognized 认可，承认
主干识别：这里是两个并列句：
1. The role of natural selection was formulated.
2. The selective role of the environment is only beginning to be recognized and studied. 其他成分：only a little more than a hundred years ago 状语
in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual 状语
参考译文：自然选择在进化中的作用仅在一百多年前才得以阐明，而环境在塑造和保持个体行为时的选择作用则刚刚开始被认识和研究。
特别提示：被动语态的处理是翻译中的一个重要的知识点，多关注。
今天的句子先提问：
下面两句话是不是一个意思？
我把翻译都给出来了。
不能只浏览不思考不留印哦 ：）
1.No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule.
在科学上，职业人士和业余人士之间没有鲜明的区别：任何规则（区别）都能找到例外的情况。
2.Amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science.
在科学的某些领域，业余人士能与职业人士竞争 ；
这两句话表达的是一个意思；在考研中可以被看作是同意替换。
1.第一句是结论：任何区分专业和业余人士的规则都能找到例外；
2.第二句是例子：这种情况就是一种例外啊；是对于这种例外的具体描写。尤其是some的使用，很模糊，好好体会！
2001年的文章，如果大家还不能理解就结合文章看哦
From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders. 结构识别：
From the middle-class family perspective, much of this looks far less like A, and B more like C; 再精简点：
sth looks far less like A ,and B more like C.
（要是在B后面给逗号，可能结构会更容易识别一些，但是作者就是这样写了，我们也得受着。）
A= an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility
B= a good deal
C=a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already
overburdened shoulders
这个句子还有一种理解：
a great deal adv.非常 修饰 （固定搭配）
He likes to swim a great (good) deal. 他非常喜欢游泳。
再次强调：less + 否定； more + 肯定
在考场上理解到这里就可以做题了，至于怎么翻就不重要了。2007年阅读真题第三篇的句子。
重要通知：各地文都学员请关注暑期英语强化的上课时间，尽量在上课前做完03到08年的阅读真题；至少读完全文，查出单词，分析句子，做细节题和态度题；带着问题来听课你才更有收获！we are the best! 特此通知！KK即日！收到回复！谢谢！
The Environmental Revolution will be judged by whether it can shift the world economy into an environmentally sustainable development path, one that leads to greater economic security, healthier lifestyles, and a worldwide improvement in the human condition.
主干识别：The Environmental Revolution will be judged
其他成分： by whether it can shift the world economy into an environmentally sustainable development path, 状语
one that leads to greater economic security, healthier lifestyles, and a worldwide improvement in the human condition.
名词 path的同位语
翻译点拨：这个句子虽然长，但是不难翻译，只是注意主句的翻译：
The Environmental Revolution will be judged
直接翻译：环境革命被...评判
被动转为主动就可以转译为：
判断（评价）环境革命的标准是...
记住增词不增意。2+1=2
对同位语单独成句即可。
参考译文：评价环境革命的标准就是看它能否使世界经济转变到在环境上可持续发展的道路上，这条路能使经济有更大保障、生活方式更加健康、全球人类生活状况普遍改善。
美国是移民大国，但是美国公司最近却热衷于搬到海外去；通过收购公司来改变自己公司的注册地进而改变最为美国公司的地位，新的注册地往往税收更低，Medtronic公司就准备收购Convidien公司。美国政府和国会当然不会坐视不管，这不就有了下面这个句子。
Were the bills introduced in Congress by Democrats proposing raising the 20% threshold to 50% to pass，this latest deal would be blocked, as Covidien investors will own just 30% of the new entity.
解析：这个句子用了虚拟语气，结构是：If the bills were to pass, this deal would be blocked. 参考译文： 民主党在国会中提议将并购的比例门槛从20%提高到50%，（the bills introduced in Congress by Democrats proposing raising the 20% threshold to 50%），如果这些议案通过了，那么这次交易就可能无法通过了（this latest deal would be blocked），因为被收购的Covidien只站到新公司的30%。
PS：补充知识点： 美国的税务部门叫IRS =Internal Revenue Service (美国)国内税务局 阅读关键还是单词和句子！
Under modern conditions，this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the
help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts.
主干识别：this requires varying measures of...and hence the help of...
其他成分：Under modern conditions 状语
such as economists and operational research experts 定语修饰 scientists
翻译点拨：词的处理：
Under modern conditions 在现代条件下
requires 需要
varying measures (程度)不同的措施
centralized control 中央控制，中央调控
and hence 因此，从而
specialized scientists 专门科学家，专家
operational research experts 运行研究专家，运筹学家
特别提示：
很多A of B结构都可以将A翻译为形容词修饰B ：quality of life (有质量的生活)
varying measures of centralized control
措施不同的中央控制
参考译文：在现代条件下，这需要措施不同的中央控制，从而就需要获得诸如经济学家和运筹学家等领域专家的协助。
前几天的句子有同学说比较简单，今天的句子是GRE的句子，应该够大家好好琢磨一下了。看惯了这样的句子再去看考研的句子真的就轻松了。
These questions are political in the sense that the debate over them will inevitably be less an exploration of abstract matters in a spirit of disinterested inquiry than an academic power struggle in which the careers and professional fortunes of many women scholars-only now entering the academic profession in substantial numbers-will be at stake, and with them the chances for a distinctive contribution to humanistic understanding，a contribution that might be an important influence against sexism in our society.
词汇突破：1. in a sense 从某种意义上讲
What you say is true in a sense. 你的话从某种意义上讲是正确的。
In the sense of +短语
that+句子 (从下面的意义上讲„= 因为„)
2. disinterested 公正的；无私的；不感兴趣的；不关心的
3.Inquiry 询问，探究
4. in substantial numbers 大量的
5.sexism 性别主义（歧视）
6.distinctive 独特的，明显的
7.at stake 有风险的
主干识别：These questions are political这些问题是政治性的问题，
其他成分：由in the sense that引导出一个状语从句:
状语从句主干：
The debate over them will inevitably be less an exploration of abstract matters in a spirit of disinterested inquiry than an academic power struggle. 因为，对于这些问题的争论并不是在公正的探究精神的指导下对抽象事务的探究，而是一种学术权力的争斗。
状语从句中的定语从句：
in which the careers and professional fortunes of many women scholars-only now entering the academic profession insubstantial numbers-will be at stake在这种争斗中，很多女性学者（她们很多是现在才大量进入学术圈的）的职业和专业才能都会面临风险，
后接一个省略句，这种结构在我们之前的考研难句中是见过的：
（with them） the chances for a distinctive contribution to humanistic understanding （ will be at stake）
同时，对她们而言，对于人文学科的理解做出独特贡献的机会也会处于风险之中。
最后加一个同位语解释说明前面的contribution：，a contribution +定语从句： that might be an important influence against sexism in our society.
而这种贡献可能会对于反对我们社会中的性别歧视主义产生重大的影响。
参考译文：这些是政治性的问题，因为，对于这些问题的争论并不是在公正的探究精神的指导下对抽象事务的探究，而是一种学术权力的争斗。在这种争斗中，很多女性学者（她们很多是现在才大量进入学术圈的）职业前途和专业才能都会面临风险。同时，对她们而言，对于人文学科的理解做出独特贡献的机会也会处于风险之中。而这种贡献可能也会极大的影响到社会中对于性别歧视主义的反对。
But while admitting to the fullest extent the wonderful achievements of labour, and recognizing the fact that men of the most distinguished genius have invariably been found the most indefatigable workers, it must nevertheless be sufficiently obvious that, without the original endowment of heart and brain, no amount of labour, however well applied, could have produced a Shakespeare, a Newton, a Beethoven, or a Michelangelo.
词汇突破：to the fullest extent 完全
indefatigable 不知疲倦的
distinguished genius 杰出的天才
Invariably 总是，不变的
Endowment天赋
主干识别：it must nevertheless be sufficientlyobvious that„
其他成分：while 引导的两个现在分词短语充当的让步状语：
while admitting to the fullest extent thewonderful achievements of labour, and recognizing the fact that men of the mostdistinguished genius have invariably been found the most indefatigable workers
that 引导一个主语从句：
without the original endowment of heart andbrain, no amount of labour, however well applied, could have produced a Shakespeare, a Newton,a Beethoven, or a Michelangelo.
其中主干为：no amount of labour could have produced a Shakespeare, a Newton, a Beethoven, or a Michelangelo.
注意： no amount of labour could have produced... =
amount of labor could not have produced...
其他成分： without the original endowment of heart and brain状语
however well applied 状语
参考译文：但是，我们虽然在一方面最大程度的承认劳动所创造的辉煌成就，也承认最杰出的天才永远是最不疲倦的辛劳着，但同时，有一点也是很明显的，那就是，如果没有心智固有的天赋，无论付出多少劳动，也无论这些劳动运用的有多么恰当，也无法创造出像莎士比亚，牛顿，贝多芬，米开朗基罗这样杰出的人物。
强化班的翻译课上我会要求同学们把96年到14年的21年间的真题翻译都要做一遍，对大家的阅读和翻译本身都有极大的帮助。
换了一个浅色的背景，大家喜欢吗？
We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational processwhich we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- thatof direct tuition or schooling.
主干识别：We are thus led to distinguisha more formal kind of education
其他成分：within the broad educationalprocess 状语
which we have beenso far considering “ process”的定语
that of directtuition or schooling. 同位语
翻译点拨：词汇的处理
distinguish 区分出„
consider考虑/讨论
tuition 直接讲授
schooling 学校教育
主句的处理
We are thus led todistinguish a more formal kind of education
直接翻译为：我们进而被引导去区分„(引导我们的就是我们自己)
翻译中常常是将被动变为主动，“得以„”是常见的替换方式，在我的课程笔记中是可以看到的。
同位语的处理：
that of directtuition or schooling.
记中是可以看到的。
所以可以改译为：这就使我们进而得以去区分一种更加正式的教育。
状语的处理：
within the broadeducational process which we have been so far considering
定语从句可以前置，在（我们）一直讨论的广义的教育过程中，
代词“我们”和主句的“我们”重复了，可以省略。
同位语可以处理为:“也就是„”
That 指代前面的正式教育，只是为了语言更正式可以不翻译。
参考译文： 这就使我们进而得以在一直讨论的广义的教育过程中去区分出一种更加正式的教育，也就是直接讲授或学校教育。
特别提示：
在翻译的过程中我们一直在遵循一种原则，那就是：
2+1 = 2 (加词不加意)
2-1 = 2（减词不减意）的原则。
Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.
主干识别：Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world. 其他成分：to produce a unique millennium technology calendar 状语
that gives the latest dates 状语中名词calendar的定语从句
when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.前面定语中
latest dates 的定语从句
翻译点拨：词汇的处理：
Pearson 皮尔森(人名音译)
pieced together 汇集；综合
around the world 世界各地，全世界
produce 编制
a unique millennium technology calendar 一个独特的技术千年历
the latest dates 最近日期
key breakthroughs 重大突破，关键性突破
定语从句的处理：可以后置单独成句，也可以翻译为前置定语；
a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.
编制了一个独特的千年技术日历，这个日历给出了我们有望看到的数百个重大突破和发现能发生的最近日期。
参考译文：皮尔森汇集世界各地数百位研究人员的成果，编制了一个独特的技术千年历，编制了一个独特的千年技术日历，这个日历给出了我们有望看到的数百个重大突破和发现能发生的最近日期。
But the debate could not be resolved because no one was able to ask the crucial questions in a form in which they could be pursued productively.
词汇突破： pursue 本意：追求；此处含义：研究
Productively 有效地
主干识别： the debate could not be resolved
原因状语从句：because no one was able to ask the crucial questions
状语：in a form
定语从句：in which they could be pursued productively修饰form.
Which= form
参考译文：这个争论得不到解决，因为没有人能够用一种特定形式来提出一些重要 的问题。在这个形式中，这些问题才能有效地得到研究。
解析：
这里所谓的用“能让问题得到有效研究的方式来提出重要的问题=某种研究 方法” 这里相当于一个上下义词的同意替换。
体会：
我写作前问了自己三个问题：主角性格特征是什么？故事的爆点是什么？故事发生背景在哪里？后来，我的文章写的很顺利。
同意替换：我用了某种写作方法顺利的写出了文章。
所以如果出题的话后面可以给一个选项：争论得不到解决的原因是没有用到有效的研究方法。
理解到这个层面就够了。不用一一对应。
送大家一句话：多听，少说，接受每一个人的责难，但是保留你的最后裁决。
—— 莎士比亚
To listen, speak and accept each individual's censure, but to retain your final decision. -- Shakespeare
（觉得翻译对不上不吧，这就是文学翻译的加工，考研是不行的）
做一个独立的人，有自己的判断！有自己的向往！
Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.
词汇突破: stimuli 刺激物，单数形式：Stimulus
Develop 培养
capacity for appropriate responses 恰当反应的能力
intellectual development. 智力的发展=智力水平的提高
主干识别：1.Behaviorists suggest that
行为主义者认为
其他成分：2.the child will experience greater intellectual development.宾语从句
孩子将会经历更大的智力水平的提高
=儿童的智力就会发展到较高的水平。
3.who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli定语从句
如果孩子是在一个有很多刺激因素的环境下长大的，
4.which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses定语从句
这些因素又有利于其恰当反应能力的发展
翻译点拨：依然是注意调整一下各个分句的语序。
先单独成句再按照中文语序调整一下。
这里就是
1342的顺序比较好
参考译文：行为主义者认为，如果孩子是在一个有很多刺激因素的环境下长大的，而且这些因素又有利于其恰当反应能力的发展，那么孩子将会经历更大的智力水平的提高。
Civil rights activists have long argued that one of the principal reasons why Blacks , Hispanics, and other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselves in business is that they lack access to the sizable orders and subcontracts that are generated by large companies.
词汇突破：civil rights activists 人权活动者
Hispanics 拉美裔
minority groups 少数族裔
principal reason主要原因
lack access to 没有获得...的途径
subcontracts 分包合同
sizable orders 大额订单
主干： Civil rights activists have long argued that
宾语从句主干：reason is that...
定语从句：why Blacks , Hispanics, and other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselves in business
表语从句：they lack access to the sizable orders and subcontracts that are generated by large companies.
参考译文：人权主义者一直认为，黑人，拉美裔人士和其他少数族裔的美国人之所以在商界难有所为，主要原因是他们缺乏途径去获得大额订单和大公司产生的分包合同。
第一． 语言能力
由于考研只考阅读和写作，所以这里的语言能力，主要是单词和句子的能力，这个方面所花的时间会比较长一些：
首先，单词肯定是需要记忆方法的，通过记忆方法能快速的记住单词的字典含义；但记住单词的字典含义只是第一步，更重要的是注意在语境中调整和赋予这个单词更准确和通顺的语境含义，以帮助我们更贴切的理解文章。
比如：1. rested with 字典含义：取决于．．．（很多同学甚至是不知道这个短语的字典含义的） Copyright rested with the journal publisher.，and researchers seeking knowledge of the results wouldhave to subscribe to the journal.
在这个句子中根据语境：版权属于期刊的出版者；
2.entail 字典含义是：使蒙受，使产生；必须，使承担；
Deliberate practice entails more thansimply repeating a task. Rather, it involves setting specific goals, obtainingimmediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome. 这句中的entails= involves.
(这句把并列连词省略了补全是：
Deliberatepractice entails more than… and it involves…)
3. substantial 字典含义：大量的；结实的，牢固的；重大的
Genetically speaking, there are advantagesto avoiding substantial height.
从基因的角度来讲，避免长的“太”高是有好处的。就把substantial理解为一个程度词即可。
4. adding to 字典含义是：增加，添加
Adding to a woman’s increased dose ofstress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities” for stress.
