在英语中,随着说话人意图的不同,动词需用不同的形式,称为语气。虚拟语气是三种语气中的一种。它既可以表达与事实相反的陈述或某种愿望与空想,也可以表达建议,要求,请求与命令等语气。虚拟语气是通过动词的时态与时间的不一致来体现的。虚拟语气主要有以下两类: 一、与事实相反的陈述或某种愿望与空想 它的表现形式为: 1、条件句中的虚拟语气 1)由if 引导的条件句,有可能是直陈语气,也有可能是虚拟语气。可根据以下两条来判断具体的语气。 a)根据含义。如果是纯粹假设的情况或是发生的可能性不大的情况,则是虚拟语气。如: If I were you , I would reconsider their proposal . If I had left a little earlier , I would have caught the train. b)根据时态与时间的矛盾。如果时间是将来,但是时态却是过去时,则是虚拟语气。 如: (1)If it________tomorrow, I would stay at home. (2)If it________tomorrow, I will stay at home. A. rain B. rainedC. rainsD. will rain 分析:在(1) 句中,主句的时态与时间不一致,所以判断是虚拟语气,答案是B。 在(2) 句中,主句的时态与时间一致,所以判断是直陈语气,再根据在条件状语从句中,要用一般现在时表达将来时间,所以答案为C。 2)条件句中的虚拟语气有以下三类: a)与现在事实相反,谓语动词如下: 从句:过去时 主句:would / should / could / might +动词原形。如:If I were you , I would ask our teacher for advice. b)与过去事实相反,谓语动词如下: 从句:过去完成时 主句:would / should / could / might have +过去分词。如: If I hadn’t taken the wrong bus , I wouldn’t have missed the contest. c)与将来事实相反,谓语动词如下: 从句:过去时 / should + 动词原形 / were to + 动词原形 主句:would / should / could /might + 动词原形 If I had enough money next month, I would buy the dictionary. 3)如果条件从句中包含有should, 动词be 或 have, 可把if省略,并把should,动词be或have 放在主语前面。 如: Had we made preparations , we might have succeeded. Should there be a flood , what should we do ? 2、Wish 引导的宾语从句 ,根据时间的不同,可分为以下三种; 1)与现在事实相反,从句动词用过去时。如 I wish I were as healthy as my cousin. 2)与过去事实相反,谓语动词用过去完成时。如: We wish we had paid more attention to our pronunciation. 3)与将来事实相反,谓语动词用would / could +动词原形。如: I wish I would try again. 3、as if 引导的从句。如: They talked as if they had been friends for years. It seems as if it were spring already. 4、以in order that, so that 引导的目的状语从句。如: The professor spoke slowly in order that the listeners could hear him clearly. 5、以 It is time 以及 would rather 引导的从句,从句中的动词都用过去时。如: It is time we stopped this practice I would rather you came tomorrow. 二、虚拟语气还可用来表示愿望,建议,命令等 1、在suggest , order , demand , ask , command,propose , request, insist 等表示建议,要求,请求,命令的动词引导的宾语从句中,谓语动词为:(should) +动词原形。如: We suggested that they (should ) make a trip to Hongkong next year. She insisted that we (should )take up the matter at the meeting. 2、在suggestion, propsal , order , plan 等引导的表语从句和同位语从句中,谓语动词为(should )+ 动词原形。如: My suggestion is that we (should )send a few comrades to help the other groups. My idea is that we (should )challenge the other groups to a friendly competition. 3、在 it is desired, it is suggested, it is requested, it was ordered, it was proposed. it is necessary, it is important, it has been decided等结构后的主语从句中,谓语动词为 :(should) +动词原形。如: It is necessary that he (should ) be sent there at once. It is desired that we (should )get everything ready by tonight. 4、在 it is a pity, it is a shame, it is incredible, it is strange, it is no wonder等结构后的主语从句中, 谓语动词为:should +动词原形,以表示惊奇,怀疑,不满 等情绪。如: It is a great pity that he should be so conceited. It is strange that she should have failed to see her own shortcomings. (作者单位系甘肃省白银公司第一中学)
