Employment of Conversion & Division for a Hypotactic Vs. Paratactic
Analysis Between English and Chinese
“只是一块一块的硬凑，凑起来还不让他有痕迹。西洋语法是硬的，没有弹性的；中国语法是软的，富于弹性的。惟其是硬的，所以西洋语法有许多呆板的要求，如每一个clause 里必须有一个主语；惟其是软的，所以中国语法只以达意为主，相关的两家是可以硬凑在一起，不用任何的connective word.”
－－王力
Binary Oppositions between English & Chinese
英语：刚性，显性衔接，语法型，立体性，聚焦型
汉语：柔性，隐性衔接，语用型，平面性，流散型
Most Importantly: 形合(hypotaxis) vs.意合(parataxis)
形合 (Hypotaxis) The dependent or subordinate construction or relationship with connectives.
意合 (Parataxis) The arranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the relation between them.
Key Difference – use of connectives (连词)
Relative pronoun （关系代词）
Relative adverb（关系副词）
Coordinator （并列连接词）
Subordinator （从属连接词）
Overt cohesion vs.Covert cohesion
显性连接 vs. 隐性连接
Put the following sentences into proper Chinese.
He had a disconcerting habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession.
_________________________________________________________________________________________ This was an intelligently organized and fervent meeting in a packed Town Hall, with Mr. Strong in the chair. _________________________________________________________________________________________ She said, with perfect truth, that “it must be delightful to have a brother,” and easily got the pity of tender-hearted Amelia, for being alone in the world, an orphan without friends or kindred.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ There is nothing more disappointing to a hostess who or expense than to have her guest that he fails to notice the flavor of the coffee, the lightness of the cake, or the attractiveness of the house, which may be her chief interest and pride.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Relativity of Hypotaxis and Parataxis
Man proposes, God disposes.
谋事在人，成事在天。
Long absent, soon forgotten.
别久情疏
Nothing ventured, nothing gained.
不入虎穴，焉得虎子。
Penny wise, pound foolish.
小事聪明，大事糊涂。
不打不相识。
Out of blows friendship grows./ No discord, no concord.
敌进我退，敌驻我扰，敌疲我打，敌退我追。
The enemy advances, we retreat; the enemy camps, we harass; the enemy tires, we attack; the enemy retreats, we pursue.
“There is certainly too much pepper in that soup! ” Alice said to herself, as well as she could for sneezing. There is certainly too much of it in the air. Even the Duchess sneezed occasionally; and as for the baby, it was sneezing and howling alternately without a moment’s pause. The only two creatures in the kitchen that did not sneeze, were the cook, and a large cat.
“我看那汤里的胡椒一定搁得太多啦！”连那公爵夫人自己也有时候打喷嚏；要说那小孩，那就不是打喷嚏就是叫，不是叫就是打喷嚏。那厨房里只有两个不打喷嚏的，一个就是那个做饭老妈子，一个是只大猫…
赵元任《爱丽丝漫游仙境记》
Part I English-Chinese
1、转译法conversion: the change of part of speech in the process of translation
词类转换翻译法也称转译，是指在翻译中将源语中属于某种词性的词语翻译成目的语中属于另一种词性的词语翻译法[4]。词类的转换主要包括转换成动词、名词、形容词或副词；而句子成分的转换包括主语与宾语之间的转换，主语转换成谓语、状语等。
1.1 nouns into verbs
【1】A developing economy with an impressive development plan requires large imports of capital goods, technology, raw materials and other inputs and consumer goods to carry out the plan effectively.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【2】A commonplace criticism of American culture is its excessive preoccupation with material goods and corresponding neglect of the human spirit.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【3】The growing awareness by millions of people of their intolerable conditions of life had prompted them to relinquish the present social system.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【4】Withdrawal from and neutralization of Germany would be disastrous.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
1.2 adjectives into verbs
【5】The developed countries are rich in skilled work force and capital resources, so they can concentrate on producing many technology-intensive products such as computers, aircrafts, and so on.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【6】As you are aware that the British Electrical & Allied Manufacturers’ Association is the organization that represents the many firms in the sector of British industry which manufactures equipment for the generation, transmission, distribution and utilization of electrical power.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【7】The prospect of earning five thousand dollars a month had stimulated the sporting(冒险的) and commercial instinct of the villagers.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1.3 形容词转译成名词