这句话的结构是：Adding to A is( are) B =B is (are) adding to A
A = a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals
B= her opportunities for stress
在理解的时候，最好就理解为：除了A 还有Ｂ；这样更能理解深层含义。
５．flap 字典的含义是：上下或左右移动、摆动；轻拍；振翅而飞；焦虑
在这个句子中：The flap over rap is not making life any easier for him.
关于饶舌音乐的（焦虑）争论并没有让他的日子变得轻松一点。
根据文章后文内容是可以灵活理解的。 当然在翻译题目中一般出现这样的短语就是硬伤了。
6. allow for sth ：字典含义：在计算，估计，考虑时包括某人
Supporters ofthe new super systems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial costreductions and better coordinated service.
Allow for =bring about 带来
新的超级系统的支持者认为，这些合并将带来费用的大幅降低和更协调的服务。
从以上的例子中，我们确实可以看出字典是不可能涵盖单词的所有语境含义的，在理解单词在句中含义的时候一定要根据语境调整。而这种赋意的过程其实就是所谓的语感。只能通过相对大量的阅读才能形成的能力，这种能力我们从去年9月就开始引导同学们培养了。 同时，正是这种语境含义的出现使得两个在字典含以上不太可能相等的单词成为了一组可相互替换的单词：
比如：
1. Thinking ability = critical thinking = creative=innovation
2. popular culture= common culture
3. cultural power= assimilating power
4. prevent (同意替换)=hinder= refrain= deter（同意替换）
5.apprehension = worry
6. visualize=imagine=conceive
7. mechanical = unchanged
8. Modify=change
9. spontaneity= informal
10. mind= people
11. faith=confidence=assertiveness
12. accumulation= expansion
13．suits = enable (同意替换)= entail
14. dismiss 斥责= rebuke=criticize
15．tap 开发 tap themarket = explore the market = expand the market
16. not nearly = far from
而这些正是考点之所在，得分点之所在。考点会重复，可以通过平时积累考点，也就是从真题中把这些同意替换总结出来背诵，随着你模糊识意能力的提高，即使在考场上遇到了不认识的替换也能推断的出来。
以上的讲解在我的《必考词汇突破全书》中有详细的讲解，如果你现在单词还有问题那就建议你只看我这本书了，只要记住1575个单词就够了！
其次，句子结构的分析能力，从长难句的课程到我空间（576728297）日志中的每天一句，大家就能知道分析清楚句子结构有多么重要，今天空间句子已经更新到139句了，时光飞逝，白驹过隙啊！如果今天在回过头来看句子分析的能力那重点就应该是切分句子的能力，倒不一定要准确的说出句子中每个部分的具体语法成分的名字，但是必须得学会切分句子，调整语序；具体讲就是你可以不知道定语从句和同位语从句的区别； 状语和宾语补足语的区别；„但是你至少可以把这个部分完整的切分出来，再放到合理的位置上。
第二． 命题思路
有了单词和句子只是解决了从英文往中文转化的过程，但是还是没有完成对于信息的处理。这就是为什么很多同学读文章的时候总觉得文章读完了脑子里还是却还觉得是空空的。在考研中怎样才能叫真的所谓读懂了文章呢？
第一，能确定段落中句子间的关系和段落主题
第二，能区分论点和论据
第三，能确定文章的主题
而在我们熟悉的四六级考试中对于这些能力的要求是不高的，更多的还是要求只要能大概读懂单个的句子，题目基本就能作对。
这里可以来看一道被誉为是考研史上最难的一道题，只有不到10%的同学当年作对了这道题。
That the seas are being over fished hasbeen known for years. What researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm haveshown is just how fast things are changing. They have looked at half a centuryof data from fisheries around the world. Their methods do not attempt toestimate the actual biomass (the amount of living biological matter) of fishspecies in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomassover time. According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass of large predators (animals that kill and eatother animals) in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years ofthe start of exploitation. In some long-fished areas, it has halved again sincethen.
32. We can infer from Dr. Myersand Dr. Worm’s paper that ________.
[A] the stock of large predators in some oldfisheries has reduced by 90%
[B] thereare only half as many fisheries as there were 15 years ago
[C] thecatch sizes in new fisheries are only 20% of the original amount
[D] thenumber of larger predators dropped faster in new fisheries than in the old
同学们可以先做一下，我上课会给出解析哦：）
暑期英语阅读的复习计划就以2003年到2009的真题为主要复习材料，真题至少过三遍： 第一遍专注原文，将不认识的单词和词组摘录下来，重点关注动词和形容词；句子结构每句一定要分析清楚，不清楚的就来问我，我一定尽力回答大家！同时做题的时候记下自己困惑的地方，听老师讲课。
第二遍听课的时候一起练习，我会和大家一起过句子，理思路！
第三遍重点在于修正自己的思路，同时积累同意替换的表达，强化对于正确选项的理解！ 翻译部分94年到14年的真题一定要动手用汉语把翻译写出来。
21年的真题105个句子，记住翻译是翻出来的！
作文部分：以记忆句子为主，我会给同学们提出具体的记句子的要求的！
同时建议大家泛读《时文精析》每天读一篇文章就好了，不要细读，了解大意就可以了！ The pendulum began to swing in the postwar era, when Harvard Business School grad Robert McNamara and his "whiz kids" became famous for using mathematical modeling, game theory and complex statistical analysis for the Army Air Corps, doing things like improving fuel-transport times
and scheduling more-efficient bombing raids.
主干识别：The pendulum began to swing in the postwar era
其他成分：when Harvard Business School grad Robert McNamara and his "whiz kids" became famous定语从句主干
for using mathematical modeling, game theory and complex statistical analysis for the Army Air Corps, 定语从句中的状语
状语
翻译点拨： 词汇点拨：
注意对pendulum的理解：
The pendulum has swung back and the American car companies have made dramatic advances in safety...
三十年河东，三十年河西，美国汽车公司在安全方面已经取得了巨大进步。
The political pendulum has swung in favour of the liberals.
政治形势转而对自由主义者有利。
The political pendulum in American politics swung away from the right, putting an end to the12- year Republican Revolution on Capitol Hill and delivering a sharp rebuke of President Bush and the Iraq war.
美国政坛的政治钟摆从右派转向，一举结束共和党在国会山庄的十二年革命，并对布希总统和伊拉克战争发出强烈的怒吼。
grad 毕业生
whiz kids 天才学生
mathematical modeling 数学模型
game theory 博弈论
statistical analysis 数据分析
Army Air Corps 陆军航空队
fuel-transport 加油
bombing raids 空袭
成分点拨：
The pendulum began to swing in the postwar era
情况在战后开始改变
再单独翻译定语从句：
Harvard Business School grad Robert McNamara and his "whiz kids" became famous for using mathematical modeling, game theory and complex statistical analysis for the Army Air Corps, 哈佛商学院的毕业生 Robert McNamara和那些天才学生一起因为使用数学模型，博弈论和复杂的数据分析来为陆军航空队做事而名噪一时，
最后翻状语：
doing things like improving fuel-transport times and scheduling more-efficient bombing raids. 翻译是省略doing things like，直接翻为：他们减少加油的时间并且安排出更有效的空袭。 参考译文： 情况在战后开始改变， 哈佛商学院的毕业生 Robert McNamara和那些天才学生一起因为使用数学模型，博弈论和复杂的数据分析来为陆军航空队 做事而名噪一时，他们减少了加油所需要的时间并且安排出更有效的空袭。
这个句子是今天NY Times上面的句子，非常典型的描述经济的句子！好好看翻译！
The pace of hiring in recent months has been stronger despite a very weak first quarter, when the economy shrank at an annual rate of 2.9 percent. Although the weakness was initially attributed to weather, as well as more technical factors like inventory swings, the depth of the contraction caught some economists off guard, especially those who began the year with a more positive outlook for 2014.
词汇突破：The pace of hiring 就业市场增速
inventory swings 库存波动
the depth of the contraction 下滑的程度
off guard 猝不及防
The pace of hiring in recent months has been stronger despite a very weak first quarter, when the economy shrank at an annual rate of 2.9 percent.
（这里的stronger是和weak对应的，所以weak first quarter是指就业疲软的第一季度） 参考译文：先翻译when: 今年第一季度经济衰退的速度达到了年化2.9%，
再翻：（因此）就业情况也很疲软；
最后：但是，最近几月就业情况持续好转。
Although the weakness was initially attributed to weather, as well as more technical factors like inventory swings, the depth of the contraction caught some economists off guard, especially those who began the year with a more positive outlook for 2014.
参考译文：尽管一季度的疲软最初被归咎于天气，以及库存波动等更加技术性的因素，但衰退的速度让一些经济学家猝不及防，尤其是那些年初时对2014年的前景较为乐观的人。
2015考研必考句：这周经济学人的句子。非常典型的经济学人的句子。
For anyone who doubts that America is the land of the free, the ability of the Supreme Court to turn a question posed by a Pepsi distributor into a ruling that restricts presidential power ought to be reassuring.
词汇突破：Reassure安慰，使放心，使消除疑虑
主干识别：the ability ought to be reassuring.（这个句子的关键就是找出主干）
其他成分：For anyone who doubts that America is the land of the free，状语
of the Supreme Court to turn a question posed by a Pepsi distributor into a ruling that restricts presidential power (ability的定语)
参考译文：最高法院有能力将一个百事可乐分销商提出的问题转化为限制总统权力的判决，这对于任何怀疑美国是一片自由大陆的人而言，应该是一种宽慰。
特别提示：在翻译中一定要学会转化词性和调整语序，没有硬性的规定，主要是符合中文的表达习惯。一些常规性的转化就是：动词和名词的转化。
背景介绍：这个句子出自这周的经济学人。美国政治最让美国人害怕的就是权力的失衡；近好多年来，人们都害怕总统的权力过大，这样会影响美国的自由和民主本质。这句话在提醒人们，最高法院有这个能力限制总统的权力。
Prior to the twentieth century, women in novels were stereotypes of lacking any features that made them unique individuals and were also subject to numerous restrictions imposed by themale-dominated culture.
词汇突破：Prior to 在„之前
Stereotypes 模式化的形象(或特征);固定模式;刻板印象;陈规老套
Lacking=lack of 缺乏，没有
Features 特征
Unique 独特的个体
subject to容易遭受，受„管制
numerous 很多的
主干识别：Women in novels were stereotypes were also subject to numerous restrictions. 其他成分：of lacking any features that made them unique individuals （定语）
That= (features) made them unique individuals
imposed by the male-dominated culture 定语修饰restrictions
参考译文：20世纪前，小说中的女性都是一些刻板的形象，没有任何的特点，所以无法成为独特的个体（注意这里定语从句的处理，这里处理为了一个中文中的状语从句） 而且屈从于由男性主宰的文化传统强加给她们的种种束缚。
遇到这样的句子我会开心很久：
After Galileo’s work feeling grew that there were universal laws governing the motion of bodies and that these laws might apply to motion in the heavens as well as on earth.
找出句子主干就是胜利第一步！
主干结构=句子主干+次主干！
词汇突破：work 著作
feeling 认识
universal 普遍
govern 支配
body 物体
laws 规律
apply to 应用于
as well as 也
句子主干： feeling grew （主谓结构）（没有找对的自己思过!）
句子开头的第一个独立名词为句子主语！
Feeling的同位语从句一： that there were universal laws governing the motion of bodies
Feeling的同位语从句二： these laws might apply to motion in the heavens as well as on earth. 状语：After Galileo’s work
参考译文：在伽利略著作之后，这样的认识加强了，即认为存在着支配物体运动的普遍规律，这些规律不仅适用于地球上物体的运动而且也适用于天体的运动。
今天说说中的句子：
Nowhere is the perception of growing American timidity so strong as in the Middle East. 调整到让你们容易理解的语序吧：
the perception of growing American timidity is so strong nowhere as in the Middle East.
= the perception of growing American timidity is not so strong in any place as in the Middle East. 每天一句，根本停不下来，今天继续奇葩的句子！继续找句子主干！周末了更希望看到你们的回复！过千给评论，我们一起坚持！
But the individualist approach, by attacking gender roles, denying the significance of physiological difference, and condemning existing familial institutions as hopelessly patriarchal, has often simply treated as irrelevant the family roles important to many women.
词汇突破：individualist approach 个人主义的方法
gender roles 性别角色
physiological difference 生理区别
condemn 指责
familial institutions 家庭制度
irrelevant 不相干，无关紧要
hopelessly 无可救药的，毫无希望的
patriarchal 父权制度
句子主干：the individualist approach has often simply treated the family roles as irrelevant 这个地方你需要识别出：treat的宾语是the familyroles
as irrelevant 这里做的是补语，你一定要觉得是状语也无所谓。
反正语序就应该是我写的那样的。Treat sth as„把某物当做是„; 认为某物是„;
其他成分：by attacking gender roles,
（by)denying the significance of physiologicaldifference,
and (by) condemning existing familial institutions as hopelessly patriarchal 三个并列的状语，你一定要觉得是定语其实也无所 谓，只是你要知道（ing的 动作发出者都是individualistapproach）
还有一个难点，看好了：
important to many women.句子做定语修饰前面的 family roles
family roles important to many women 对许多妇女而言非常重要的家庭角色
参考译文： 而个人主义的方法由于（by）攻击性别角色，否定生理差别的重要性， 指责现存的家庭体制是不可救药的父权制，进而简单的把对许多妇女而 言非常重要的家庭角色视为无关紧要了。
This seems a justification for neglect of those in need, and a rationalization of exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom.
主干识别: This seems a justification for neglect and arationalization
其他成分：of thosein need 定语
of exploitation 定语
of the superiority of those at the top andthe inferiority of those at the bottom 定语
翻译点拨：词汇点拨：
Justification 证明....正当
Rationalization 证明„合理
Exploitation 剥削
Superiority 优越
Inferiority 劣势，弱势
成分的点拨：
这句话的翻译难点在于不能按英文的成分来翻译，需要将英文的成分转换为中文的成分。 This seems a justification for neglect of those in need.
直接按原来成分翻译为：
这似乎是对于那些有需要的人的忽视的证明。
名词转译为动词：
这种说法似乎使我们可以很正当的去忽视那些需要帮助的人
同样的方法处理后半句：
arationalization of exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top and theinferiority of those at the bottom.
去使剥削合理化，使上层人的变得更优越，而底层人变得更加弱势。
参考译文：这种说法似乎使我们可以很正当的去忽视那些需要帮助的人，去使剥削合理化，使上层人的变得更优越，而底层人变得更加弱势。
My point is that its central consciousness—its profound understanding of class and gender as shaping influences on people’s lives—owes much to that earlier literary heritage, a heritage that, in general, has not been sufficiently valued by most contemporary literary critics.
词汇突破：central consciousness 中心思想
A owes much to B； A很大程度得益于B;
literary heritage 文学遗产
contemporary 现代的
literary critics 文学批评家
understanding of A as B 把A理解为B
断句：My point is that/ its central consciousness—its profound understanding of class and gender as shaping influences on people’s lives—owes much to that earlier literary heritage, /a heritage/ that, in general, has not been sufficiently valued by most contemporary literary critics. 主干识别：my point is that „
its central consciousness owes much to that earlier literary heritage
其他成分：两个同位语：
同位语一：
its profound understanding of class and gender as shaping influences on people’s lives 同位语二：
a heritage（ that, in general, has not been sufficiently valued by most contemporary literary critics 定语从句）
=this is a heritge
this= earlier literary heritage
参考译文：我的观点是，这种流派的中心的意识是：其深刻地认为阶级和性别对于 人们的生活有着塑造性的影响。这种意识在很大程度上得益于那个更早的文化遗产，而这个文化遗产从总体而言并没有引起当代文学评论家们足够的重视。
今天的句子绝对惊艳！
Anyone considering taking part in a work of transformation of those forms of older art which seem to us in many ways unsatisfactory , so that they should be more in turn with the changing times, and anyone who does not quail(害怕)at the prospect of seeking out new forms of expression for new materials and new building function, will find spiritual kinship ,observing Borromini.
