When the throttle valve is opened, air flow through the air cleaner, through the air flow meter (on L type systems), past the throttle valve, and through a well tuned intake manifold runner to the intake valve .Air delivered to the engine is function of drive demand .As the throttle valve is opened further, more air is allowed to enter the engine cylinder.
当节气门打开, 空气通过空气滤清器, 通过空气流量计(L型系统), 经过节气门, 并在进气歧管中经过良好的调整进入进气门。空气被送到发动机是驾驶员要求的一种。当节气门进一步打开时, 允许更多的空气进入发动机汽缸。
Toyota engines use two different methods to measure intake air volume. The L type EFI system measures air flow directly by using an air flow meter. The D type EFI system measures air flow indirectly by monitoring the pressure in the intake manifold. 丰田发动机使用两种不同的方法来测量进气量。L 型EFI 系统是通过空气流量计直接测量进气量的。D 型EFI 系统通过监测进气歧管的压力间接测量进气量的。 The electronic control system consists of various engine sensors, electronic control unit (ECU), and various actuators.
发动机的电子控制系统由传感器、电子控制单元(ECU)和各种执行机构。
There are many sensors such as mass airflow sensor , manifold absolute pressure sensor, throttle position sensor, engine coolant temperature sensor, intake air temperature sensor , crankshaft position sensor , camshaft position sensor , and exhaust gas oxygen sensor, etc.
这儿有许多传感器，例如空气流量计, 进气歧管绝对压力传感器、节气门位置传感器, 发动机冷却液温度传感器、进气温度传感器, 曲轴位置传感器, 凸轮轴位置传感器, 和氧传感器等。
The basic function of the ECU is to control the pulse width of the injector. In engine management system, the ECU control additional functions, such as idle speed, ignition timing, and fuel pump operation.
ECU 的基本功能是控制喷油器的脉冲宽度。在发动机管理系统,ECU 控制附加功能, 如怠速、点火正时, 燃料泵控制。
The actuators contains fuel pump relay, injector, malfunction indicator light (MIL), EV AP canister purge solenoid valve, air conditioner relay, cooling fan relay, idle control valve, etc.
制动器包含燃油泵继电器、喷油器、故障指示灯(MIL)EVAP碳罐清洗电磁阀, 空调继电器, 冷却风扇继电器、怠速控制阀等
Air enters the engine through the air induction system where it is measured by the air flow meter. As the air flows into the cylinder, fuel is mixed into the air by the fuel injector. Fuel injectors are arranged in the intake manifold behind each intake valve. The injectors are electrical solenoid which are operated by the ECU. The ECU pulses the injector by switching the injector ground circuit on and off.
空气通过进气系统进入发动机, 它是由空气流量计测量。空气流入气缸, 燃油通过喷油器与空气混合。喷油器被安装在每个节气门背后的进气歧管旁。喷油器是通过电磁阀由ECU 控制。ECU 通过切换喷油器接地电路控制喷油脉冲。
When the injector is turned on, it opens, spraying atomized fuel at the back side of the intake valve. As fuel is sprayed into the intake airstreams, it mixes with the incoming air and vaporizes due to the low pressure in the intake manifold. The ECU signals the injector to deliver just enough fuel to achieve an ideal air/fuel ratio of 14.7:1, often referred to as stoichiometry.
当喷油器打开时, 燃油在进气门的背面喷射雾化。燃油喷入进气道与进入的空气混合在一起，在进气歧管由于低压而蒸发。ECU 提供信号控制喷油器提供足够的燃料来完成一个理想的空气/燃料比为14.7:1,通常被称为空燃比。
The precise amount of fuel delivered to the engine is a function of ECU control. The ECU determines the basic injection quantity based upon measured intake air volume and engine rpm. depending on engine operating conditions, injection quantity will vary. The ECU monitors variables such as coolant temperature, engine speed, throttle angle and exhaust oxygen content and makes injection corrections which determine final injection quantity.
精确数量的燃料送到发动机是ECU 控制的功能。ECU 确定基本喷油量是根据测量吸入空气量和发动机转速。根据发动机运行条件, 喷油量会有所不同。ECU 监控变量如冷却液温度、发动机转速、节气门角和排气氧含量, 修正喷油量, 确定最后的喷油量
第二篇
In the early 1970s American vehicles began to install electronic ignition systems which now operate as part of an electronic engine control system. This action was necessary not only to meet stricter emission control standards but to increase the fuel economy of the vehicle. All the function that used to be done mechanically can now be done through electronics. Centrifugal and vacuum advance mechanisms in the distributor have been eliminated, and ignition timing is controlled by the engine computer.