【8】The voyage was a smooth one. The wind is favorable and the weather fair.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
【9】Beg filed an urgent story to his newspaper in London, little realizing that he was about to become part of a new journalistic legend on Fleet Street.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2、分译 cutting
英译汉时，最难处理的就是对长句的翻译。长句是指语法结构比较复杂、从句和修饰语较多，包含的内容层次在一个以上的句子。
对于长句的翻译，有两点至关重要。第一点是对原文的准确理解；第二点是在译文当中恰如其分的表达。在理解阶段有四个步骤需要把握：一是要拟出全句的轮廓；二是要根据上下文和全句的内容领会其要旨；三是要辨清全句的主从结构；四是要找出各句之间的从属关系。也就是说，在翻译的时候将英文中的长句化整为零，使原句的关系代词、关系副词、主谓连接处、并列或转折连接处、后续成分与主体的连接处，按意群将句子分切开来，译成汉语分句或独立句。利用分译法翻译有两个优点：一是可以基本保留英语语序，减少漏译；二是能顺应长短句交替、单复句相间的现代汉语句法修辞原则。
【10】Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【11】How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【12】It did not take long, however, for man to realize that there were some things he was more capable of doing than others and that it would benefit him to concentrate his efforts on the production of those goods in which he was particularly proficient and leave others to produce the goods that called for skill which he did not possess.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3、拆译division
拆译是指原文句子过长，同时又含有多层意思，而主句和从句或者修饰部分之间的关系又不很紧密，如果在译文中用一个句子对原文进行翻译，反而会引起句意的混乱，这时就需要拆译。拆译的目的是为了使句子的意思表达得更清楚。拆译法大致有三种形式：顺拆法、倒拆法和抽词拆句法。
顺拆法是把句子按意群分成片段，将片段按原来的顺序译出。但拆译后的句子相互间必须衔接，这往往需要加词；倒拆则是打乱原来的顺序，将后面的提前译出；抽词拆译，顾名思义就是将句子中某个词抽出来，另行翻译。拆译法是翻译中常用的一种方法。
【13】His delegation agreed with Director that the Fund should continue to work for a better
understanding of the interrelationship between economic, social and demographic factors.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【14】On behalf of all of your American guests, I wish to thank you for the incomparable hospitality for which the Chinese people are justly famous throughout the world.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【15】 In the spirit of frankness which I hope will characterize our talks this week, let us recognize at the outset these points: we have at times in the past been enemies. We have great differences today.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【16】The Declaration and Programme of Action represent a worthy beginning to the reshaping of the United Nations concept of collective effort in international and national economic development.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【17】Law enforcement cannot responsibly stand aloof.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
【18】As a righteous intellectual, I am ashamed of the outrageous policy of intimidation employed by the die-hard conservatives who control the government to try to strangle social reform and to prevent people from carrying forward their worthy efforts towards building an ideal society.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【19】And confidence is growing in the debt-restructuring progress, the infuriatingly slow and untidy effort that puts debtor nations on the International Monetary Fund’s stringent diet of hardnosed monetary policy, curtailed government spending, and fewer imports.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Part II Chinese-English (After-class Exercise)
Read the essay before finishing the following task. 《从形合和意合看汉英翻译中的形式对应》
上梁不正下梁歪。
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 物极必反
_________________________________________________________________________________________ 广出猎，见草中石，以为虎而射之，中石，没镞，视之，石也，因复更射之，终不能复入石矣。(33字) 《史记》
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 我们过了江，进了车站。我买票，他忙着照看行李。（朱自清《背影》）
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
行宫 元稹
寥落古行宫，
宫花寂寞红。
白头宫女在，
闲坐说玄宗。
Employment of Conversion & Division for a Hypotactic Vs. Paratactic
Analysis Between English and Chinese
“只是一块一块的硬凑，凑起来还不让他有痕迹。西洋语法是硬的，没有弹性的；中国语法是软的，富于弹性的。惟其是硬的，所以西洋语法有许多呆板的要求，如每一个clause 里必须有一个主语；惟其是软的，所以中国语法只以达意为主，相关的两家是可以硬凑在一起，不用任何的connective word.”