词汇突破： Borromini 博罗里尼(的建筑)
spiritual kinship 精神上的相似性；kinship 亲属关系；血缘关系
这种逗逼般的长句子并不可怕，就是把若干个句子连接在一起，切分开独立成句就好了。 句子主干：Anyone and anyone will find spiritual kinship.
次主干：1. considering taking part in a work of transformation of those forms of older art Considering的动作发出者是Anyone
2.which seem to us in many ways unsatisfactory
which = those forms of older art
to us 状语
in many ways 状语
those forms of older art seem unsatisfactory.
3. so that they should be more in turn with the changing times
4. who does not quail(害怕)at the prospect of seeking out new forms of expression for new materials and new building function
who= anyone
5. observing Borromini
Observing 的动作发出者是anyone.
来各位亲，把这五个句子都翻译一下，然后再串起来；
先翻译2和3；
对于我们而言，旧的艺术形式从很多方面来讲都不令人满意；所以这些形式应该跟上改变的时代步伐，
再翻译1和4：
任何考虑参加变革这些形式的工作的人，任何勇于为新材料和新建筑功能探索新表现形式人，
最后翻译5 和主句：
观察一下博罗里尼的建筑，都会发现精神上的类似。
串起来就可以了：
对于我们而言，旧的艺术形式从很多方面来讲都不令人满意；所以这些形式应该跟上改变的 时代步伐，任何考虑参加变革这些形式的工作的人，任何勇于为新材料和新建筑功能探索新 表现形式人，观察一下博罗里尼的建筑，都会发现精神上的类似性。
（至于这句话到底是什么意思，其实我也不太懂，因为没有语境）
有同学还是在纠结这个句子，那我就再讲一下哦：
Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West.
如果还原为正常语序为：
1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living nowhere than in the Far West.
人口统计的数据表明：在远西地区，美国人是最渴望获得宽敞生活的。
No more„than„(no在这里就是nowhere中的no, than后面加的非句子那就是表示最高级了)
今天的句子是一个科技类的句子，单词比较复杂，但是不需要记。重点是体会一下翻译的方法。不用太纠结，翻译本来就难，慢慢积累。
The increasing complexities of microsurgery, laser technology, arthroscopy and who knows what next demand understanding and competence in techniques that require educationally sound training for the future orthopedist.
词汇突破: 这些单词不要记：
Microsurgery 显微外科；
laser technology 激光技术；
arthroscopy 关节窥镜
who knows what next 谁也不知道的未来的新技术：这是一个常见的表达，偏口语，不做正规的语法分析。
Orthopedist 整容医师
主干识别：The increasing complexities demand understanding and competence （in techniques ）
其他成分：that require educationally sound training for the future orthopedist. 定语从句 翻译点拨： 单独成句；
成分和词性的转换：为了符合中文的表达习惯，英文中的成分不一定会和中文的成分严格对应，比如定语可以转化为状语，定语也可以转化为宾语；名词
The increasing complexities of microsurgery, laser technology, arthroscopy and who knows what next
先翻of 后的内容：显微外科、激光技术、关节窥镜以及谁也不知道还要发明的什么新技术， 再翻译： The increasing complexities其日益增加的复杂性；
谓语的翻译： demand understanding and competence in techniques
这就要求（人们）理解和掌握这些技术；
that require educationally sound training for the future orthopedist.
在翻译这个定语从句为单独的一个句子：
这就要求未来的整形医师必须具备教育良好的训练
参考译文： 显微外科、激光技术、关节窥镜以及谁也不知道还要发明的什么新技术，其日益增加的复杂性要求（人们）理解和掌握这些技术，这就要求未来的整形医师必须具备教育良好的训练
"有时候，我们不是看到了希望才去坚持，而是坚持了才看到希望！”
Sometimes, it is not the hope that makes our persistence durable, but the persistence that makes our hope visible.
有人会觉得老师你这样每天都正能量满满的，肯定不是真实的你，只是你没有把你苦逼的一面展现出来而已，你肯定会有想骂人，想吐槽，想放弃的时候。
每个人都有情绪，都有不如意的时候；我确实也有，但是当我习惯了用一种方式来要求自己之后才发现原来习惯的力量是如此的强大，以致于现在这种状态就是本来的自己。你就是你想成为的那个人！慢慢的你发现你真的成为了那样的人！
今天来看看你是怎么被干掉的：
原文：Deliberate practice entails (needs) more than simply repeating a task. Rather, it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate
feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.
(concentrating as much on A as on B)
直接翻译：关注A和B一样多l
改译：既关注A也关注B
选项：Deliberate practice requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration. 对于这样的题目必须分析原文和选项的主干成分，KK在这里再次拜托大家了！
Deliberate practice involves = Deliberate practice requires 这里就是原文和选项一致的地方； 同时原文中的obtaining immediate feedback = immediate feedback
但是出题人的阴谋开始了：
后面的宾语偷偷被偷换了：
concentrating as much on technique as on outcome 绝对不等于 a high degree of concentration 啊！
前面翻译为：既关注于技术又关注于结果
后面翻译为：很高的关注度
还在靠“连连看”做题的同学是不是该醒醒了，做题的时候就拜托分析下主干结构吧！ entail = need : The work entails precision. 这工作需要精确无误。
今天去了主席的故居，伟人的足迹！时代在进步，我们会变的更好，但是不能去否定之前的伟大，critical thinking的同义词是creation，而不是谩骂；今天送主席的一句诗词给大家，当年尼克松访华的时候也引用了这句话：
So many deeds cry out to be done，and always urgently；
the world rolls on，time presses.
Ten thousand years are too long；
seize the day，seize the hour！
多少事，从来急；天地转，光阴迫。
谓语的翻译： demand understanding and competence in techniques
这就要求（人们）理解和掌握这些技术；
that require educationally sound training for the future orthopedist.
在翻译这个定语从句为单独的一个句子：
这就要求未来的整形医师必须具备教育良好的训练
参考译文： 显微外科、激光技术、关节窥镜以及谁也不知道还要发明的什么新技术，其日益增加的复杂性要求（人们）理解和掌握这些技术，这就要求未来的整形医师必须具备教育良好的训练
"有时候，我们不是看到了希望才去坚持，而是坚持了才看到希望！”
Sometimes, it is not the hope that makes our persistence durable, but the persistence that makes our hope visible.
有人会觉得老师你这样每天都正能量满满的，肯定不是真实的你，只是你没有把你苦逼的一面展现出来而已，你肯定会有想骂人，想吐槽，想放弃的时候。
每个人都有情绪，都有不如意的时候；我确实也有，但是当我习惯了用一种方式来要求自己之后才发现原来习惯的力量是如此的强大，以致于现在这种状态就是本来的自己。你就是你想成为的那个人！慢慢的你发现你真的成为了那样的人！
今天来看看你是怎么被干掉的：
原文：Deliberate practice entails (needs) more than simply repeating a task. Rather, it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate
feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.
(concentrating as much on A as on B)
直接翻译：关注A和B一样多l
改译：既关注A也关注B
选项：Deliberate practice requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration. 对于这样的题目必须分析原文和选项的主干成分，KK在这里再次拜托大家了！
Deliberate practice involves = Deliberate practice requires 这里就是原文和选项一致的地方； 同时原文中的obtaining immediate feedback = immediate feedback
但是出题人的阴谋开始了：
后面的宾语偷偷被偷换了：
concentrating as much on technique as on outcome 绝对不等于 a high degree of concentration 啊！
前面翻译为：既关注于技术又关注于结果
后面翻译为：很高的关注度
还在靠“连连看”做题的同学是不是该醒醒了，做题的时候就拜托分析下主干结构吧！ entail = need : The work entails precision. 这工作需要精确无误。
今天去了主席的故居，伟人的足迹！时代在进步，我们会变的更好，但是不能去否定之前的伟大，critical thinking的同义词是creation，而不是谩骂；今天送主席的一句诗词给大家，当年尼克松访华的时候也引用了这句话：
So many deeds cry out to be done，and always urgently；
the world rolls on，time presses.
Ten thousand years are too long；
seize the day，seize the hour！
多少事，从来急；天地转，光阴迫。
一万年太久，只争朝夕
The increase in numbers of married women employed outside the home in the twentieth century had less to do with the mechanization of house work and an increase in leisure time for these women than it did with their own economic necessity and with high marriage rates that shrank the available pool of single women workers, previously, in many cases, the only women employers would hire.
词汇突破： have to do with„ 与„有关
Economic necessity 经济需求
pool of single women workers 单身女工的资源
high marriage rates 高结婚率
主干识别： 在主干中出现了一个比较结构：
A had less to do with B and C than A did with D and E
A = The increase
B= mechanization
C= an increase
D= their own economic necessity
E= high marriage rates
并列中加不加with都是可以的；
(与其说A与BC 有关，还不如说与DE有关。)
其他成分: high marriage rates后出现定语从句
that shrank the available pool of single women workers, previously, in many cases, the only women employers would hire.
微观分析： the only women（whom） employers would hire.
The ONLY women = single women workers
同位语中加上一个定语从句其中whom被省略了。, previously, in many cases状语
参考译文： 20世纪，在家庭外被雇佣的女性人数增加了，这与其说是由于家务活的机器化和闲暇时间的增加，还不如说是由于女性自身的经济需求和由于高结婚率。正是高结婚率减少了单身女工劳动力资源的数量，而在这之前很多情况下，她们是雇主们会雇佣的唯一女性。
翻译点拨： 动态名词，单独成句，都用上了。
背诵的作文的句子！
Proficiency in anything requires a great deal of determination and self-discipline. In addition, a person’s ability to cope with frustration is also a critical factor in one’s life career.
要精通任何事情都需要极大的决心和自律精神。此外，一个人应对挫折的能力也是影响他一生事业的一个重要因素。
由于给了写作的句子就不给同学新的负担了，下面这个句子和35是一样的！温故知新！ Although it has been possible to infer from the goods and services actually produced what manufactures and servicing trades thought their customers wanted, only a study of relevant personal documents written by actual consumers will provide a precise picture of who wanted what.
词汇突破： manufactures制造商
servicing trades服务业
precise准确的
主干识别： a study will provide a precise picture.
其他成分： Although it has been possible to infer from the goods and services
actually produced what manufactures and servicing trades thought
their customers wanted （状语从句）
of relevant personal documents written by actual consumers （定语修饰study,翻译的时候不需要翻译出修饰关系）
of who wanted what.（定语修饰picture）
微观分析： it has been possible to infer what manufactures and servicing trades
thought their customers wanted （状语从句的主干，形式主语it，真的主语是： to infer„） from the goods and services actually produced（状语从句中的状语）
参考译文：尽管我们有可能从实际生产的商品和服务中推断出制造商和服务行业对于顾客需求的想法，但是只有对那些由实际的消费者所写就的相关个人记录进行研究才能精确地描述出到底是“谁”想要“什么”。
(但是只有对真正顾客所写的相关个人记录的研究才能对什么人需要什么东西提供一个精确的描述。)
翻译点拨：在我长难句的第二天课程中给出了相关动态名词的讲解，这里的study，picture我就翻译为了动词，这样就比括号里的翻译靠谱多 了。
周末涨知识了！今年阅读的命题热点，别怪我没有告诉你！
“电车难题”(Trolley problem) 也叫(trolleyology) 是伦理学领域最为知名的思想实验之一. 其经典场景是这样的：
Version 1:
You are watching a trolley speeding down a track that will kill five unsuspecting people. There is a switch that would divert the trolley on to another track where it will kill only one person. Would you throw this switch?
这周的经济学人给出了另外的一个版本：
Version 2:
Alter the scenario a bit. There is no switch. But you can push a fat man over the bridge onto the tracks to save the five. (You cannot stop the trolley by jumping yourself, only the fat man is heavy enough.) Would you do it?
研究表明：
The physical and emotional distance from the killing makes throwing the switch much more popular than throwing the man.
（今天抄这句！）
参考译文：与杀戮之间的生理和情感的距离使得“扳动一个开关”比“推一个人下去”更让人容易接受。
毕竟：Most people quail at the idea of shoving the man to his death.
文章借以上场景作为引入：
提出文章的核心观点：
When moral dilemmas are posed in a foreign language, people become more coolly utilitarian; (utilitarian实用主义)
Specifically, when people are asked the fat man question in a foreign language, they are more likely to kill him for others’ sake.
文章在最后还提出：
Meetings of international organisations like the United Nations or the European Union are often conducted in languages that are not the preferred ones of most of those attending.
国际会议，比如联合国和欧盟的会议，经常是通过大多数与会者不擅长的语言（非母语）来进行的。
Perhaps it is reassuring to think they may be more coolly rational than meetings of monoglots—unless, that is, you are the metaphorical fat man about to be pushed under a train. (抄这句）
可能，能让人感到安慰的（reassuring）是，这些会议将比那些用单一语言（monoglots）来进行的会议要更加冷静和理性。当然，除非你是那个在比喻场景中的那个即将被推下去的胖子。
解释：（ 对大多数人来讲，理性总是好的吧，但是如果你是哪个胖子，在这种理性的会议上，你就会被推下去，你就不会觉得安慰了啊。所以用了unless.)
（that is 没有实际意义，就是一种习惯用法，相当于说话时候的，额，额...)
所以文章的标题是：
Gained in translation
背景介绍：
功利主义提出的观点是，大部分道德决策都是根据“为最多的人提供最大的利益”的原则做出的。从一个功利主义者的观点来看，明显的选择应该是拉拉杆，拯救五个人只杀死一个人。但是功利主义的批判者认为，一旦拉了拉杆，你就成为一个不道德行为的同谋——你要为另一条轨道上单独的一个人的死负部分责任。然而，其他人认为，你身处这种状况下就要求你要有所作为，你的不作为将会是同等的不道德。总之，不存在完全的道德行为，这就是重点所在。许多哲学家都用电车难题作为例子来表示现实生活中的状况经常强迫一个人违背他自己的道德准则，并且还存在着没有完全道德做法的情况。
不怕万人阻挡，就怕自己投降！
有梦想才能有远方！
Our dreams are the internal powerful engine and the compass that may enable us to bring up our potential glowing capacity and to guide ourselves into the future. (写作背诵句！)
今天阅读的句子不难：
The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways.
词汇突破：dramatic 巨大的
Passionate 情绪激动的
句子切分：1. The same dramatic technological changes have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices（定语从句；that=the same dramatic technological changes)
2. The same dramatic technological changes have also increased the risk.(主句）
3. Passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways.（同位语从句）
参考译文：剧烈的技术变革使营销人员获得了数量更多、种类更广的沟通选择，但 同时也带来了更高的风险，因为激动的消费者能够以更迅速、更明显、 更有害的方式来表达他们的意见。
所以刚才太累只发了阅读的句子，但又想起了一个很好的写作的句子，现在再来给大家补上一个写作的句子。一起加油！
Opinions are furiously divided as to whether the unintended harm caused by the Internet will outweigh its benefits.
互联网所带来的意想不到的害处是否会比其带来的益处更大，人们的看法非常不同。(写作背诵句！)
今天的句子是和金融相关的句子，有一定的专业性，请同学们尽量把握！
A financial vehicle that saw the euro zone take most risk through equity,other governments a bit more through subordinated debt and private-sectorinvestors the least through senior debt is still a long shot.
