2012年5月英语笔译二级英译汉真题
Passage 1
（100% from The New York Times，http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/08/books/08translate.html?pagewanted=all）
The runaway success of Stieg Larsson’s “Millennium” trilogy suggests that when it comes to contemporary literature in translation, Americans are at least willing to read Scandinavian detective fiction. But for work from other regions, in other genres, winning the interest of big publishing houses and readers in the United States remains a steep uphill struggle.
Among foreign cultural institutes and publishers, the traditional American aversion to literature in translation is known as “the 3 percent problem.” But now, hoping to increase their minuscule share of the American book market — about 3 percent — foreign governments and foundations, especially those on the margins of Europe, are taking matters into their own hands and plunging into the publishing fray in the United States.
Increasingly, that campaign is no longer limited to widely spoken languages like French and German. From Romania to Catalonia to Iceland, cultural institutes and agencies are subsidizing publication of books in English, underwriting the training of translators, encouraging their writers to tour in the United States, submitting to American marketing and promotional techniques they may have previously shunned and exploiting existing niches in the publishing industry.
“We have established this as a strategic objective, a long-term commitment to break through the American market,” said Corina Suteu, who leads the New York branch of the European Union National Institutes for Culture and directs the Romanian Cultural Institute. “For nations in Europe, be they small or large, literature will always be one of the keys of their cultural existence, and we recognize that this is the only way we are going to be able to make that literature present in the United States.”
For instance, the Dalkey Archive Press, a small publishing house in Champaign, Ill., that for more than 25 years has specialized in translated works, this year began a Slovenian Literature Series, underwritten by official groups in Slovenia, once part of Yugoslavia. The series’s first book, “Necropolis,” by Boris Pahor, is a powerful World War II concentration-camp memoir that has been compared to the best of Elie Wiesel and Primo Levi, and has been followed by Andrej Blatnik’s “You Do Understand,” a rather absurdist but still touching collection of sketches and parables about love and intimacy.
Dalkey has also begun or is about to begin similar series in Hebrew and Catalan, and with Switzerland and Mexico, the last of which will consist of four books yearly for six years. In each case a financing agency in the host country is subsidizing publication and participating in promotion and marketing in the United States, an effort that can easily require $10,000 or more a book.
Passage 2
(节选自：http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/05/business/global/05shale.html?pagewanted=all) Just east of Argentina’s Andean foothills, an oil field called the Vaca Muerta — “dead cow” in English — has finally come to life.
In May, the Argentine oil company YPF announced that it had found 150 million barrels of oil in
the Patagonian field, and President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner rushed onto national television to praise the discovery as something that could give new impetus to the country’s long-stagnant economy.
“The importance of this discovery goes well beyond the volume,” said Sebastián Eskenazi, YPF’s chief executive, as he announced the find. “The important thing is it is something new: new energy, a new future, new expectations.”
Although there are significant hurdles, geologists say that the Vaca Muerta is a harbinger of a possible major expansion of global petroleum supplies over the next two decades as the industry uses advanced techniques to extract oil from shale and other tightly packed rocks.
Oil experts caution that geologists have only just begun to study shale fields in much of the world, and thus can only guess at their potential. Little seismic work has been completed, and core samples need to be retrieved from thousands of feet below the surface to judge how much oil or gas can be retrieved.
Skeptics also say that even if oil is found in many of these fields, some may not be recoverable using current technology.
Argentina certainly has high hopes for shale oil from the southern Patagonian province of Neuquén. The 150 million barrels of recoverable shale oil found in the Vaca Muerta represents an increase of 8 percent in Argentina’s reserves, and the find was the biggest discovery of oil in the country since the late 1980s.
Oil experts say the Vaca Muerta is probably just a start for Argentina, long a middle-ranked oil producer. Mr. Lynch noted that YPF had explored only 100 square miles out of 5,000 square miles in the whole shale deposit, and other oil companies working in the area had not announced any discoveries yet.
So far, nearly all of the oil exploration in the shale fields in Argentina and elsewhere has been pursued with traditional vertical wells. Plans are just beginning for horizontal drilling.
Some experts caution that the fast advance of oil production from shale in the United States is no guarantee of similar successes abroad, at least not in the near future.