－－王力
Binary Oppositions between English & Chinese
英语：刚性，显性衔接，语法型，立体性，聚焦型
汉语：柔性，隐性衔接，语用型，平面性，流散型
Most Importantly: 形合(hypotaxis) vs.意合(parataxis)
形合 (Hypotaxis) The dependent or subordinate construction or relationship with connectives.
意合 (Parataxis) The arranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the relation between them.
Key Difference – use of connectives (连词)
Relative pronoun （关系代词）
Relative adverb（关系副词）
Coordinator （并列连接词）
Subordinator （从属连接词）
Overt cohesion vs.Covert cohesion
显性连接 vs. 隐性连接
Put the following sentences into proper Chinese.
He had a disconcerting habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession.
_________________________________________________________________________________________ This was an intelligently organized and fervent meeting in a packed Town Hall, with Mr. Strong in the chair. _________________________________________________________________________________________ She said, with perfect truth, that “it must be delightful to have a brother,” and easily got the pity of tender-hearted Amelia, for being alone in the world, an orphan without friends or kindred.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ There is nothing more disappointing to a hostess who or expense than to have her guest that he fails to notice the flavor of the coffee, the lightness of the cake, or the attractiveness of the house, which may be her chief interest and pride.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Relativity of Hypotaxis and Parataxis
Man proposes, God disposes.
谋事在人，成事在天。
Long absent, soon forgotten.
别久情疏
Nothing ventured, nothing gained.
不入虎穴，焉得虎子。
Penny wise, pound foolish.
小事聪明，大事糊涂。
不打不相识。
Out of blows friendship grows./ No discord, no concord.
敌进我退，敌驻我扰，敌疲我打，敌退我追。
The enemy advances, we retreat; the enemy camps, we harass; the enemy tires, we attack; the enemy retreats, we pursue.
“There is certainly too much pepper in that soup! ” Alice said to herself, as well as she could for sneezing. There is certainly too much of it in the air. Even the Duchess sneezed occasionally; and as for the baby, it was sneezing and howling alternately without a moment’s pause. The only two creatures in the kitchen that did not sneeze, were the cook, and a large cat.
“我看那汤里的胡椒一定搁得太多啦！”连那公爵夫人自己也有时候打喷嚏；要说那小孩，那就不是打喷嚏就是叫，不是叫就是打喷嚏。那厨房里只有两个不打喷嚏的，一个就是那个做饭老妈子，一个是只大猫…
赵元任《爱丽丝漫游仙境记》
Part I English-Chinese
1、转译法conversion: the change of part of speech in the process of translation
词类转换翻译法也称转译，是指在翻译中将源语中属于某种词性的词语翻译成目的语中属于另一种词性的词语翻译法[4]。词类的转换主要包括转换成动词、名词、形容词或副词；而句子成分的转换包括主语与宾语之间的转换，主语转换成谓语、状语等。
1.1 nouns into verbs
【1】A developing economy with an impressive development plan requires large imports of capital goods, technology, raw materials and other inputs and consumer goods to carry out the plan effectively.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【2】A commonplace criticism of American culture is its excessive preoccupation with material goods and corresponding neglect of the human spirit.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【3】The growing awareness by millions of people of their intolerable conditions of life had prompted them to relinquish the present social system.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【4】Withdrawal from and neutralization of Germany would be disastrous.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
1.2 adjectives into verbs
【5】The developed countries are rich in skilled work force and capital resources, so they can concentrate on producing many technology-intensive products such as computers, aircrafts, and so on.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【6】As you are aware that the British Electrical & Allied Manufacturers’ Association is the organization that represents the many firms in the sector of British industry which manufactures equipment for the generation, transmission, distribution and utilization of electrical power.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【7】The prospect of earning five thousand dollars a month had stimulated the sporting(冒险的) and commercial instinct of the villagers.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1.3 形容词转译成名词