词汇突破： Afinancial vehicle 融资工具和融资方式
Equity 权益
subordinated debt 次级贷
senior debt 优先款
（这样专业的名词不认识是很正常的。考场遇到了大家都不会的）
a long shot : 很少机会成功的尝试
注意：不要用字典的解释去用到翻译中，一定要根据语境来决定具体的表达。
例句：Reaching our sales goal thisquarter is a long shot because of the economy.
由于经济原因，本季度我们不太可能完成销售目标.
主干识别：Afinancial vehicle is still a long shot.
其他成分： that sawthe euro zone take most risk through equity, other governments a bit morethrough subordinated debt and private-sector investors the least through seniordebt 定语从句，that=financial vehicle 在翻译的时候一定单独成句。
翻译点拨：financialvehicle 不可能发出saw 的动作，所以不能翻译为：融资方式看见。其实就是指：融资方式是什么样子的；
the euro zone take most riskthrough equity, 后面是并列引起的省略补全后是：
other governments take a bit more through subordinated debt and
private-sector investors take the least through senior debt is stilla long shot.
翻译出来是： 欧元区通过普通股票吸收最多的风险，其他政府通过次级贷吸收稍多的风险，而私有行业的投资者则通过优先债吸收最少的风险
翻译的时候注意调整语序。
参考译文：欧元区通过普通股票吸收最多的风险，其他政府通过次级贷吸收稍多的风险，而私有行业的投资者则通过优先债吸收最少的风险，这种融资模式依然是不太可能实现的。 这个句子是GRE真题的句子，和考研句子比起来有一定难度，不过看了这样难的句子再来看考研的句子就会有俯视的感觉哦！就如现在你看四六级是不是爽很多！
The physicist rightly dreads precise argument, since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed, whereas an argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of its underlying assumptions.
词汇突破：dread vt. 害怕，担心；
Precise adj. 精确的
Whereas conj. 鉴于；然而；反之
Perturbation n. 忧虑；不安；烦恼；
n. 小的变化
主干识别：The physicist rightly dreads precise argument
物理学家正当地害怕精确的论断。
= 物理学家害怕（做出）精确的论断是正确的。
其他成分：since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed, whereas an argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of its underlying assumptions.. 状语从句
微观分析：1. since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed,
an argument loses all its force 从句中的主干
that is convincing only if it is precise 定语从句修饰argument
if the assumptions are slightly changed 状语从句
on which it is based 定语从句修饰assumptions, which 指代assumptions ;
= the argument is based on assumptions;
连在一起翻译，先翻状语从句
如果这个论断所基于的假设发生了细微变化的话，那么这个只有在精确的情况下才能有说服力的论断就会失去其全部的说服力。
=如果一个只有在精确的情况下才能有说服力的论断所基于的假设发生了细微变化的话，那么这个论断就会失去其全部的说服力
解释一下： 由于要先翻状语从句，所以先把定语从句的信息先说了，反正都是修饰同一个argument , 这样可以更通顺，更符合中文习惯。
2. whereas an argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of its underlying assumptions.
an argument may well be stable 主干
that is convincing though imprecise 定语从句
under small perturbations of its underlying assumptions. .状语
（its underlying assumptions= assumptions on which it is based这个替换牛吧！）
而一个尽管不精确但是却令人信服的论断，即使在其基于的理论发生轻微变化的时候，依旧是稳定的。
参考译文： 物理学家害怕（做出）精确的论断是正确的。因为，如果一个只有在精确的情况下才能有说服力的论断所基于的假设发生了细微变化的话，那么这个论断就会失去其全部的说服力，而一个尽管不精确但是却令人信服的论断，即使在其基于的理论发生轻微变化的时候，依旧是稳定的
一篇纽约时报的文章，被参考消息转载了，被我看到了！今年阅读甚至写作的热点。今天的句子需要背！我在车上一个字一个字打的！我给自己点赞！你看着办！
Liberal education must not limit itself to critical thinking and problem solving; it must also foster openness, participation and opportunity.
词汇突破：liberal education 素质教育
foster 培养
参考译文：素质教育不应该只局限于批判性思维和问题解决的能力。还必须培养开放的态度，参与的精神和机遇。
It should be designed to take us beyond the campus to a life of ongoing, pragmatic learning that finds inspiration in unexpected sources, and increases our capacity to understand and contribute to the world — and reshape it, and ourselves, in the process.
词汇突破：ongoing 持续的
pragmatic 实用的
reshape 重塑
句子分析：主干：
it should be designed to take us beyond the campus to a life.
其他成份：
of ongoing, pragmatic learning 定语
that finds inspiration in unexpected sources, and increases our capacity to understand and contribute to the world — and reshape it, and ourselves, in the process. 定语从句
并列动词：finds and increase
understand and contribute and reshape 并列动词
注意：逗号和破折号的用法其实是很自由的，作者很多时候为了强调一些词和短语，尤其是在并列的时候，多加一个逗号或破折号没有什么值得奇怪的，也没有太多规律可讲，所以不用纠结。
参考译文：素质教育的宗旨应当是引导我们超越校园，走向一种持续和务实的学习生活，这种学习能让我们从未知的资源中找到灵感，并增强理解世界和为世界做贡献的能力，并在这一过程中重塑这个世界和我们自己。
这是同学们最近问的很多的一个句子，再给大家解析一下！一定认真看哈！
“So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define ‘journalism’ as a
term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are.”
主干识别：Newman wrote+宾语从句
其他成分：So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism that I amtempted to define ‘journalism’ as a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are.
主干：
So few authors havebrains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism 结果状语从句：
I am tempted todefine ‘journalism’ as a term of contempt applied by writers who are not readto writers who are.
翻译点拨：词汇的处理：
brains 智慧
literary gift 文学天赋
keep one’s own endup in„在„中站住脚跟
Be tempted to 倾向于„
Journalism 新闻写作
a term of contempt轻蔑之词
主句的处理：
Newman wrote
Newman 曾写道
宾语从句的处理：
So few authors have brains enough orliterary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism 由于几乎没有作家能拥有足够的智慧或文学天赋以保证他们在新闻报纸写作中站稳脚跟” I am tempted to define ‘journalism’as a term of contempt
我倾向于把‘新闻写作’定义为一个轻蔑之词
定语的处理：
a term of contempt applied by writerswho are not read to writers who are.
a term of contempt applied by A to B
被A 用到B身上的轻蔑之词
A= writers who are not read （不被人读的作家=不受欢迎的作家）
B= writers who are （read）(被人读的作家=受欢迎的作家)
参考译文：Newman 曾写道，“由于几乎没有作家能拥有足够的智慧或文学天赋以保证他们在新闻报纸写作中站稳脚跟”，我倾向于把‘新闻写作’定义为不受读者欢迎的作家用来嘲讽受读者欢迎的作家的一个 ‘轻蔑之词’ ”
今天的航班上重新听肯尼迪总统的就职演说，可以感到那个时代的激荡和伟大： Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate.
（我不要因为恐惧而谈判，但是我们永远不要害怕谈判。）
连这样的句子看起来都是如此的隽永。虽然飞机折腾的几上几下。但是现在可以上完课后静静的一杯清茶一盏孤灯，一切安好！
Time was when biologists somewhat over worded the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on "worthless" species. 主干识别：Time was when„主系表结构
其他成分：biologists somewhat over worded the evidence 表语从句
that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, evidence的同位语从句之一
or that they prey only on "worthless" species.
evidence的同位语从句之二
翻译点拨：词汇点拨：
Game 猎物
Preserve保持
the physically weak 体弱者
prey 猎杀
somewhat或多或少
over worded 过多的提及（滥用）
成分的点拨：
Time was when= there was time when…
曾经有段时间，
同位语从句的处理：
： 或者 “即，”“也就是说„”
成分的处理：
biologists somewhat over worded the evidence
生物学家或多或少滥用了一种证据，
that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak,
即这些生物通过杀死体弱者来保持种群的健康，
or that they prey only on "worthless" species.
或者说它们仅仅捕食没有价值的物种。
参考译文：曾经有段时间，生物学家或多或少滥用了一种证据，即这些生物通过杀死体弱者
来保持种群的健康，或者说它们仅仅仅捕食没有价值的物种。
He did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning.
试着找出句子的主干哦！
句子解析：
He did not accept （动词）+ as well founded （宾补）+the charge（宾语）+
made by some of his critics （宾语的定语） that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning.(charge的同位语从句）
主干：
he did not accept the charge as well founded.（这种隔离结构你不应该陌生，就如状语放到动词和宾语之间是一样的。）
accept ： 认为
charge：指责
例子：
Can we accept his account as true ? 我们能够相信他说的是实情吗? 也可以写成：Can we accept as true his account ? 我们能够相信他说的是实情吗?
同时我们还可以在后面加上一句同位从句解释这个指责是什么：
that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning.
那么在翻译的时候我们就可以先翻译这个同位语从句，和定语，同时把charge翻译为名词： 他的一些批评者指责他虽然是一个好的观察者，但是却没有推理的能力，他不认为这些指责是有根据的。
he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning.
他的一些批评者指责他虽然是一个好的观察者，但是却没有推理的能力，他不认为这些指责是有根据的。
下面的句子知道是之前的那个句子吗？
She wished to discard the traditional methods and established vocabularies of such dance forms as ballet and to explore the internal sources of human expressiveness.
找出并列来:
词汇突破：discard 抛弃
established vocabularies 已有的词汇
expressiveness 表达
主干识别：she wished to discard... and to explore
(你找对这个并列了吗？一定要注意并列的识别。）
其他成分：宾语的并列：the traditional methods and established vocabularies
of such dance forms as ballet
参考译文：她希望抛弃掉传统的方法和那些舞蹈形式的已有词汇，比如芭蕾等，同时她也希望探索出人类表达的内在资源。（是不是看译文都看不懂啊，是的，我也看不懂，这不是你英语的问题，是这样的文章我们本来就读不懂。）
先给大家补充一个结构：
Sth comes at a cost.
(做)某事会付出代价； 某事很贵；
Finding a job comes at a cost. = Finding a job can be expensive.
（做简历花钱吧，求职的交通住宿费花钱吧，都不容易啊）
今天的句子是最新的一期经济学人上的文章，关于公司合并的，也是一共四个句子，构成一个相对完整的段落，希望同学们能不看解析就读懂。重点是把握一些熟悉单词的具体语境含义。
On May 20th AT&T, America’s second-biggest supplier of both mobile-phone and fixed-line-broadband services, agreed to buy Direct TV, the country’s leading satellite-TV distributor, for $48.5 billion in cash and shares. Two words can sum up why AT&T was so keen to buy Direct TV and why its owners were happy to sell: bundles and bulk. Telecoms and television companies everywhere are desperate to sell customers bundles of mobile telephone services, fixed lines, broadband and television, rather than individual services. Extra bulk promises extra bargaining power with programme-makers: a similar logic underlies a proposed $45 billion tie-up between America’s two biggest cable-TV companies, Comcast and Time Warner Cable (which also rank first and third in broadband).
第一句：
On May 20th AT&T, America’s second-biggest supplier of both mobile-phone and fixed-line-broadband services, agreed to buy Direct TV, the country’s leading satellite-TV distributor, for $48.5 billion in cash and shares.
参考译文：5月20日，AT&T公司，美国第二大移动通讯和固定线宽带服务供应商，同意以484亿美金的价格用现金和股票的形式收购Direct TV公司，美国国内领先的卫星电视分销商。
第二句：
Two words can sum up why AT&T was so keen to buy Direct TV and why its owners were happy to sell: bundles and bulk.
参考译文：两个单词能概括为什么AT&T公司如此热衷于收购Direct TV公司，而后者又是如此开心的出售自己：捆绑和规模（bundles and bulk）
注意：如果不懂这两个单词的语境含义就看3句和4句了）
第三句：
Telecoms and television companies everywhere are desperate to sell customers bundles of mobile telephone services, fixed lines, broadband and television, rather than individual services. 各地的通讯公司和电视服务商都急切地打包出售移动通讯服务，固定宽带业务和电视业务，而不是单独出售某一项业务。
第四句：
Extra bulk promises extra bargaining power with programme-makers: a similar logic underlies a proposed $45 billion tie-up between America’s two biggest cable-TV companies, Comcast and Time Warner Cable (which also rank first and third in broadband).
词汇突破：extra 增加的
Promise 产生，带来
Underlie 导致，带来
Tie-up 合并
参考译文：增加的规模会带来更强的与节目制造商更强的谈判实力。这一相似的逻辑也导致了美国两家最大的有线电视公司之间近450亿美金的合并议案。两家公司分别是Comcast 和Time Warner Cable，而两家公司同时也是排名第一和第三的宽带服务供应商。
We are required to look into our hearts,spark our hopes, and fire our imaginations.
我们必须关注内心，激发希望，燃烧想象。（写作背诵句）
Additional social stresses may also occurbecause of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migrationmovements—themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means oftransport.
主干识别： Additional social stresses may also occur 主谓结构
其他成分： becauseof the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements 状语
themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.同位语
翻译点拨： Additional social stresses may also occur
增加的社会压力也可能会出现。
试着解释一下：additional可以译作动词增加；主语改为social stress,
社会压力也可能会增加
（may also occur 可以略去。）
because of the population explosion or problems arising from massmigration movements 因为人口爆炸和由于大规模的人口迁移而引起的种种问题
themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.
现代交通工具使得Themselves（大规模的人口迁移）变得相对容易。
同位语可以用括号放到解释说明的名词之后。
人口爆炸和大规模的人口迁移（现代交通工具使其变得相对容易）引起的种种问题
参考译文：由于人口猛增或大量人口流动(现代交通工具使大量人口流动变得相对容易)所引起了各种问题这也增加了新的社会压力。
又是一个不错的句子。这是一位同学在空间里面留言问的问题。找出句子主干就是胜利！评论过千给解析！加油！
Even a reader skeptical of Jameson's claim that a collective political unconscious leaves evidence of itself in individual texts, which together form an uninterrupted historical-political master narrative (the "single great collective story" of Marxist struggle, in Jameson's take on things ), might be convinced by his broader argument about the persistence of allegory and allegorical interpretation.
词汇突破：詹明信（FredricJameson）西方马克思主义研究的一个美国学者
Claim 观点
Argument 观点
Marxist 马克思主义的
Allegory 寓言
a collective political unconscious 集体政治无意识
individual texts 个人文本
an uninterrupted historical-politicalmaster narrative 一个没有间断的政治历史的宏大叙事 take 看法
主干识别：a reader mightbe convinced by his broader argument.
其他成分：定语：skepticalof Jameson's claim=the reader is skeptical of Jameson's claim
Claim的同位语从句： a collective politicalunconscious leaves evidence of itself in individual texts, which together forman uninterrupted historical-political master narrative (the "single greatcollective story" of Marxist struggle, in Jameson's take on things)
Argument的定语： about the persistence of allegoryand allegorical interpretation.
进一步微观分析：acollective political unconscious leaves evidence of itself in individual texts 同位语从句的主干：
集体政治无意识也在个人文本中留下了自己的证据
whichtogether form an uninterrupted historical-political master narrative
which= 个人文本；可以从form判断出来，如果是“集体无意识”那就应该是forms; 这些文本共同构成了一个没有间断的政治历史的宏大叙事
(the"single great collective story" of Marxist struggle, in Jameson'stake on
things) 对于叙事的同位语解释
用詹明信对于事情的看法来讲，就是马克思主义斗争的单个伟大的集体故事。
about the persistence of allegory andallegorical interpretation.
寓言和寓言性解释的持续存在；
参考译文：詹明信认为集体政治无意识也在个人文本中留下了自己的证据，这些文本共同构成了一个没有间断的政治历史的宏大叙事；同时，他从更宏观的角度提出，寓言和寓言性解释持续存在；甚至对第一个观点持有怀疑态度的读者也有可能会相信他的第二个观点。 注意：我不是学西马的，我也没有这个句子的背景，他的具体观点是什么我真不知道。但对于句子的分析和理解一定要到位：
简化一下就是：
A reader skeptical of Jamison’s one idea might beconvinced by his broader argument.