汉译英
第一篇关键字：和平稳定是发展的前提和基础；各国无论大小，强弱，贫富，都是国际社会的成员；共同发展；求同存异；相互借鉴；尊重各国所选择道路和发展模式；尊重文明的多样性；
（感觉极度可能来自《中国的和平发展》白皮书…长得实在太像了…答案？其英文版应该是王道了…）
第二篇：
http://www.beijingreview.com.cn/2009news/guonei/huanbao/2011-11/17/content_406281.htm 中国将逐步告别白炽灯时代
视频播放位置
下载安装Flash播放器
中国准备彻底淘汰有着130年使用历史的普通照明用白炽灯。11月1日国家发展改革委、商务部、海关总署、国家工商总局、国家质检总局联合印发《关于逐步禁止进口和销售普通照明白炽灯的公告》（以下简称《公告》），决定从2012年10月1日起，按功率大小分阶段
逐步禁止进口和销售普通照明白炽灯。
1882年中国第一盏电灯在上海点亮，这使得中国逐渐告别了油灯和蜡烛照明的历史(这句话为第二篇的第一句话……)，当时使用的电灯就是白炽灯，这一用就是130年，中国也成为白炽灯的生产和消费大国，2010年中国白炽灯产量和销量分别为38.5亿只和10.7亿只。 目前中国准备将白炽灯淘汰，在全国普及节能灯。国家发改委资源节约和环境保护司副司长谢极介绍，淘汰白炽灯是为了节能减排。中国节能灯市场已经逐步形成，用节能灯替换白炽灯后中国将实现年节电480亿千瓦时、年减少二氧化碳排放4800万吨。
谢极说，今年是中国“十二五”规划开局之年，联合国气候变化德班会议开幕在即，中国发布逐步淘汰白炽灯的公告，再次表明中国政府深入开展绿色照明工程、大力推进节能减排、积极应对全球气候变化的坚强决心和采取的积极行动。
分五阶段进行
根据《公告》，中国逐步淘汰白炽灯分为五个阶段：2011年11月1日至2012年9月30日为过渡期；2012年10月1日起禁止进口和销售100瓦及以上普通照明白炽灯；2014年10月1日起禁止进口和销售60瓦及以上普通照明白炽灯；2015年10月1日至2016年9月30日为中期评估期；2016年10月1日起禁止进口和销售15瓦及以上普通照明白炽灯，或视中期评估结果进行调整。
谢极说，目前一些白炽灯生产企业已经着手转型工作，淘汰白炽灯的相关工作将稳步推进。发改委资料显示，2010年中国年产白炽灯1亿只以上的大型企业有10家，产量占全行业总产量的70%以上。
早在1996年，中国就启动实施了“绿色照明工程”，并与联合国开发计划署、全球环境基金开展了三期绿色照明国际合作项目。
《公告》说，中国绿色照明工程的实施，推动了照明电器行业结构的优化升级和产品质量的整体提升，节能灯和白炽灯的产量比由1996年的1：34上升至2010年的1：1。中国节能灯生产企业不断扩大，2010年中国节能灯总产量约42.6亿只，约占全球总产量的80%，其中年产量5000万只以上规模企业约20家，占全行业总产量的82.2%。
谢极说，经过多年努力，中国节能灯产品质量水平日益提高，一些企业产品质量和工艺水平已达到世界领先水平。此外，半导体照明等新兴高效照明技术发展迅速。“高效照明产品及技术的日益成熟为逐步淘汰白炽灯提供了重要保障。”谢说。
国家电光源监督检验中心主任华树明介绍，合格的节能灯使用寿命在6000小时以上，是白炽灯的六倍。一只13瓦的节能灯光效相当于60瓦的白炽灯，使用6000小时电费比使用白炽灯要少128元。用节能灯替代白炽灯可节电60%至80%。
节能灯因节约电也得到了老百姓的认可。发改委的数据显示，中国节能灯的全球市场占有率由1996年的20%提高到2010年的85%。截止目前，全国已经累计推广节能灯5亿只以上。 “居民照明节电意识普遍增强，淘汰低效照明产品、选用高效照明产品已逐渐成为社会共识。”谢极说。
(汉英第二篇参考答案建议http://china-wire.org/?p=17131 或http://www.bjreview.com.cn/business/txt/2011-11/21/content_407037.htm )
2012年5月英语笔译二级英译汉真题
Passage 1
（100% from The New York Times，http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/08/books/08translate.html?pagewanted=all）
The runaway success of Stieg Larsson’s “Millennium” trilogy suggests that when it comes to contemporary literature in translation, Americans are at least willing to read Scandinavian detective fiction. But for work from other regions, in other genres, winning the interest of big publishing houses and readers in the United States remains a steep uphill struggle.