【8】The voyage was a smooth one. The wind is favorable and the weather fair.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
【9】Beg filed an urgent story to his newspaper in London, little realizing that he was about to become part of a new journalistic legend on Fleet Street.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2、分译 cutting
英译汉时，最难处理的就是对长句的翻译。长句是指语法结构比较复杂、从句和修饰语较多，包含的内容层次在一个以上的句子。
对于长句的翻译，有两点至关重要。第一点是对原文的准确理解；第二点是在译文当中恰如其分的表达。在理解阶段有四个步骤需要把握：一是要拟出全句的轮廓；二是要根据上下文和全句的内容领会其要旨；三是要辨清全句的主从结构；四是要找出各句之间的从属关系。也就是说，在翻译的时候将英文中的长句化整为零，使原句的关系代词、关系副词、主谓连接处、并列或转折连接处、后续成分与主体的连接处，按意群将句子分切开来，译成汉语分句或独立句。利用分译法翻译有两个优点：一是可以基本保留英语语序，减少漏译；二是能顺应长短句交替、单复句相间的现代汉语句法修辞原则。
【10】Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【11】How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【12】It did not take long, however, for man to realize that there were some things he was more capable of doing than others and that it would benefit him to concentrate his efforts on the production of those goods in which he was particularly proficient and leave others to produce the goods that called for skill which he did not possess.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3、拆译division
拆译是指原文句子过长，同时又含有多层意思，而主句和从句或者修饰部分之间的关系又不很紧密，如果在译文中用一个句子对原文进行翻译，反而会引起句意的混乱，这时就需要拆译。拆译的目的是为了使句子的意思表达得更清楚。拆译法大致有三种形式：顺拆法、倒拆法和抽词拆句法。
顺拆法是把句子按意群分成片段，将片段按原来的顺序译出。但拆译后的句子相互间必须衔接，这往往需要加词；倒拆则是打乱原来的顺序，将后面的提前译出；抽词拆译，顾名思义就是将句子中某个词抽出来，另行翻译。拆译法是翻译中常用的一种方法。
【13】His delegation agreed with Director that the Fund should continue to work for a better
understanding of the interrelationship between economic, social and demographic factors.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【14】On behalf of all of your American guests, I wish to thank you for the incomparable hospitality for which the Chinese people are justly famous throughout the world.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【15】 In the spirit of frankness which I hope will characterize our talks this week, let us recognize at the outset these points: we have at times in the past been enemies. We have great differences today.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【16】The Declaration and Programme of Action represent a worthy beginning to the reshaping of the United Nations concept of collective effort in international and national economic development.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【17】Law enforcement cannot responsibly stand aloof.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
【18】As a righteous intellectual, I am ashamed of the outrageous policy of intimidation employed by the die-hard conservatives who control the government to try to strangle social reform and to prevent people from carrying forward their worthy efforts towards building an ideal society.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【19】And confidence is growing in the debt-restructuring progress, the infuriatingly slow and untidy effort that puts debtor nations on the International Monetary Fund’s stringent diet of hardnosed monetary policy, curtailed government spending, and fewer imports.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Part II Chinese-English (After-class Exercise)
Read the essay before finishing the following task. 《从形合和意合看汉英翻译中的形式对应》
上梁不正下梁歪。
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 物极必反
_________________________________________________________________________________________ 广出猎，见草中石，以为虎而射之，中石，没镞，视之，石也，因复更射之，终不能复入石矣。(33字) 《史记》
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 我们过了江，进了车站。我买票，他忙着照看行李。（朱自清《背影》）
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
行宫 元稹
寥落古行宫，
宫花寂寞红。
白头宫女在，
闲坐说玄宗。