昨天的句子很多同学说根本不知道在说什么，实话实说我也不知道在说什么；还有同学说考研的句子不会这么难吧，你看看12年的翻译你就知道了，其实你也不知道在说什么。你管他在说什么，只要切分对了，语法分析没错，调整好语序，就好了，至于在说什么，爱咋咋地。
Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathwaytracked through it , whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order.
主干识别：Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change.
其他成分：that are independent of the family tree or the path way tracked through it 定语从句
whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order.
并列句
翻译点拨：词汇点拨：
Chomsky乔姆斯基
Be independent of 不受„ 的影响
family tree 谱系（根据上下文可以提示大家这里是指语言的）
Greenbergian格林堡式的（合成词）
universality普遍性
co-dependencies相互依存
whereas但是
成分的处理：
先翻主句：
Chomsky’sgrammar should show patterns of language change
乔姆斯基的语法应该显示出语言变化的模式
再将定语从句单独成句：
thatare independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it
这些模式不受语言谱系或贯穿谱系路径的影响；
whereasGreenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particulartypes of word-order
但是格林堡式的普遍性预测了特定的词序类型间紧密（strong）的依存性
这是2011年英语二的翻译真题。15分满分。
考研的同学不要在四六的的最后冲刺上花太多的时间，不要打乱你的复习规划，重要的是保持自己的节奏。我与你们同在！
Who would have thought that, globally, the IT industry produces about the same volume of greenhouse gases as the world’sairlines do---roughly 2 percent of all C02 emissions?
Many everyday tasks take a surprising tollon the environment. A Google search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of C02,depending on how many attempts are needed to get the “right” answer. To deliver results to its users quickly,then, Google has to maintain vast data centers around the world, packed withpowerful computers. While producing large quantities of C02, these computersemit a great deal of heat, so the centers need to be well air-conditioned, whichuses even more energy?
However, Google and other big techproviders monitor their efficiency closely and make improvements. Monitoring isthe first step on the road to reduction, but there is much more to be done, andnot just by big companies.
第一句：
Who would have thought that, globally, theIT industry produces about the same volume of greenhouse gases as the world’sairlines do---roughly 2 percent of all C02 emissions?
解析：1.其中的难点来自于globally 这个状语到底放在那里比较合适，这里只有通过语义进行判断；
2.---roughly 2 percent of all C02 emissions作之前the same volume 的同位语
参考译文：谁能想到信息技术行业产生的温室气体总量会与航空业不相上下，约占全球二氧化碳排放量的2%?
第二句：
Many everyday tasks take a surprising tollon the environment.
解析：1.对于toll 的理解：
Thehailstone took a heavy toll of the crops in our village last night.
昨晚那场冰雹损坏了我们村的庄稼。
Take a toll „ 对„造成伤害；
2. 根据上下文可以在这里加上定语，信息技术行业中的许多日常工作；
参考译文：（信息技术行业的）许多日常工作对环境造成了意想不到的危害。
第三句：
A Google search can leak between 0.2 and7.0 grams of C02, depending on how many attempts are needed to get the “right”answer.
解析： dependingon„取决于„前面有一个范围，所以这里可以在翻译的时候加上：（具体的数值）取决于„
Attempts 这里可以赋予具体的含义：搜索
参考译文：每用谷歌搜索一次就会释放出0.2克至7.0克的二氧化碳，具体的数值取决于使用者需要搜索多少次才能得到“正确”答案。
第四句：
To deliver results to its users quickly,then, Google has to maintain vast data centers around the world, packed withpowerful computers.
解析：To deliverresults to its users quickly, 状语
packed with powerful computers. 状语
参考译文：为了把搜索结果迅速传输给用户，谷歌不得不在全世界范围内建立大型数据中心，并配备大功率计算机。除了排放大量二氧化碳，这些计算机还释放许多热量，因此数据中心还需要良好的空调环境，而这又会更多的能量。
第五句：
While producing large quantities of C02,these computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centers need to be wellair-conditioned, which uses even more energy?
解析：while :与此同时；在翻译的时候可以处理为:除了„
(在英语一的翻译中，我们经常见到的while表示转折的意思，KK 多次给大家提到的哦：) 参考译文：排放大量二氧化碳，这些计算机还释放许多热量，因此数据中心还需要良好的空调环境，而这又会消耗更多的能量。
第六句：
However, Google and other big tech providers monitortheir efficiency closely and make improvements.
参考译文：不过，谷歌和其他大型技术供应商已在密切监控其数据中心作效率并做出改进。 第七句：
Monitoring is the first step on the road toreduction, but there is much more to be done, and not just by big companies.
参考译文：监控只是减排的第一步，需要做的还有多，而且这不单单是大公司的事情。 刚来空间的新朋友，你可以一天两句的跟上就可以了！一切都来的及！
But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities ofthe news media.
主干识别：the idea restson an understanding
其他成分：the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen 同位语从句
of the established conventions and special responsibilities of thenews media.
定语
翻译点拨：词汇点拨：
rests on 基于„
established conventions 已确立的传统（规定/习俗）
成分的点拨：
先翻译同位语从句：
thejournalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen
新闻记者应比普通公民更加深刻（透彻）地了解法律
再翻主句：
主句中定语和宾语的处理：
an understanding of the established conventions and specialresponsibilities of the news media. 对于新闻媒体中已确立的传统和特殊责任的理解
根据语义可以确定of the newsmedia.修饰theestablished conventions and special responsibilities
参考译文：新闻记者应比普通公民更加透彻地了解法律，而这种看法是基于对新闻媒体中已确立的传统（规定）和特殊责任的理解。
Amid the recriminations and broken treaties after the failure of the European Union’s biggest economic project, wild currency swings between those in the core and those in the periphery would almost certainly bring the single market to a shuddering halt.
【词汇突破】recriminations相互指责，吵架； 反诉； 揭丑；
例句：Their relationship deteriorates into an endless cycle of squabbling , jealousy and recriminations.
他们的关系陷入争吵、嫉妒、指责的恶性循环
Treaty 合约和条约；
Periphery边缘； 圆周； 外围； 边缘地带
Shuddering发抖的，震动的
Halt 停止
【主干识别】wild currency swings would bring the single market to a shuddering halt.
【其他成分】Amid the recriminations and broken treaties after the failure of the European Union’s biggest economic project, 状语
between those in the core and those in the periphery定语
【微观解析】介词短语：介词Amid +名词1the recriminations and名词2 broken treaties 介词短语中的定语 after the failure of the European Union’s biggest economic project,
【难点揭秘】长状语置于句首造成主干识别的困难，主语过长造成了翻译的难点。
【译文赏析】在欧盟最大的经济计划破产后的一片指责和违约之中，货币在欧盟核心国家和边缘国家中肆意动荡，这足以使欧元区的单一市场走向毁灭。
【翻译点拨】将主语wild currency swings between those in the core and those in the periphery翻译为一个句子将名词swings 转译为动词。
从明天开始吧！
The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data.
主干识别：这是一个带有结果状语从句的系表结构，主句系表结构的框架为：
The „languages were so different from.. that „各种语言是如此的不同，以至于„„
其他成分：结果状语：some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data.一些学者甚至指责Boas 和Sapir编造了他们的资料
定语：The newly described languages 这些新近被描述的语言
介词from 的宾语：the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia 经过充分研究的欧洲和东南亚的语言
翻译点拨: 翻译此句的关键在于掌握结构原文的so ... that „（如此„以至于）结构； accused sb. of sth. (指责／谴责某人作了某事)，
fabricating（捏造, 伪造, 虚构），
The newly described（这些新近被描述的），
strikingly different（显著的不同），
the well studied languages（经过充分研究的各种语言）的准确译法。
此句难点有三处：
1） strikingly different 差别显著
许多人不理解strikingly，要么不译，要么错译为“严格不同”，“完全差别”。
2） so„that (如此„) 以至于
由于so„that间隔长，有的考生看不道这一句法结构，错把that后的从句当作South Asia的定语，译文语义混乱。
3） fabricating 编造
这个词许多人不认识，错译为 “构造”，“修饰”，“弄错”或“修改”。
参考译文： 这些新近被描述的各种语言与经过充分研究的欧洲和东南亚的语言是如此的显著的不同，以至于一些学者甚至指责Boas 和Sapir编造了他们的资料。
In the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization-with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed-was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so.
主干识别： the process of industrialization was spread over nearly a century
并列句由whereas引导主干：
a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so.
其他成分： In the early industrialized countries of Europe 状语
with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed状语
翻译点拨： 词汇处理：
industrialized countries 工业化国家
the process of industrialization 工业化进程，工业化过程
with ...that followed 随„„而来的，以及
far-reaching changes 深刻的变革，影响深远的变化
social patterns 社会结构
spread over 持续，延续
nearly a century 大约(将近、几乎)一个世纪
a developing nation 一个发展中国家
undergo 经历
in a decade or so 在10年左右的时间
whereas 但是
参考译文： 在先期实现工业化的欧洲国家里，其工业化进程以及随之而来的各种深刻的社会结构变革持续了大约一个世纪，而如今一个发展中国家在10年左右的时间内就可以完成同样的过程。特别补充： 表示观点的单词的翻译：
believe（相信，认为）、claim（声称，宣称）、assert（断言）、maintain（维持，保持，坚持认为，主张）；set（陈述，认为）；depict（描 述，说明）prove（证明）；demonstrate（说明，表明）、validate（证明，证实）、contend（坚持说）、point out（指出）、as sb put it（正 如某人所提出，指出）、be convinced that（相信，确信）、accept（接受）、acquire（获得、获取）、add（补充，说明） account （认识， 说明）
我们能做的只有坚持！
However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascinating and delightful aspects.
主干识别：the world is so made
其他成分：that elegant systems are unable to deal with some of the world's more fascination and delightful aspects. 结果状语从句主干
in principle 状语
some of the world's more fascinating and delightful都是定语，修饰名词aspects
翻译点拨：这句话句子结构不难主要是对词的处理：
1.the world is so made直译“世界就是这样构成的”，意译“世界就是如此”。
2.elegant systems elegant大纲解释为“优雅的，优美的，精致的”，这些词义与system(体系、系统)都不能搭配，所以引申为“完美的”。注意下 列例子中elegant的翻译：
elegant manners优雅的风度
an elegant dress漂亮雅致的女服
a set of books with elegant bindings一套装帧精美的书籍
a life of elegant ease优裕闲适的生活
an elegant style of writing优雅的文体
an elegant piece of reasoning简要明确的论证
an elegant wine上等好酒
3.in principle惯用法，意为“原则上，基本上，大体上，在理论上”。
例如：
We agree in principle but we dislike your methods.
我们原则上同意，但我们不喜欢你使用的方法。
There's no reason in principle why man shouldn't one day travel to the most distant stars. 从理论上讲，没有理由认为人类不可能在将来的某一天飞向遥远的星球。
4.deal with...aspects按照搭配原则译为“解决/处理„问题”。
注意：aspects的词义定位一定要以deal with为依据。
参考译文：然而，世界就是如此，完美的体系一般而言是无法解决/处理世界上某些更加引人入胜和令人愉悦的问题的。
今天的句子是《时文精析》上面的。
IF you are a suspicious type you may bedisturbed by the fact that, despite reassurances of the safety of the procedure, dentists and their technicians, when administering X-rays, usuallystep out of the room while the deed is done.
词汇突破：suspicious多疑
Reassurances
字典含义是：消除恐惧或疑虑；恢复信心；放心；
英语解释是：remove sb's fears or doubts; make sb confident again
在这个语境中还是愿意翻译为： 再次确认，再次保证
Administering 实施
Dentists 牙医
主干识别：you maybe disturbed by the fact
其他成分：状语从句：IF youare a suspicious type
同位语从句：, despite reassurances of the safety of the procedure, dentists andtheir technicians, when administering X-rays, usually step out of the roomwhile the deed is done.
参考译文： 如果你是多疑的人，你可能会由于下面的事实而感到不安：尽管一再地保证治疗过程是安全的，在实施X射线治疗的时候，牙医和技术人员通常会在进行治疗时走出房间。 真题的句子！
真题为王！！！
Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools.
【词汇突破】hypocritical 虚伪的；
spectacles 景象
ample 充足的
radical 激进的，根本的
journalist 记者，新闻工作者
advocate 支持
participatory democracy 参与制民主
enrolled in 注册入学，入伍
【主干识别】we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles 主谓结构的被动态
【其他成分】 which now more than ever seem in ample supply 定语从句修饰spectacles；“：”之后列出三种虚伪的景象的代表人物，举例说明。
【微观解析】定语从句还原为一个完整的句子：The spectacles now more than ever seem in ample supply.其主干为：The spectacles seem in ample supply；now more than ever为状语。代表人物一 the critic of American materialism（美国物质主义的批评者） with a Southampton summer home;（其拥有南安普顿的避暑山庄）；代表人物二 the publisher of radical books（激进书刊的出版者）who takes his meals in three-star restaurants，定语从句讲他们却在三星级酒店就餐（因为激进主义者往往是最求生活极简的）；代表人物三 the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life（支持在人生的各个阶段推崇参与制民主的记者）whose own children are enrolled in private schools定语从句讲他们自己的孩子却在私立学校上学（私立学校的教育是精英制的，而参与制民主是需要和大众贴近的）。
【难点揭秘】冒号后并列的三个部分就是三个名词后面接上比较长的定语修饰，这样就造成了阅读的困难；
【译文赏析】相反，我们看到了这些非常虚伪的景象，他们似乎比以前的任何时候都更多见：批判美国式物质主义的人却拥有位于南安普顿的避暑山庄：激进书籍的出版商却在三星级餐厅享用一日三餐；倡导在人生各个阶段实施参与式民主的记者，他的子女却就读于私立学校。
【翻译点拨】we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles如果直接翻译那就是：我们被招待了很好的虚伪景象；这样的说法并不符合中文的习惯，中文是多主动，英语多被动，因此句子转译为：我们看到了这些非常虚伪的景象fine 处理为非常。
这是经济学人最新的文章；Technology Quarterly 是一个很有特色的栏目，也是出题人的最爱；
这个一篇关于网络安全的文章。
But with online security frequently breached and personal data plundered, Mr Balkan is not alone in thinking there will be a big market for privacy products. Other new ventures are meant to appeal to an audience believed to have grown indignant at the gathering of personal data for
commercial purposes by industry giants like Google and Facebook.
词汇突破：breach 破坏
Plunder 窃取
Venture 企业
Appeal to 吸引
句子解析：第一句：
句子主干：Mr Balkan is not alone
状语一：online security frequently breached（独立主格）
状语二：personal data plundered （独立主格）
状语三：in thinking there will be a big market for privacy products
参考译文：由于网络安全经常被破坏，个人数据经常被窃取，所以不只是Mr Balkan一个人认为保护隐私类的产品将会有巨大的市场。
第二句：
句子主干：Other new ventures are meant to appeal to an audience
an audience的定语： believed to have grown indignant at the gathering of personal data for commercial purposes by industry giants like Google and Facebook.
微观解析：believed to have grown indignant at„
参考译文：其他一些新的企业，也准备去吸引这样一些用户，大家认为这些用户对于一些行业巨头如谷歌和Facebook出于商业目的收集用户个人数据的行为越来越愤怒。
翻译点拨： an audience believed to have grown indignant at „
死译：一些听众被认为是对于„越来越愤怒.
直译：大家认为这些这些用户对于„越来越愤怒
In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.