Among foreign cultural institutes and publishers, the traditional American aversion to literature in translation is known as “the 3 percent problem.” But now, hoping to increase their minuscule share of the American book market — about 3 percent — foreign governments and foundations, especially those on the margins of Europe, are taking matters into their own hands and plunging into the publishing fray in the United States.
Increasingly, that campaign is no longer limited to widely spoken languages like French and German. From Romania to Catalonia to Iceland, cultural institutes and agencies are subsidizing publication of books in English, underwriting the training of translators, encouraging their writers to tour in the United States, submitting to American marketing and promotional techniques they may have previously shunned and exploiting existing niches in the publishing industry.
“We have established this as a strategic objective, a long-term commitment to break through the American market,” said Corina Suteu, who leads the New York branch of the European Union National Institutes for Culture and directs the Romanian Cultural Institute. “For nations in Europe, be they small or large, literature will always be one of the keys of their cultural existence, and we recognize that this is the only way we are going to be able to make that literature present in the United States.”
For instance, the Dalkey Archive Press, a small publishing house in Champaign, Ill., that for more than 25 years has specialized in translated works, this year began a Slovenian Literature Series, underwritten by official groups in Slovenia, once part of Yugoslavia. The series’s first book, “Necropolis,” by Boris Pahor, is a powerful World War II concentration-camp memoir that has been compared to the best of Elie Wiesel and Primo Levi, and has been followed by Andrej Blatnik’s “You Do Understand,” a rather absurdist but still touching collection of sketches and parables about love and intimacy.
Dalkey has also begun or is about to begin similar series in Hebrew and Catalan, and with Switzerland and Mexico, the last of which will consist of four books yearly for six years. In each case a financing agency in the host country is subsidizing publication and participating in promotion and marketing in the United States, an effort that can easily require $10,000 or more a book.
Passage 2
(节选自：http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/05/business/global/05shale.html?pagewanted=all) Just east of Argentina’s Andean foothills, an oil field called the Vaca Muerta — “dead cow” in English — has finally come to life.
In May, the Argentine oil company YPF announced that it had found 150 million barrels of oil in
the Patagonian field, and President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner rushed onto national television to praise the discovery as something that could give new impetus to the country’s long-stagnant economy.
“The importance of this discovery goes well beyond the volume,” said Sebastián Eskenazi, YPF’s chief executive, as he announced the find. “The important thing is it is something new: new energy, a new future, new expectations.”
Although there are significant hurdles, geologists say that the Vaca Muerta is a harbinger of a possible major expansion of global petroleum supplies over the next two decades as the industry uses advanced techniques to extract oil from shale and other tightly packed rocks.
Oil experts caution that geologists have only just begun to study shale fields in much of the world, and thus can only guess at their potential. Little seismic work has been completed, and core samples need to be retrieved from thousands of feet below the surface to judge how much oil or gas can be retrieved.
Skeptics also say that even if oil is found in many of these fields, some may not be recoverable using current technology.
Argentina certainly has high hopes for shale oil from the southern Patagonian province of Neuquén. The 150 million barrels of recoverable shale oil found in the Vaca Muerta represents an increase of 8 percent in Argentina’s reserves, and the find was the biggest discovery of oil in the country since the late 1980s.
Oil experts say the Vaca Muerta is probably just a start for Argentina, long a middle-ranked oil producer. Mr. Lynch noted that YPF had explored only 100 square miles out of 5,000 square miles in the whole shale deposit, and other oil companies working in the area had not announced any discoveries yet.
So far, nearly all of the oil exploration in the shale fields in Argentina and elsewhere has been pursued with traditional vertical wells. Plans are just beginning for horizontal drilling.
Some experts caution that the fast advance of oil production from shale in the United States is no guarantee of similar successes abroad, at least not in the near future.