在1970年代早期, 美国汽车开始安装的电子点火系统是目前电子发动机控制系统的一部分。这一功能是必要的不仅满足更严格的排放控制标准, 提高车辆的燃油经济性。所有的功能, 过去用机械控制现在可以通过电子控制。离心和真空提前机构在在分电器中取消了, 和点火正时由发动机电脑控制
Although the electronic system costs more to install than the standard system, the advantages that it offers more than outweigh the drawbacks of increased cost. These advantages include:
1 greater available secondary voltage, especially at high engine rpm.
2 reliable and consistent system performance at any and all engine speeds. 3 a potential for more responsive and variable ignition advance curves. 4 decreased maintenance cost of the system.
Fig. 4-6 shows the modern electronic ignition system of Toyota.
虽然电子系统安装成本比标准系统高, 它提供的优势超过成本增加的缺点。这些优势包括：
更大的可用二次电压, 特别是在高的发动机转速
在任何和所有发动机的速度都有可靠的和一致的系统性能
更多响应的潜力和可变的点火提前角
降低系统的维护成本 如图4-6显示了丰田公司现代电子点火系统
When the IGT signal goes high, the primary circuit power transistor TR2 turns on, allowing current to flow in the coil primary winding. When the IGT signal goes low, the igniter interrupts primary circuit current flow, causing voltage induction into the coil secondary winding.
当IGT 信号高, 初级电路功率晶体管TR2打开, 允许电流流过初级线圈。当IGT 信号低, 点火器中断初级电路电流, 导致次级绕组产生高压。
Once a spark event takes place, an ignition confirmation signal called IGF is generated by the igniter and sent to the ECU. The IGF signal tells the ECU that a spark event has actually occurred. In the event of an ignition fault, after approximately eight to eleven IGT signals are sent to the igniter without receiving an IGF confirmation, the ECU will enter a fail-safe mode, shutting down the injectors to prevent potential catalyst overheating.
一次点火事件发生, 点火器产生一个名为IGF 的点火确认信号并发送到ECU 。IGF 信号告诉ECU 点火事件已经发生。在点火故障的事件, 大约八到十一个IGT 信号发送给点火器，ECU 没有接收到IGF 确认, 将进入一个故障安全模式, 关闭喷油器防止潜在的催化剂过热。
The ECU determines ignition timing by comparing engine operating with spark advance values stored in its memory. The general formula for ignition timing follows:
Initial timing +basic advance angle +corrective advance angle =total spark advance.
ECU 确定点火正时是通过比较存储在内存中的发动机控制点火提前值。点火正时遵循的一般规律
初始提前角+基本提前角+修正提前角=总点火提前角
Basic advance angle is computed using signals from crankshaft angle (G1), crankshaft speed (Ne), and engine load (Vs or PIM) sensor . Corrective timing .factors include adjustments for coolant temperature (THW) and presence of detonation (KNK).
基本提前角的确定是通过计算曲轴角度(G1)曲轴速度(Ne),和发动机负载(Vs或PIM) 传感器信号。修正时机因素包括调整冷却剂温度(THW)和爆震(KNK)的存在 DLI ， as the name implies, is an electronic spark distribution system which supplies secondary current directly from the ignition coils to the spark plugs without the use of a conventional distributor . The DLI system contains the following major components:
1 cam position sensor. 2 igniter 3 ignition coils
dLl, 顾名思义, 是一种电子点火配电系统给火花塞的点火线圈直接提供次级电流不使用传统的分电器。dLl 系统包含以下主要组件
凸轮位置传感器 点火器 点火线圈
Distributor less igniter system is shown in fig.4-7
减少分电器的点火器系统fig.4-7所示
The following checks assume that the engine runs but timing will not advance. 以下检查假设发动机运行但时间不会提前。
The design of the variable advance spark timing (VAST) system will allow the ignition system to function at initial timing in the event that the IGT signal does not reach the igniter. If this condition occurs, the ignition system will be locked at initial timing regardless of engine speed or load. The ECU has no way to monitor for this fault, so there will be no indication of this condition other than a loss of engine performance.
可变提前点火正时系统这种设计将允许点火系统在初始点火正时事件IGT 信号的事件不会到达点火器。如果这种情况发生, 点火系统将锁定在初始点火正时无论发动机转速和负荷。ECU 无法监控的这种故障, 所以不会有迹象表明这种情况除了发动机性能的损失 to check for this condition:
monitor the IGt wire at the igniter using an oscilloscope or logic probe.
If a good signal is being sent out on IGt, check the connection at the igniter. Once connections are confirmed, the igniter is the last item left which can cause the problem.