主干识别：the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community
（the non-commercial tree species are） to be preserved as such
其他成分： In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced状语
within reason状语
翻译点拨： 词汇点拨：
Ecologically生态
non-commercial tree species 没有商业价值的树种（非经济类树种）
native forest community 当地森林群落
as such 相应的
within reason 在合理的范围之内
例句：The Clinton campaign has been low in expectations all day and it seems within reason. 克林顿竞选团已经放低了他们这些天的期望,看起来是有道理的.
Preserved 保护
成分点拨：
先翻状语1：
In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced
在林业生态更为发达的欧洲，
（将ecologically转译为名词）
再翻主句和状语：
the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community 没有商业价值的树种被合理地看成是当地森林群落的成员
to be preserved as such
并得到了相应的保护
参考译文： 在林业生态更为发达的欧洲，没有商业价值的树种被合理地看成是当地森林群落的成员，并得到相应的保护。
惊艳的句子！
Human history began when the inheritance of genetics and behavior which had until then provided the only way of dominating the environment was first broken through by conscious choice.
词汇突破：1.Inheritancen. 继承；遗传；遗产
2.Genetics n.遗传，遗传学
例句：Smoking, rather than genetics,was the cause of his early demise.
导致他英年早逝的原因是吸烟而非遗传
3.dominating 支配
4.broken through 打破
5. conscious 有意识的
6. until then 直到那时；（在句子有时也可以处理为：一直）
主干识别：Human history began
其他成分：when the inheritance of genetics and behavior which had until then provided the only way of dominating the environment was first broken through by
conscious choice.
状语从句
微观分析： 状语从句主干：
theinheritance of genetics and behavior was first broken through by consciouschoice
定语从句：
Which（=the inheritance of genetics andbehavior） had untilthen provided the only way of dominating the environment
翻译点拨： 刚才的分析就是我们在翻译的课堂上常讲的第一步：句子结构分析，保证句子理解的正确性。
到了第二步我们就不能按英语的结构来翻译了，就应该按照中文的表达习惯来翻译了。具体的讲就是：每个过长部分都可以单独成句；然后按中文语序排列；
刚才的句子可以翻译为三个句子：
1. Human history began
人类历史开始了
2. when the inheritance of genetics and behaviorwas first broken through by conscious choice 当遗传和行为的继承第一次被有意识的选择打破的时候
3. Which（=the inheritance of genetics andbehavior） had untilthen provided the only way of dominating the environment
遗传和行为的继承一直提供了唯一支配环境的方式
=遗传和行为的继承一直是支配环境的唯一方式。
大家会发现这个句子按照321的顺序会很通顺，因为符合中文时间顺序的表达习惯：
参考译文：遗传和行为的继承一直是支配环境的唯一方式，当这种继承第一次被有意识的选
择打破时，人类的历史就开始了。
比较一下：当那种一直是支配环境的惟一发式的遗传和行为的继承第一次被有意识的选择打破时，人类历史便开始了。（这种翻法就弱爆了！）
It （谬论）applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources，and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.
主干识别：It applies equally to traditional historians and to social science historians
其他成分：who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources定语 who equate their activity with specific techniques.定语
翻译点拨：词的处理
Applies 适用于„,
特别主义：
当说某物适用于人的时候，可以转译为：人会采取某物或者人运用某物；
traditional historians 传统历史学家，历史传统派
view history as 把历史看作是
sources 源泉，引申为史料来源
social science historians 社会科学历史学家，历史社科派
their activity 活动，引申为历史学研究活动，历史研究
equate... with 把„„等同于，认为„„是
specific techniques 具体方法
对于过长的定语可以采取单独成句的翻译方法
两个定语翻译为：
传统历史学家认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论，
社会科学历史学家认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究。
参考译文：传统历史学家认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论，社会科学历史学家认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究，这种谬论同样适用于他们（他们同样持有这样的谬论）
今天的句子是一个科技类的句子，也是长难句书上的。也是之前的89句，多巩固！单词比较复杂，但是不需要记。重点是体会一下翻译的方法。不用太纠结，翻译本来就难，慢慢积累。
The increasing complexities of microsurgery, laser technology, arthroscopy and
who knows what next demand understanding and competence in techniques that require educationally sound training for the future orthopedist.
词汇突破: 这些单词不要记：
Microsurgery 显微外科；lasertechnology 激光技术；arthroscopy 关节窥镜
who knows what next 谁也不知道的未来的新技术：这是一个常见的表达，偏口语，不做正规的语法分析。
Orthopedist 整容医师
主干识别：The increasing complexities demandunderstanding and competence （in techniques ） 其他成分： that require educationallysound training for the future orthopedist. 定语从句 翻译点拨：单独成句；
成分和词性的转换：为了符合中文的表达，英文中的成分不一定会和中文的成分严格对应，
比如定语可以转化为状语，定语也可以转化为宾语；名词
The increasing complexities ofmicrosurgery, laser technology, arthroscopy and who knows what next
先翻of 后的内容：显微外科、激光技术、关节窥镜以及谁也不知道还要发明的什么新技术， 再翻译：The increasing complexities其日益增加的复杂性；
谓语的翻译：demand understanding and competence intechniques
这就要求（人们）理解和掌握这些技术；
that require educationally soundtraining for the future orthopedist.
在翻译这个定语从句为单独的一个句子：
这就要求未来的整形医师必须具备教育良好的训练
参考译文：显微外科、激光技术、关节窥镜以及谁也不知道还要发明的什么新技术，其日益增加的复杂性要求（人们）理解和掌握这些技术，这就要求未来的整形医师必须具备教育良好的训练
经济学人上的文章，分析男性为什么比女性更弱。和2000年的第二篇文章话题类似。还是老规矩，评论过千给解析。大家可以练习一下书写的速度和工整度的统一了。
WHY past generations regarded women as the weaker sex is a mystery to anyone who has examined the question objectively, for they are far stronger than men—outliving them in pretty well every society in the world. Partly that is because men are more violent, and their violence is largely directed at other men. But partly it is physiological. Men seem to wear out faster than women do. Yet no one knows why.
词汇突破：pretty well=almost
directed at 针对
wear out 消耗
physiological 生理的
参考译文：过去，人们认为女性是更弱势的性别。对于任何客观的研究过这个问题 的人而言，人们为什么这样认为还是个迷。因为女性要比男性强太多，在这个世界上几乎每个社会中，女性寿命都要比男性长。人们之所以这样认为，部分是由于男性要更暴力。而且他们的暴力大部分是针对其他男性的。这也部分是因为生理的因素。男性精力似乎比女性消耗的快。 但是没有人知道是为什么。
Madeleine Beekman of the University of Sydney, Australia, and her colleagues, however, have a hypothesis. As they outline in a paper in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, they think at least some of the blame lies with subcellular structures called mitochondria (pictured), which provide the body with its power by burning glucose and using the energy thus released to make ATP, a molecule that is biology’s universal fuel.
词汇突破：subcellular structures 亚细胞结构
Mitochondria 粒腺体（线粒体）
Glucose 葡萄糖
ＡＴＰ 三磷酸腺苷
以上的单词不用记。
下面这个表达一定要掌握：
some of the blame lies with A; A 是部分原因；
outline 指出
hypothesis 假说
参考译文：但是，澳大利亚悉尼大学Madeleine Beekman同事一起提出一种假说。他们在英国皇家学会哲学学报发表的一篇论文中指出，亚细胞结构，也就是粒腺体是造成这一现象的部分原因。粒腺体通过燃烧葡萄糖为机体提供能量，并利用该能量释放三磷腺苷，三磷腺苷是生物界普遍的燃料。
四六级作文到底会考什么？
四六级考试的作文题目无非就是两类：
第一．和自己发展有关的个人成长成功话题；
第二．和社会现象相关的学校社会热点话题；
而四六级的写作结构很固定：
第一段：引出话题（对于图画描述）
第二段：阐释话题
第三段：总结话题
第一类话题需要大家说自己的认识，其实就是喊出一些无用的口号，并且的变了方的把这些口号喊的比较复杂，人在成长成功过程中的品质通常包括了：
某种品质对成功很重要:
可能出现的主题词：
顺境与逆境( Favorable Circumstances and adverse Circumstances)
勤奋（diligence; painstaking work）
谨慎和坚毅（prudence and determination）
热情和乐观（, enthusiasm and optimism）
博学和求知（learnedness and seeking knowledge/pursuit of knowledge）
绝望和坚持（Frustration and perseverance）
独立性问(independence)
感恩(gratitude)
创新( creation and innovation)
鼓励 (encouragement)
自满和谦逊 （self-satisfied and modest）
合作（cooperation）等：注意替换主题词就可以了.
All in all, by cooperation among each other, we will be able to explore a wider world and reach further horizon. Furthermore, whatever difficulty or situation we are confronted with, those who have the spirit of cooperation and team work are nearer to success. Just as John Adams, the second U.S. president quoted from the ancient Greek Aesop’s Fables,“United we stand, divided we fall.”
自信：(confidence)
(可以把独立换成考场上需要你写的主题词，比如，the spirit of impendence等)
社会和学校话题：
对于学校社会话题同样是喊出口号，分析利弊，不可能写出太多实质的话题：
常见的话题：
1． 资源保护(Energy and Resource Saving)环境保护( Environmental protection)
低碳环保（low-carbon life）旅游对环境的影响（
2． 人口增长(The growth of China’s population)
3． 社会保障问题(Social security fund)
4． 假冒伪劣产品问题( Counterfeits and unqualified products)食品安全(food safety)
5． 消费者权益保护问题( The protection of consumers rights and interests)
6． 社会诚信的缺失 （Honest is the best policy . It pays to be honest.）
It is not hard to notice that without honesty/credibility, hardly can individuals or organizations make money, take profits, let alone obtain wealth in the long term, especially in this fiercely competitive modern world, I argue.
我认为，不难发现，要是没有诚信在这样一个竞争激烈的现代社会中，从长期来看个人和组织是很难赚到钱，赚到利润的，更不必说获得财富了。
7. 知识产权保护问题（Intellectual Property protection. No plagiarizing）
8． 微博和微信的强势崛起（ The rise of the WeiBo,Wechat ）
9． 传统文化的传播（traditional Chinese culture）
It is my view that national culture as priceless spiritual treasure should be preserved and cherished. Meanwhile, there are good reasons to advocate international culture. While global economic integration has fostered thorough cultural interchanges, it is multiculturalism that essentially makes the society and its people diverse, colorful, vigorous and open-minded. Nevertheless, certainly, when we are confronted with a different culture, we should be sensible enough to absorb its essence and to resist its dark side. Only in this way can we promote cultural development positively and make our world dimensional, colorful and vigorous.
孝敬父母（caring parents ）(filial piety)
Only in a reasonable, prosperous and healthy atmosphere can we hope to witness the ideal scene in which our parents can enjoy their life to the uttermost.
10． 提高学生的身体素质（ physical exercise build a strong body and relieve pressure and keep a pleasant mood）
11． 大学生的就业（ sticking to our own choice of following our parent’s arrangement ） Only in a reasonable, prosperous and healthy atmosphere can we hope to witness the ideal scene in which our graduates can enjoy their careers to the uttermost.
12． 大学城的建造（the construction of university town）
Only in a reasonable, prosperous and healthy atmosphere can we hope to witness the ideal scene in which our students can enjoy their study to the uttermost.
先谈社会话题：
负面的话题无非要涉及解决的问题，正面话题就是展望未来，现在送大家一些在考研和四六级中正负面话题都能用的表达：
The general public is supposed to enhance their awareness that
大众需要提升对于„的意识是，
In view of the complexity of such a topic, we must treat it socially, economically and culturally. 考虑到话题的复杂性，我们必须从社会，经济和文化角度来对待这个话题。
In a sense, it is not why sth. exists in today’s world but what we should do to cope with it. 总之，不是讨论为什么在今天的世界会存在这种话题，而在于我们应该怎么去应对他。 文章最后一定能用到的表达：
In view of the importance and the complexity of such a positive/negative phenomenon, we must treat it socially, economically and culturally and maintain it the very force that has driven our society/或 life forward. Only in a reasonable, prosperous and healthy atmosphere can we hope to witness the ideal scene in which people can enjoy their life to the uttermost./或in which student can enjoy their study to the uttermost.
特别警惕，四六级还可以出一些应用文作为考察的对象，这里附上一篇欢迎辞； My dear new friends,
You are welcomed to join in our English club. I am very glad that you will be a part of our fantastic club. Established in 2001, our club has celebrated her 10th birthday. In the past ten years, a lot of interesting activities have been designed and organized. Our most famous activities include talk shows, speech competition and role play competition. In our club, you will have ample opportunities to enjoy English movies, meet foreign friends and of course practice your oral English with them. I am sure you will enjoy happy moments in our club and make progress in your English learning.
Do animals have rights? This is how the question is usually put. It sounds like a useful，ground-clearing way to start.Actually，it isn't，because it assumes that there is anagreed account of human rights，which is something the world does not have.
词汇突破：account 看法
Put (常用于观点的表达)
主干识别：it isn't
其他成分：Actually，状语
because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights，which is something the world does not have.状语从句
微观分析：it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights 状语从句的主句 which is something the world does not have 状语从句中的定语从句
翻译点拨：当翻译的句子中出现指代的时候有时需要往前找到指代的对象，并翻译出来，以语义是否通顺为标准。
it指代前面的句子可以翻译为：这种说法，isn't后面省略了so或true
这种说法并不对/情况并不是这样的
第二个it 也是指代it:这种说法认为
an agreed account 约定的看法，共同的认识
an agreed account of human rights 关于人权的约定的认识
which is something the world does not have.这个认识是世界上没有的。
参考译文： （1）这种说法是不对的，因为这种说法认为存在着一种被大家认同的关于人权的看法，而这种共识其实是不存在的。
（2） 事实并非如此，因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有共同的认识为基础的，而这种共同认识并不存在。
考研的同学们不要忘了我们的目标是什么。继续努力就好！只要坚持就没有我们去不了的地方！
On the other, it（discipline这一学科） links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news.
主干识别：it links these concepts to everyday realities
其他成分：in a manner 状语
which is parallel to the links 定语从句
journalists forge 定语从句修饰links
on a daily basis 状语
as they cover and comment on the news 状语
翻译点拨：这个句子由于层次比较复杂，单词虽然简单但是具体赋予中文含义的时候会有一定的难度。
词汇的点拨：
Everyday realities 每天的事实 （日常事实）
Be parallel to 与„相平行（与„相似）
Forge 建立
Forge link 建立联系
Cover news 报道新闻
初步翻译：
另一方面，这个学科把这些概念和日常事实联系起来，以这样一种方式来联系，这种方式类似于新闻记者建立起来的联系，在每天的基础上，当他们报道和评论新闻时。
这样的初步翻译肯定是不行的是需要改进的：
首先可以将: On a daily basis简化翻译为：每天= everyday
后半句可以改为：
这种方式与新闻记者每天报道和评论新闻时建立起来的联系是相似的。
翻译到这里很多考区可以拿满分，但是仔细一点解释就可以知道：
新闻记者在报道和评论新闻的时候建立的联系就是和日常事实建立的联系。
所以这个学科和做法和新闻报道的做法是相似的。
这样在翻译的时候就是可以将平行并列的部分简化的。
参考译文：另一方面，这一学科吧这些概念和日常事实结合在一起，这与新闻记者每天报道和评论新闻时的做法是相似的。
今天的句子很短，但是却代表了一种类型的句子一定好好的仔细看！这是一个GMAT的句子，考研真题很多思路与GMAT的思路很像。今天很多同学都看了基础测评的课程了吧，上了的同学说句话哦，谢谢！
Consequently, nothing seems good or normal that does not accord with the requirements of the free market.
刚一看这个句子的时候有同学会感觉到不习惯，看看这个句子先：
The sun rises that looks beautiful.