汉译英
第一篇关键字：和平稳定是发展的前提和基础；各国无论大小，强弱，贫富，都是国际社会的成员；共同发展；求同存异；相互借鉴；尊重各国所选择道路和发展模式；尊重文明的多样性；
（感觉极度可能来自《中国的和平发展》白皮书…长得实在太像了…答案？其英文版应该是王道了…）
第二篇：
http://www.beijingreview.com.cn/2009news/guonei/huanbao/2011-11/17/content_406281.htm 中国将逐步告别白炽灯时代
视频播放位置
下载安装Flash播放器
中国准备彻底淘汰有着130年使用历史的普通照明用白炽灯。11月1日国家发展改革委、商务部、海关总署、国家工商总局、国家质检总局联合印发《关于逐步禁止进口和销售普通照明白炽灯的公告》（以下简称《公告》），决定从2012年10月1日起，按功率大小分阶段
逐步禁止进口和销售普通照明白炽灯。
1882年中国第一盏电灯在上海点亮，这使得中国逐渐告别了油灯和蜡烛照明的历史(这句话为第二篇的第一句话……)，当时使用的电灯就是白炽灯，这一用就是130年，中国也成为白炽灯的生产和消费大国，2010年中国白炽灯产量和销量分别为38.5亿只和10.7亿只。 目前中国准备将白炽灯淘汰，在全国普及节能灯。国家发改委资源节约和环境保护司副司长谢极介绍，淘汰白炽灯是为了节能减排。中国节能灯市场已经逐步形成，用节能灯替换白炽灯后中国将实现年节电480亿千瓦时、年减少二氧化碳排放4800万吨。
谢极说，今年是中国“十二五”规划开局之年，联合国气候变化德班会议开幕在即，中国发布逐步淘汰白炽灯的公告，再次表明中国政府深入开展绿色照明工程、大力推进节能减排、积极应对全球气候变化的坚强决心和采取的积极行动。
分五阶段进行
根据《公告》，中国逐步淘汰白炽灯分为五个阶段：2011年11月1日至2012年9月30日为过渡期；2012年10月1日起禁止进口和销售100瓦及以上普通照明白炽灯；2014年10月1日起禁止进口和销售60瓦及以上普通照明白炽灯；2015年10月1日至2016年9月30日为中期评估期；2016年10月1日起禁止进口和销售15瓦及以上普通照明白炽灯，或视中期评估结果进行调整。
谢极说，目前一些白炽灯生产企业已经着手转型工作，淘汰白炽灯的相关工作将稳步推进。发改委资料显示，2010年中国年产白炽灯1亿只以上的大型企业有10家，产量占全行业总产量的70%以上。
早在1996年，中国就启动实施了“绿色照明工程”，并与联合国开发计划署、全球环境基金开展了三期绿色照明国际合作项目。
《公告》说，中国绿色照明工程的实施，推动了照明电器行业结构的优化升级和产品质量的整体提升，节能灯和白炽灯的产量比由1996年的1：34上升至2010年的1：1。中国节能灯生产企业不断扩大，2010年中国节能灯总产量约42.6亿只，约占全球总产量的80%，其中年产量5000万只以上规模企业约20家，占全行业总产量的82.2%。
谢极说，经过多年努力，中国节能灯产品质量水平日益提高，一些企业产品质量和工艺水平已达到世界领先水平。此外，半导体照明等新兴高效照明技术发展迅速。“高效照明产品及技术的日益成熟为逐步淘汰白炽灯提供了重要保障。”谢说。
国家电光源监督检验中心主任华树明介绍，合格的节能灯使用寿命在6000小时以上，是白炽灯的六倍。一只13瓦的节能灯光效相当于60瓦的白炽灯，使用6000小时电费比使用白炽灯要少128元。用节能灯替代白炽灯可节电60%至80%。
节能灯因节约电也得到了老百姓的认可。发改委的数据显示，中国节能灯的全球市场占有率由1996年的20%提高到2010年的85%。截止目前，全国已经累计推广节能灯5亿只以上。 “居民照明节电意识普遍增强，淘汰低效照明产品、选用高效照明产品已逐渐成为社会共识。”谢极说。
(汉英第二篇参考答案建议http://china-wire.org/?p=17131 或http://www.bjreview.com.cn/business/txt/2011-11/21/content_407037.htm )