检查这种情况
IGT 监控线探针的点火器使用示波器或逻辑探头
如果一个好的信号被送到糖IGT , 检查连接的点火器
一旦连接确认, 点火器是最后一项会导致的问题地方。
When the throttle valve is opened, air flow through the air cleaner, through the air flow meter (on L type systems), past the throttle valve, and through a well tuned intake manifold runner to the intake valve .Air delivered to the engine is function of drive demand .As the throttle valve is opened further, more air is allowed to enter the engine cylinder.
当节气门打开, 空气通过空气滤清器, 通过空气流量计(L型系统), 经过节气门, 并在进气歧管中经过良好的调整进入进气门。空气被送到发动机是驾驶员要求的一种。当节气门进一步打开时, 允许更多的空气进入发动机汽缸。
Toyota engines use two different methods to measure intake air volume. The L type EFI system measures air flow directly by using an air flow meter. The D type EFI system measures air flow indirectly by monitoring the pressure in the intake manifold. 丰田发动机使用两种不同的方法来测量进气量。L 型EFI 系统是通过空气流量计直接测量进气量的。D 型EFI 系统通过监测进气歧管的压力间接测量进气量的。 The electronic control system consists of various engine sensors, electronic control unit (ECU), and various actuators.
发动机的电子控制系统由传感器、电子控制单元(ECU)和各种执行机构。
There are many sensors such as mass airflow sensor , manifold absolute pressure sensor, throttle position sensor, engine coolant temperature sensor, intake air temperature sensor , crankshaft position sensor , camshaft position sensor , and exhaust gas oxygen sensor, etc.
这儿有许多传感器，例如空气流量计, 进气歧管绝对压力传感器、节气门位置传感器, 发动机冷却液温度传感器、进气温度传感器, 曲轴位置传感器, 凸轮轴位置传感器, 和氧传感器等。
The basic function of the ECU is to control the pulse width of the injector. In engine management system, the ECU control additional functions, such as idle speed, ignition timing, and fuel pump operation.
ECU 的基本功能是控制喷油器的脉冲宽度。在发动机管理系统,ECU 控制附加功能, 如怠速、点火正时, 燃料泵控制。
The actuators contains fuel pump relay, injector, malfunction indicator light (MIL), EV AP canister purge solenoid valve, air conditioner relay, cooling fan relay, idle control valve, etc.
制动器包含燃油泵继电器、喷油器、故障指示灯(MIL)EVAP碳罐清洗电磁阀, 空调继电器, 冷却风扇继电器、怠速控制阀等
Air enters the engine through the air induction system where it is measured by the air flow meter. As the air flows into the cylinder, fuel is mixed into the air by the fuel injector. Fuel injectors are arranged in the intake manifold behind each intake valve. The injectors are electrical solenoid which are operated by the ECU. The ECU pulses the injector by switching the injector ground circuit on and off.
空气通过进气系统进入发动机, 它是由空气流量计测量。空气流入气缸, 燃油通过喷油器与空气混合。喷油器被安装在每个节气门背后的进气歧管旁。喷油器是通过电磁阀由ECU 控制。ECU 通过切换喷油器接地电路控制喷油脉冲。
When the injector is turned on, it opens, spraying atomized fuel at the back side of the intake valve. As fuel is sprayed into the intake airstreams, it mixes with the incoming air and vaporizes due to the low pressure in the intake manifold. The ECU signals the injector to deliver just enough fuel to achieve an ideal air/fuel ratio of 14.7:1, often referred to as stoichiometry.
当喷油器打开时, 燃油在进气门的背面喷射雾化。燃油喷入进气道与进入的空气混合在一起，在进气歧管由于低压而蒸发。ECU 提供信号控制喷油器提供足够的燃料来完成一个理想的空气/燃料比为14.7:1,通常被称为空燃比。
The precise amount of fuel delivered to the engine is a function of ECU control. The ECU determines the basic injection quantity based upon measured intake air volume and engine rpm. depending on engine operating conditions, injection quantity will vary. The ECU monitors variables such as coolant temperature, engine speed, throttle angle and exhaust oxygen content and makes injection corrections which determine final injection quantity.
精确数量的燃料送到发动机是ECU 控制的功能。ECU 确定基本喷油量是根据测量吸入空气量和发动机转速。根据发动机运行条件, 喷油量会有所不同。ECU 监控变量如冷却液温度、发动机转速、节气门角和排气氧含量, 修正喷油量, 确定最后的喷油量
第二篇
In the early 1970s American vehicles began to install electronic ignition systems which now operate as part of an electronic engine control system. This action was necessary not only to meet stricter emission control standards but to increase the fuel economy of the vehicle. All the function that used to be done mechanically can now be done through electronics. Centrifugal and vacuum advance mechanisms in the distributor have been eliminated, and ignition timing is controlled by the engine computer.