其实在本质上是一样的，关键在切分句子为句子主干和次主干，再来理清楚各自之间的关系： The sun rises that looks beautiful.
切分：
The sun rises;
The sun looks beautiful;
所以刚才的句子就是：
Consequently, nothing seems good or normal；
that does not accord with the requirements of the free market；
第二句分句在修饰nothing：
直接翻译:
没有任何不符合自由市场要求的东西看上去是好的或正常的。
转译：
任何不符合自由市场要求的东西看上去都是不好的或不正常的；
只有符合自由市场要求的东西看上去才是好的和正常的；
双重否定的句子还是很多的：
The problem is that the compound（化合物） has mixed effects in the brain, a not unusual occurrence（现象） with psychoactive drug(精神刺激类药物).
参考译文:问题在于这种化合物对于大脑有混合的作用。这对于精神刺激类药物而言是常见的事情。
在暑期的强化中我也会帮到大家的，毕竟我们只讲了细节题和态度题。
这个句子是真题的句子，长难句上也有，你熟悉吗？
For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the 80’s, down-shifting in the mid 90s is not so much a search for the mythical good life--growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into a simpler, less materialistic lifestyle --as a personal recognition of your limitations.
【主干识别】 Down-shifting in the mid- 90s is not so much a search for the mythical good lift as a personal recognition of your limitations.
【难点揭秘】not so(as) much„as 这个比较结构的理解通常理解为：与其说，不如说；例如：He was not so much angry as disappointed.（他与其说愤怒不如说失望。）
【其他成分】For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the 80’s介词短语作状语；growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one同位语；as a personal recognition of your limitations状语。
【微观解析】for 介词 the women of my generation名词 who were urged to keep juggling through the 80’s定语从句修饰the women of my generation。
【译文赏析】对于我这一代曾在整个80年代为生活奔波的女人来说，90年代中期出现的归隐恬退与其说是我们寻求一种神话般的美好生活（用有机肥种植蔬菜，并且冒险去过一种更加简单和更少物质的生活方式）不如说是我们清醒地认识到自身能力是有限的。
The second effort , by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality，identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints.
主干识别：The second effort , by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality
其他成分：identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints. 状语
翻译点拨：词汇点拨：
empirical approach 经验主义的方法
universality 普遍性（这里是指语言的）
biases 歧视和倾向
cognitive constraints 认知限制
成分点拨：
The second effort , by Joshua Greenberg, 主语可单独成句
第二次努力是由乔舒亚.格林堡做出的，
takes a more empirical approach to universality
这一次她采取了采用更为经验主义的方法来（研究）语言的普遍性，
“加上研究二字使翻译更通顺，用到了增词的方法，在介词短语中可以增加动词”
identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints.
确定了多种语言（尤其是语法词序方面）的共同特征，这些特征被认为是代表了由认知限制产生的倾向。
“将状语单独成句，定语从句单独成句，符合我们翻译的原则，那个部成分长了咱就从哪里下手!”
参考译文： 第二次努力是由乔舒亚.格林堡做出的，她这次采用更为经验主义的方法来研究语言的普遍性，确定了多种语言（尤其是语法词序方面）的共同特征，这些特征被认为是代表了由认知限制产生的倾向。
下面是奥巴马就职演讲，对于这个人我很不喜欢，但是他的就职演说词是近十年来最精彩的演说，很多词句可以学习！重点是第二句！
If there is anyone out there who still doubts that America is a place where all things are possible, who still wonders if the dream of our founders is alive in our time, who still questions the power of our democracy, tonight is your answer.
如果还有人仍在怀疑美国是否是一个一切皆有可能的国度的话，如果还有人仍在疑虑我们美国的缔造者的梦想是否还存在于我们这个时代的话，如果还有人仍在质疑我们民主的力量的话，今晚你就可以得到答案。
It's the answer that led those who've been told for so long by so many to be cynical and fearful and doubtful about what we can achieve to put their hands on the arc of history and bend it once more toward the hope of a better day.
切分：
It's the answer/ that led those/ who've been told for so long by so many to be cynical and fearful and doubtful about what we can achieve /to put their hands on the arc of history /and bend it once more toward the hope of a better day.
句子主干提取：
It’s the answer.
你也可以理解为强调句！！！
第一个定语从句：
that led those to put their hands on the arc of history and bend it once more toward the hope of a better day.
第二个定语从句：
who've been told for so long by so many to be cynical and fearful and doubtful about what we can achieve.
在翻译的时候这里先翻第二个定语从句，再翻主干，再翻第一个定语从句，这样符合中文表达的习惯逻辑。
第二个定语从句：
长久以来，一些人一再受到很多人的告诫，要对我们所能取得的成绩要持有讽刺、担忧和怀疑的态度。
主句:
今夜就是给他们的答案；
第一个定语从句：
这个答案可以让他们伸出双手去把握历史的弧线，再次让它再次转向充满希望的美好明天。 大家要把主干理解为强调句也是可以的！不改变语义！
The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years
ago，and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.
词汇突破：in evolution 在演化中
formulated 阐述；表述；解释；论证
shaping 形成（造就）
maintaining 保持，维护
recognized 认可，承认
主干识别：这里是两个并列句：
1. The role of natural selection was formulated.
2. The selective role of the environment is only beginning to be recognized and studied. 其他成分：only a little more than a hundred years ago 状语
in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual 状语
参考译文：自然选择在进化中的作用仅在一百多年前才得以阐明，而环境在塑造和保持个体行为时的选择作用则刚刚开始被认识和研究。
特别提示：被动语态的处理是翻译中的一个重要的知识点，多关注。
今天的句子先提问：
下面两句话是不是一个意思？
我把翻译都给出来了。
不能只浏览不思考不留印哦 ：）
1.No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule.
在科学上，职业人士和业余人士之间没有鲜明的区别：任何规则（区别）都能找到例外的情况。
2.Amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science.
在科学的某些领域，业余人士能与职业人士竞争 ；
这两句话表达的是一个意思；在考研中可以被看作是同意替换。
1.第一句是结论：任何区分专业和业余人士的规则都能找到例外；
2.第二句是例子：这种情况就是一种例外啊；是对于这种例外的具体描写。尤其是some的使用，很模糊，好好体会！
2001年的文章，如果大家还不能理解就结合文章看哦
From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders. 结构识别：
From the middle-class family perspective, much of this looks far less like A, and B more like C; 再精简点：
sth looks far less like A ,and B more like C.
（要是在B后面给逗号，可能结构会更容易识别一些，但是作者就是这样写了，我们也得受着。）
A= an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility
B= a good deal
C=a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already
overburdened shoulders
这个句子还有一种理解：
a great deal adv.非常 修饰 （固定搭配）
He likes to swim a great (good) deal. 他非常喜欢游泳。
再次强调：less + 否定； more + 肯定
在考场上理解到这里就可以做题了，至于怎么翻就不重要了。2007年阅读真题第三篇的句子。
重要通知：各地文都学员请关注暑期英语强化的上课时间，尽量在上课前做完03到08年的阅读真题；至少读完全文，查出单词，分析句子，做细节题和态度题；带着问题来听课你才更有收获！we are the best! 特此通知！KK即日！收到回复！谢谢！
The Environmental Revolution will be judged by whether it can shift the world economy into an environmentally sustainable development path, one that leads to greater economic security, healthier lifestyles, and a worldwide improvement in the human condition.
主干识别：The Environmental Revolution will be judged
其他成分： by whether it can shift the world economy into an environmentally sustainable development path, 状语
one that leads to greater economic security, healthier lifestyles, and a worldwide improvement in the human condition.
名词 path的同位语
翻译点拨：这个句子虽然长，但是不难翻译，只是注意主句的翻译：
The Environmental Revolution will be judged
直接翻译：环境革命被...评判
被动转为主动就可以转译为：
判断（评价）环境革命的标准是...
记住增词不增意。2+1=2
对同位语单独成句即可。
参考译文：评价环境革命的标准就是看它能否使世界经济转变到在环境上可持续发展的道路上，这条路能使经济有更大保障、生活方式更加健康、全球人类生活状况普遍改善。
美国是移民大国，但是美国公司最近却热衷于搬到海外去；通过收购公司来改变自己公司的注册地进而改变最为美国公司的地位，新的注册地往往税收更低，Medtronic公司就准备收购Convidien公司。美国政府和国会当然不会坐视不管，这不就有了下面这个句子。
Were the bills introduced in Congress by Democrats proposing raising the 20% threshold to 50% to pass，this latest deal would be blocked, as Covidien investors will own just 30% of the new entity.
解析：这个句子用了虚拟语气，结构是：If the bills were to pass, this deal would be blocked. 参考译文： 民主党在国会中提议将并购的比例门槛从20%提高到50%，（the bills introduced in Congress by Democrats proposing raising the 20% threshold to 50%），如果这些议案通过了，那么这次交易就可能无法通过了（this latest deal would be blocked），因为被收购的Covidien只站到新公司的30%。
PS：补充知识点： 美国的税务部门叫IRS =Internal Revenue Service (美国)国内税务局 阅读关键还是单词和句子！
Under modern conditions，this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the
help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts.
主干识别：this requires varying measures of...and hence the help of...
其他成分：Under modern conditions 状语
such as economists and operational research experts 定语修饰 scientists
翻译点拨：词的处理：
Under modern conditions 在现代条件下
requires 需要
varying measures (程度)不同的措施
centralized control 中央控制，中央调控
and hence 因此，从而
specialized scientists 专门科学家，专家
operational research experts 运行研究专家，运筹学家
特别提示：
很多A of B结构都可以将A翻译为形容词修饰B ：quality of life (有质量的生活)
varying measures of centralized control
措施不同的中央控制
参考译文：在现代条件下，这需要措施不同的中央控制，从而就需要获得诸如经济学家和运筹学家等领域专家的协助。
前几天的句子有同学说比较简单，今天的句子是GRE的句子，应该够大家好好琢磨一下了。看惯了这样的句子再去看考研的句子真的就轻松了。
These questions are political in the sense that the debate over them will inevitably be less an exploration of abstract matters in a spirit of disinterested inquiry than an academic power struggle in which the careers and professional fortunes of many women scholars-only now entering the academic profession in substantial numbers-will be at stake, and with them the chances for a distinctive contribution to humanistic understanding，a contribution that might be an important influence against sexism in our society.
词汇突破：1. in a sense 从某种意义上讲
What you say is true in a sense. 你的话从某种意义上讲是正确的。
In the sense of +短语
that+句子 (从下面的意义上讲„= 因为„)
2. disinterested 公正的；无私的；不感兴趣的；不关心的
3.Inquiry 询问，探究
4. in substantial numbers 大量的
5.sexism 性别主义（歧视）
6.distinctive 独特的，明显的
7.at stake 有风险的
主干识别：These questions are political这些问题是政治性的问题，
其他成分：由in the sense that引导出一个状语从句:
状语从句主干：
The debate over them will inevitably be less an exploration of abstract matters in a spirit of disinterested inquiry than an academic power struggle. 因为，对于这些问题的争论并不是在公正的探究精神的指导下对抽象事务的探究，而是一种学术权力的争斗。
状语从句中的定语从句：
in which the careers and professional fortunes of many women scholars-only now entering the academic profession insubstantial numbers-will be at stake在这种争斗中，很多女性学者（她们很多是现在才大量进入学术圈的）的职业和专业才能都会面临风险，
后接一个省略句，这种结构在我们之前的考研难句中是见过的：
（with them） the chances for a distinctive contribution to humanistic understanding （ will be at stake）
同时，对她们而言，对于人文学科的理解做出独特贡献的机会也会处于风险之中。
最后加一个同位语解释说明前面的contribution：，a contribution +定语从句： that might be an important influence against sexism in our society.
而这种贡献可能会对于反对我们社会中的性别歧视主义产生重大的影响。
参考译文：这些是政治性的问题，因为，对于这些问题的争论并不是在公正的探究精神的指导下对抽象事务的探究，而是一种学术权力的争斗。在这种争斗中，很多女性学者（她们很多是现在才大量进入学术圈的）职业前途和专业才能都会面临风险。同时，对她们而言，对于人文学科的理解做出独特贡献的机会也会处于风险之中。而这种贡献可能也会极大的影响到社会中对于性别歧视主义的反对。
But while admitting to the fullest extent the wonderful achievements of labour, and recognizing the fact that men of the most distinguished genius have invariably been found the most indefatigable workers, it must nevertheless be sufficiently obvious that, without the original endowment of heart and brain, no amount of labour, however well applied, could have produced a Shakespeare, a Newton, a Beethoven, or a Michelangelo.
词汇突破：to the fullest extent 完全
indefatigable 不知疲倦的
distinguished genius 杰出的天才
Invariably 总是，不变的
Endowment天赋
主干识别：it must nevertheless be sufficientlyobvious that„
其他成分：while 引导的两个现在分词短语充当的让步状语：
while admitting to the fullest extent thewonderful achievements of labour, and recognizing the fact that men of the mostdistinguished genius have invariably been found the most indefatigable workers
that 引导一个主语从句：
without the original endowment of heart andbrain, no amount of labour, however well applied, could have produced a Shakespeare, a Newton,a Beethoven, or a Michelangelo.
其中主干为：no amount of labour could have produced a Shakespeare, a Newton, a Beethoven, or a Michelangelo.
注意： no amount of labour could have produced... =
amount of labor could not have produced...
其他成分： without the original endowment of heart and brain状语
however well applied 状语
参考译文：但是，我们虽然在一方面最大程度的承认劳动所创造的辉煌成就，也承认最杰出的天才永远是最不疲倦的辛劳着，但同时，有一点也是很明显的，那就是，如果没有心智固有的天赋，无论付出多少劳动，也无论这些劳动运用的有多么恰当，也无法创造出像莎士比亚，牛顿，贝多芬，米开朗基罗这样杰出的人物。
强化班的翻译课上我会要求同学们把96年到14年的21年间的真题翻译都要做一遍，对大家的阅读和翻译本身都有极大的帮助。
换了一个浅色的背景，大家喜欢吗？
We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational processwhich we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- thatof direct tuition or schooling.
主干识别：We are thus led to distinguisha more formal kind of education
其他成分：within the broad educationalprocess 状语
which we have beenso far considering “ process”的定语
that of directtuition or schooling. 同位语
翻译点拨：词汇的处理
distinguish 区分出„
consider考虑/讨论
tuition 直接讲授
schooling 学校教育
主句的处理
We are thus led todistinguish a more formal kind of education
直接翻译为：我们进而被引导去区分„(引导我们的就是我们自己)
翻译中常常是将被动变为主动，“得以„”是常见的替换方式，在我的课程笔记中是可以看到的。
同位语的处理：
that of directtuition or schooling.
记中是可以看到的。
所以可以改译为：这就使我们进而得以去区分一种更加正式的教育。
状语的处理：
within the broadeducational process which we have been so far considering
定语从句可以前置，在（我们）一直讨论的广义的教育过程中，
代词“我们”和主句的“我们”重复了，可以省略。
同位语可以处理为:“也就是„”
That 指代前面的正式教育，只是为了语言更正式可以不翻译。
参考译文： 这就使我们进而得以在一直讨论的广义的教育过程中去区分出一种更加正式的教育，也就是直接讲授或学校教育。
特别提示：
在翻译的过程中我们一直在遵循一种原则，那就是：
2+1 = 2 (加词不加意)
2-1 = 2（减词不减意）的原则。
Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.