在英语中,随着说话人意图的不同,动词需用不同的形式,称为语气。虚拟语气是三种语气中的一种。它既可以表达与事实相反的陈述或某种愿望与空想,也可以表达建议,要求,请求与命令等语气。虚拟语气是通过动词的时态与时间的不一致来体现的。虚拟语气主要有以下两类: 一、与事实相反的陈述或某种愿望与空想 它的表现形式为: 1、条件句中的虚拟语气 1)由if 引导的条件句,有可能是直陈语气,也有可能是虚拟语气。可根据以下两条来判断具体的语气。 a)根据含义。如果是纯粹假设的情况或是发生的可能性不大的情况,则是虚拟语气。如: If I were you , I would reconsider their proposal . If I had left a little earlier , I would have caught the train. b)根据时态与时间的矛盾。如果时间是将来,但是时态却是过去时,则是虚拟语气。 如: (1)If it________tomorrow, I would stay at home. (2)If it________tomorrow, I will stay at home. A. rain B. rainedC. rainsD. will rain 分析:在(1) 句中,主句的时态与时间不一致,所以判断是虚拟语气,答案是B。 在(2) 句中,主句的时态与时间一致,所以判断是直陈语气,再根据在条件状语从句中,要用一般现在时表达将来时间,所以答案为C。 2)条件句中的虚拟语气有以下三类: a)与现在事实相反,谓语动词如下: 从句:过去时 主句:would / should / could / might +动词原形。如:If I were you , I would ask our teacher for advice. b)与过去事实相反,谓语动词如下: 从句:过去完成时 主句:would / should / could / might have +过去分词。如: If I hadn’t taken the wrong bus , I wouldn’t have missed the contest. c)与将来事实相反,谓语动词如下: 从句:过去时 / should + 动词原形 / were to + 动词原形 主句:would / should / could /might + 动词原形 If I had enough money next month, I would buy the dictionary. 3)如果条件从句中包含有should, 动词be 或 have, 可把if省略,并把should,动词be或have 放在主语前面。 如: Had we made preparations , we might have succeeded. Should there be a flood , what should we do ? 2、Wish 引导的宾语从句 ,根据时间的不同,可分为以下三种; 1)与现在事实相反,从句动词用过去时。如 I wish I were as healthy as my cousin. 2)与过去事实相反,谓语动词用过去完成时。如: We wish we had paid more attention to our pronunciation. 3)与将来事实相反,谓语动词用would / could +动词原形。如: I wish I would try again. 3、as if 引导的从句。如: They talked as if they had been friends for years. It seems as if it were spring already. 4、以in order that, so that 引导的目的状语从句。如: The professor spoke slowly in order that the listeners could hear him clearly. 5、以 It is time 以及 would rather 引导的从句,从句中的动词都用过去时。如: It is time we stopped this practice I would rather you came tomorrow. 二、虚拟语气还可用来表示愿望,建议,命令等 1、在suggest , order , demand , ask , command,propose , request, insist 等表示建议,要求,请求,命令的动词引导的宾语从句中,谓语动词为:(should) +动词原形。如: We suggested that they (should ) make a trip to Hongkong next year. She insisted that we (should )take up the matter at the meeting. 2、在suggestion, propsal , order , plan 等引导的表语从句和同位语从句中,谓语动词为(should )+ 动词原形。如: My suggestion is that we (should )send a few comrades to help the other groups. My idea is that we (should )challenge the other groups to a friendly competition. 3、在 it is desired, it is suggested, it is requested, it was ordered, it was proposed. it is necessary, it is important, it has been decided等结构后的主语从句中,谓语动词为 :(should) +动词原形。如: It is necessary that he (should ) be sent there at once. It is desired that we (should )get everything ready by tonight. 4、在 it is a pity, it is a shame, it is incredible, it is strange, it is no wonder等结构后的主语从句中, 谓语动词为:should +动词原形,以表示惊奇,怀疑,不满 等情绪。如: It is a great pity that he should be so conceited. It is strange that she should have failed to see her own shortcomings. (作者单位系甘肃省白银公司第一中学)