在1970年代早期, 美国汽车开始安装的电子点火系统是目前电子发动机控制系统的一部分。这一功能是必要的不仅满足更严格的排放控制标准, 提高车辆的燃油经济性。所有的功能, 过去用机械控制现在可以通过电子控制。离心和真空提前机构在在分电器中取消了, 和点火正时由发动机电脑控制
Although the electronic system costs more to install than the standard system, the advantages that it offers more than outweigh the drawbacks of increased cost. These advantages include:
1 greater available secondary voltage, especially at high engine rpm.
2 reliable and consistent system performance at any and all engine speeds. 3 a potential for more responsive and variable ignition advance curves. 4 decreased maintenance cost of the system.
Fig. 4-6 shows the modern electronic ignition system of Toyota.
虽然电子系统安装成本比标准系统高, 它提供的优势超过成本增加的缺点。这些优势包括：
更大的可用二次电压, 特别是在高的发动机转速
在任何和所有发动机的速度都有可靠的和一致的系统性能
更多响应的潜力和可变的点火提前角
降低系统的维护成本 如图4-6显示了丰田公司现代电子点火系统
When the IGT signal goes high, the primary circuit power transistor TR2 turns on, allowing current to flow in the coil primary winding. When the IGT signal goes low, the igniter interrupts primary circuit current flow, causing voltage induction into the coil secondary winding.
当IGT 信号高, 初级电路功率晶体管TR2打开, 允许电流流过初级线圈。当IGT 信号低, 点火器中断初级电路电流, 导致次级绕组产生高压。
Once a spark event takes place, an ignition confirmation signal called IGF is generated by the igniter and sent to the ECU. The IGF signal tells the ECU that a spark event has actually occurred. In the event of an ignition fault, after approximately eight to eleven IGT signals are sent to the igniter without receiving an IGF confirmation, the ECU will enter a fail-safe mode, shutting down the injectors to prevent potential catalyst overheating.
一次点火事件发生, 点火器产生一个名为IGF 的点火确认信号并发送到ECU 。IGF 信号告诉ECU 点火事件已经发生。在点火故障的事件, 大约八到十一个IGT 信号发送给点火器，ECU 没有接收到IGF 确认, 将进入一个故障安全模式, 关闭喷油器防止潜在的催化剂过热。
The ECU determines ignition timing by comparing engine operating with spark advance values stored in its memory. The general formula for ignition timing follows:
Initial timing +basic advance angle +corrective advance angle =total spark advance.
ECU 确定点火正时是通过比较存储在内存中的发动机控制点火提前值。点火正时遵循的一般规律
初始提前角+基本提前角+修正提前角=总点火提前角
Basic advance angle is computed using signals from crankshaft angle (G1), crankshaft speed (Ne), and engine load (Vs or PIM) sensor . Corrective timing .factors include adjustments for coolant temperature (THW) and presence of detonation (KNK).
基本提前角的确定是通过计算曲轴角度(G1)曲轴速度(Ne),和发动机负载(Vs或PIM) 传感器信号。修正时机因素包括调整冷却剂温度(THW)和爆震(KNK)的存在 DLI ， as the name implies, is an electronic spark distribution system which supplies secondary current directly from the ignition coils to the spark plugs without the use of a conventional distributor . The DLI system contains the following major components:
1 cam position sensor. 2 igniter 3 ignition coils
dLl, 顾名思义, 是一种电子点火配电系统给火花塞的点火线圈直接提供次级电流不使用传统的分电器。dLl 系统包含以下主要组件
凸轮位置传感器 点火器 点火线圈
Distributor less igniter system is shown in fig.4-7
减少分电器的点火器系统fig.4-7所示
The following checks assume that the engine runs but timing will not advance. 以下检查假设发动机运行但时间不会提前。
The design of the variable advance spark timing (VAST) system will allow the ignition system to function at initial timing in the event that the IGT signal does not reach the igniter. If this condition occurs, the ignition system will be locked at initial timing regardless of engine speed or load. The ECU has no way to monitor for this fault, so there will be no indication of this condition other than a loss of engine performance.
可变提前点火正时系统这种设计将允许点火系统在初始点火正时事件IGT 信号的事件不会到达点火器。如果这种情况发生, 点火系统将锁定在初始点火正时无论发动机转速和负荷。ECU 无法监控的这种故障, 所以不会有迹象表明这种情况除了发动机性能的损失 to check for this condition:
monitor the IGt wire at the igniter using an oscilloscope or logic probe.
If a good signal is being sent out on IGt, check the connection at the igniter. Once connections are confirmed, the igniter is the last item left which can cause the problem.
检查这种情况
IGT 监控线探针的点火器使用示波器或逻辑探头
如果一个好的信号被送到糖IGT , 检查连接的点火器
一旦连接确认, 点火器是最后一项会导致的问题地方。