主干识别：Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world. 其他成分：to produce a unique millennium technology calendar 状语
that gives the latest dates 状语中名词calendar的定语从句
when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.前面定语中
latest dates 的定语从句
翻译点拨：词汇的处理：
Pearson 皮尔森(人名音译)
pieced together 汇集；综合
around the world 世界各地，全世界
produce 编制
a unique millennium technology calendar 一个独特的技术千年历
the latest dates 最近日期
key breakthroughs 重大突破，关键性突破
定语从句的处理：可以后置单独成句，也可以翻译为前置定语；
a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.
编制了一个独特的千年技术日历，这个日历给出了我们有望看到的数百个重大突破和发现能发生的最近日期。
参考译文：皮尔森汇集世界各地数百位研究人员的成果，编制了一个独特的技术千年历，编制了一个独特的千年技术日历，这个日历给出了我们有望看到的数百个重大突破和发现能发生的最近日期。
But the debate could not be resolved because no one was able to ask the crucial questions in a form in which they could be pursued productively.
词汇突破： pursue 本意：追求；此处含义：研究
Productively 有效地
主干识别： the debate could not be resolved
原因状语从句：because no one was able to ask the crucial questions
状语：in a form
定语从句：in which they could be pursued productively修饰form.
Which= form
参考译文：这个争论得不到解决，因为没有人能够用一种特定形式来提出一些重要 的问题。在这个形式中，这些问题才能有效地得到研究。
解析：
这里所谓的用“能让问题得到有效研究的方式来提出重要的问题=某种研究 方法” 这里相当于一个上下义词的同意替换。
体会：
我写作前问了自己三个问题：主角性格特征是什么？故事的爆点是什么？故事发生背景在哪里？后来，我的文章写的很顺利。
同意替换：我用了某种写作方法顺利的写出了文章。
所以如果出题的话后面可以给一个选项：争论得不到解决的原因是没有用到有效的研究方法。
理解到这个层面就够了。不用一一对应。
送大家一句话：多听，少说，接受每一个人的责难，但是保留你的最后裁决。
—— 莎士比亚
To listen, speak and accept each individual's censure, but to retain your final decision. -- Shakespeare
（觉得翻译对不上不吧，这就是文学翻译的加工，考研是不行的）
做一个独立的人，有自己的判断！有自己的向往！
Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.
词汇突破: stimuli 刺激物，单数形式：Stimulus
Develop 培养
capacity for appropriate responses 恰当反应的能力
intellectual development. 智力的发展=智力水平的提高
主干识别：1.Behaviorists suggest that
行为主义者认为
其他成分：2.the child will experience greater intellectual development.宾语从句
孩子将会经历更大的智力水平的提高
=儿童的智力就会发展到较高的水平。
3.who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli定语从句
如果孩子是在一个有很多刺激因素的环境下长大的，
4.which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses定语从句
这些因素又有利于其恰当反应能力的发展
翻译点拨：依然是注意调整一下各个分句的语序。
先单独成句再按照中文语序调整一下。
这里就是
1342的顺序比较好
参考译文：行为主义者认为，如果孩子是在一个有很多刺激因素的环境下长大的，而且这些因素又有利于其恰当反应能力的发展，那么孩子将会经历更大的智力水平的提高。
Civil rights activists have long argued that one of the principal reasons why Blacks , Hispanics, and other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselves in business is that they lack access to the sizable orders and subcontracts that are generated by large companies.
词汇突破：civil rights activists 人权活动者
Hispanics 拉美裔
minority groups 少数族裔
principal reason主要原因
lack access to 没有获得...的途径
subcontracts 分包合同
sizable orders 大额订单
主干： Civil rights activists have long argued that
宾语从句主干：reason is that...
定语从句：why Blacks , Hispanics, and other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselves in business
表语从句：they lack access to the sizable orders and subcontracts that are generated by large companies.
参考译文：人权主义者一直认为，黑人，拉美裔人士和其他少数族裔的美国人之所以在商界难有所为，主要原因是他们缺乏途径去获得大额订单和大公司产生的分包合同。
第一． 语言能力
由于考研只考阅读和写作，所以这里的语言能力，主要是单词和句子的能力，这个方面所花的时间会比较长一些：
首先，单词肯定是需要记忆方法的，通过记忆方法能快速的记住单词的字典含义；但记住单词的字典含义只是第一步，更重要的是注意在语境中调整和赋予这个单词更准确和通顺的语境含义，以帮助我们更贴切的理解文章。
比如：1. rested with 字典含义：取决于．．．（很多同学甚至是不知道这个短语的字典含义的） Copyright rested with the journal publisher.，and researchers seeking knowledge of the results wouldhave to subscribe to the journal.
在这个句子中根据语境：版权属于期刊的出版者；
2.entail 字典含义是：使蒙受，使产生；必须，使承担；
Deliberate practice entails more thansimply repeating a task. Rather, it involves setting specific goals, obtainingimmediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome. 这句中的entails= involves.
(这句把并列连词省略了补全是：
Deliberatepractice entails more than… and it involves…)
3. substantial 字典含义：大量的；结实的，牢固的；重大的
Genetically speaking, there are advantagesto avoiding substantial height.
从基因的角度来讲，避免长的“太”高是有好处的。就把substantial理解为一个程度词即可。
4. adding to 字典含义是：增加，添加
Adding to a woman’s increased dose ofstress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities” for stress.
这句话的结构是：Adding to A is( are) B =B is (are) adding to A
A = a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals
B= her opportunities for stress
在理解的时候，最好就理解为：除了A 还有Ｂ；这样更能理解深层含义。
５．flap 字典的含义是：上下或左右移动、摆动；轻拍；振翅而飞；焦虑
在这个句子中：The flap over rap is not making life any easier for him.
关于饶舌音乐的（焦虑）争论并没有让他的日子变得轻松一点。
根据文章后文内容是可以灵活理解的。 当然在翻译题目中一般出现这样的短语就是硬伤了。
6. allow for sth ：字典含义：在计算，估计，考虑时包括某人
Supporters ofthe new super systems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial costreductions and better coordinated service.
Allow for =bring about 带来
新的超级系统的支持者认为，这些合并将带来费用的大幅降低和更协调的服务。
从以上的例子中，我们确实可以看出字典是不可能涵盖单词的所有语境含义的，在理解单词在句中含义的时候一定要根据语境调整。而这种赋意的过程其实就是所谓的语感。只能通过相对大量的阅读才能形成的能力，这种能力我们从去年9月就开始引导同学们培养了。 同时，正是这种语境含义的出现使得两个在字典含以上不太可能相等的单词成为了一组可相互替换的单词：
比如：
1. Thinking ability = critical thinking = creative=innovation
2. popular culture= common culture
3. cultural power= assimilating power
4. prevent (同意替换)=hinder= refrain= deter（同意替换）
5.apprehension = worry
6. visualize=imagine=conceive
7. mechanical = unchanged
8. Modify=change
9. spontaneity= informal
10. mind= people
11. faith=confidence=assertiveness
12. accumulation= expansion
13．suits = enable (同意替换)= entail
14. dismiss 斥责= rebuke=criticize
15．tap 开发 tap themarket = explore the market = expand the market
16. not nearly = far from
而这些正是考点之所在，得分点之所在。考点会重复，可以通过平时积累考点，也就是从真题中把这些同意替换总结出来背诵，随着你模糊识意能力的提高，即使在考场上遇到了不认识的替换也能推断的出来。
以上的讲解在我的《必考词汇突破全书》中有详细的讲解，如果你现在单词还有问题那就建议你只看我这本书了，只要记住1575个单词就够了！
其次，句子结构的分析能力，从长难句的课程到我空间（576728297）日志中的每天一句，大家就能知道分析清楚句子结构有多么重要，今天空间句子已经更新到139句了，时光飞逝，白驹过隙啊！如果今天在回过头来看句子分析的能力那重点就应该是切分句子的能力，倒不一定要准确的说出句子中每个部分的具体语法成分的名字，但是必须得学会切分句子，调整语序；具体讲就是你可以不知道定语从句和同位语从句的区别； 状语和宾语补足语的区别；„但是你至少可以把这个部分完整的切分出来，再放到合理的位置上。
第二． 命题思路
有了单词和句子只是解决了从英文往中文转化的过程，但是还是没有完成对于信息的处理。这就是为什么很多同学读文章的时候总觉得文章读完了脑子里还是却还觉得是空空的。在考研中怎样才能叫真的所谓读懂了文章呢？
第一，能确定段落中句子间的关系和段落主题
第二，能区分论点和论据
第三，能确定文章的主题
而在我们熟悉的四六级考试中对于这些能力的要求是不高的，更多的还是要求只要能大概读懂单个的句子，题目基本就能作对。
这里可以来看一道被誉为是考研史上最难的一道题，只有不到10%的同学当年作对了这道题。
That the seas are being over fished hasbeen known for years. What researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm haveshown is just how fast things are changing. They have looked at half a centuryof data from fisheries around the world. Their methods do not attempt toestimate the actual biomass (the amount of living biological matter) of fishspecies in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomassover time. According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass of large predators (animals that kill and eatother animals) in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years ofthe start of exploitation. In some long-fished areas, it has halved again sincethen.
32. We can infer from Dr. Myersand Dr. Worm’s paper that ________.
[A] the stock of large predators in some oldfisheries has reduced by 90%
[B] thereare only half as many fisheries as there were 15 years ago
[C] thecatch sizes in new fisheries are only 20% of the original amount
[D] thenumber of larger predators dropped faster in new fisheries than in the old
同学们可以先做一下，我上课会给出解析哦：）
暑期英语阅读的复习计划就以2003年到2009的真题为主要复习材料，真题至少过三遍： 第一遍专注原文，将不认识的单词和词组摘录下来，重点关注动词和形容词；句子结构每句一定要分析清楚，不清楚的就来问我，我一定尽力回答大家！同时做题的时候记下自己困惑的地方，听老师讲课。
第二遍听课的时候一起练习，我会和大家一起过句子，理思路！
第三遍重点在于修正自己的思路，同时积累同意替换的表达，强化对于正确选项的理解！ 翻译部分94年到14年的真题一定要动手用汉语把翻译写出来。
21年的真题105个句子，记住翻译是翻出来的！
作文部分：以记忆句子为主，我会给同学们提出具体的记句子的要求的！
同时建议大家泛读《时文精析》每天读一篇文章就好了，不要细读，了解大意就可以了！ The pendulum began to swing in the postwar era, when Harvard Business School grad Robert McNamara and his "whiz kids" became famous for using mathematical modeling, game theory and complex statistical analysis for the Army Air Corps, doing things like improving fuel-transport times
and scheduling more-efficient bombing raids.
主干识别：The pendulum began to swing in the postwar era
其他成分：when Harvard Business School grad Robert McNamara and his "whiz kids" became famous定语从句主干
for using mathematical modeling, game theory and complex statistical analysis for the Army Air Corps, 定语从句中的状语
状语
翻译点拨： 词汇点拨：
注意对pendulum的理解：
The pendulum has swung back and the American car companies have made dramatic advances in safety...
三十年河东，三十年河西，美国汽车公司在安全方面已经取得了巨大进步。
The political pendulum has swung in favour of the liberals.
政治形势转而对自由主义者有利。
The political pendulum in American politics swung away from the right, putting an end to the12- year Republican Revolution on Capitol Hill and delivering a sharp rebuke of President Bush and the Iraq war.
美国政坛的政治钟摆从右派转向，一举结束共和党在国会山庄的十二年革命，并对布希总统和伊拉克战争发出强烈的怒吼。
grad 毕业生
whiz kids 天才学生
mathematical modeling 数学模型
game theory 博弈论
statistical analysis 数据分析
Army Air Corps 陆军航空队
fuel-transport 加油
bombing raids 空袭
成分点拨：
The pendulum began to swing in the postwar era
情况在战后开始改变
再单独翻译定语从句：
Harvard Business School grad Robert McNamara and his "whiz kids" became famous for using mathematical modeling, game theory and complex statistical analysis for the Army Air Corps, 哈佛商学院的毕业生 Robert McNamara和那些天才学生一起因为使用数学模型，博弈论和复杂的数据分析来为陆军航空队做事而名噪一时，
最后翻状语：
doing things like improving fuel-transport times and scheduling more-efficient bombing raids. 翻译是省略doing things like，直接翻为：他们减少加油的时间并且安排出更有效的空袭。 参考译文： 情况在战后开始改变， 哈佛商学院的毕业生 Robert McNamara和那些天才学生一起因为使用数学模型，博弈论和复杂的数据分析来为陆军航空队 做事而名噪一时，他们减少了加油所需要的时间并且安排出更有效的空袭。
这个句子是今天NY Times上面的句子，非常典型的描述经济的句子！好好看翻译！
The pace of hiring in recent months has been stronger despite a very weak first quarter, when the economy shrank at an annual rate of 2.9 percent. Although the weakness was initially attributed to weather, as well as more technical factors like inventory swings, the depth of the contraction caught some economists off guard, especially those who began the year with a more positive outlook for 2014.
词汇突破：The pace of hiring 就业市场增速
inventory swings 库存波动
the depth of the contraction 下滑的程度
off guard 猝不及防
The pace of hiring in recent months has been stronger despite a very weak first quarter, when the economy shrank at an annual rate of 2.9 percent.
（这里的stronger是和weak对应的，所以weak first quarter是指就业疲软的第一季度） 参考译文：先翻译when: 今年第一季度经济衰退的速度达到了年化2.9%，
再翻：（因此）就业情况也很疲软；
最后：但是，最近几月就业情况持续好转。
Although the weakness was initially attributed to weather, as well as more technical factors like inventory swings, the depth of the contraction caught some economists off guard, especially those who began the year with a more positive outlook for 2014.
参考译文：尽管一季度的疲软最初被归咎于天气，以及库存波动等更加技术性的因素，但衰退的速度让一些经济学家猝不及防，尤其是那些年初时对2014年的前景较为乐观的人。
2015考研必考句：这周经济学人的句子。非常典型的经济学人的句子。
For anyone who doubts that America is the land of the free, the ability of the Supreme Court to turn a question posed by a Pepsi distributor into a ruling that restricts presidential power ought to be reassuring.
词汇突破：Reassure安慰，使放心，使消除疑虑
主干识别：the ability ought to be reassuring.（这个句子的关键就是找出主干）
其他成分：For anyone who doubts that America is the land of the free，状语
of the Supreme Court to turn a question posed by a Pepsi distributor into a ruling that restricts presidential power (ability的定语)
参考译文：最高法院有能力将一个百事可乐分销商提出的问题转化为限制总统权力的判决，这对于任何怀疑美国是一片自由大陆的人而言，应该是一种宽慰。
特别提示：在翻译中一定要学会转化词性和调整语序，没有硬性的规定，主要是符合中文的表达习惯。一些常规性的转化就是：动词和名词的转化。
背景介绍：这个句子出自这周的经济学人。美国政治最让美国人害怕的就是权力的失衡；近好多年来，人们都害怕总统的权力过大，这样会影响美国的自由和民主本质。这句话在提醒人们，最高法院有这个能力限制总统的权力。
Prior to the twentieth century, women in novels were stereotypes of lacking any features that made them unique individuals and were also subject to numerous restrictions imposed by themale-dominated culture.
词汇突破：Prior to 在„之前
Stereotypes 模式化的形象(或特征);固定模式;刻板印象;陈规老套
Lacking=lack of 缺乏，没有
Features 特征
Unique 独特的个体
subject to容易遭受，受„管制
numerous 很多的
主干识别：Women in novels were stereotypes were also subject to numerous restrictions. 其他成分：of lacking any features that made them unique individuals （定语）
That= (features) made them unique individuals
imposed by the male-dominated culture 定语修饰restrictions
参考译文：20世纪前，小说中的女性都是一些刻板的形象，没有任何的特点，所以无法成为独特的个体（注意这里定语从句的处理，这里处理为了一个中文中的状语从句） 而且屈从于由男性主宰的文化传统强加给她们的种种束缚。