Lesson 2
Until 和till 互通, 通常句尾; until 也可放到句首
1， prep+表时间的名词
直到午夜，直到下午三点, until midnight, three in the afternoon.
杭州的茶馆很多，是一个消磨时间和谈生意的好去处，花上几块钱，可以呆一个下午，直到很晚 There are many teahouses in Hangzhou// we have many teahouses in Hangzhou.
They are ideal/nice/good places to kill time or talk about business. With a few bucks/dollars, you can stay there until /till very late in the afternoon。
咖啡厅是一个放松的好地方，这里你既能享受春日的温暖，又能体会到这个城市中产阶级的生活品调 Coffee-bars are ideal places to relax. There you can enjoy the balmy spring day and the luxury of mid-class life.
(Luxurious lifestyle 奢侈的，糜烂的生活方式)
***
我所在的城市被誉为人间天堂. 我们城市西部有一个湖，那里有很多的茶馆和饭店。下午时分，不管天气是晴是雨，我都喜欢坐在其中，听音乐，品龙井茶。
My city is paradise/heaven on Earth. We have a good lake in the west part of the city. There are many good restaurants and coffee bars /tea houses along the lake.
Whether on fine afternoons or rainy afternoons, I love to sit in one of them, listening to the nice music and savoring the local Longjing tea. 不论晴天还是雨天，我都会来这里，听音乐或细细的品味我喜爱当地龙井茶
2，连词。
等到雨停了Wait until/till the rain stops.
（时间状语从句用一般现在时表示将来）
现在不是好时机，我还是等等，直到价格下来一点再说
It ’s not a good time now. I shall wait until the price comes down a little bit.
没有机会， 中国人说你可以等，但是直到海枯石烂，你依然看不到希望
There is no opportunity/chance. In Chinese we say you can wait until the sea dries up but still you see no hope
他一点都不好看，中文里我们说他长得和死蟹差不多
He is not good-looking at all. In Chinese we say he looks like a dead crab.
He looks like hell. 长得和鬼一样
他想娶他配不上的人，中文里我们说他癞蛤蟆想吃天鹅肉
He wants to marry someone he doesn’t deserve. In Chinese we often say an ugly toad wants to eat swan meat.
***
His face is the fiercest weapon他的脸是最强悍的武器
她是世界上最漂亮的女人，一顾倾城，二顾倾国
She is the most beautiful lady in the world. One glance, the city collapses ； another glance, the country surrenders
From heaven to hell 从天堂到地狱
Five minutes ago, he was the son of a millionaire. Now, he has no penny to his name. It is like from the heaven to the hell.
注意：“直到---才”，仅仅till/until不足以应付， 必须not---until .
昨天直到十点才上床睡觉。
I didn’t go to bed until/till 10 at night.
直到现在我才知道你的心里有另外一个女人
I didn’t know there is another woman in your heart until/till now
到现在才知道她是这么一个生活作风随便的人
I did not know she is such a slut until now.
时态的妙处
我们一直不知道她现在还活着
We did not know she is still alive.
比较：
I haven’t got it until now我到现在还没有收到.
I didn’t get it until now. 我到现在才收到。
ring n, 戒指
the ring finger无名指
vi 铃响
The bell/the telephone/the doorbell rings/your mobile rings
汽笛、警报嘶吼/呼啸The siren/alarm shrieks.
Warnings （言语/行为）---〉告诫
离那个花花公子远点，你会受伤的，相信我的告诫
Keep away from the play boy/slut, you will only get hurt. Take my warnings /advice/words
vi 按铃
有什么需要就按铃叫服务生if you need anything else, just ring for the attendant. ”
如果有紧急情况，老年人可以按铃得到帮助
If there is an emergency, the senior citizens may ring for help.
***
我们的工作/服务应该以人为本
We should put human at the center of our work
We should put human at the center of our service.
flight attendant空中乘务员 > air hostess 空姐
Repeat 重复， repeat 与 again 以及return 与back 水火不容
没有听清楚 excuse me, can you repeat; may I have your pardon; excuse me
不要老犯这种错误。“be careful next time, don’t repeat the same mistakes。
A vicious circle appears and repeats 恶性循环开始，往复.
***
excuse me VS I am sorry
前者表示：借光，让道；请重新说一下；你有种再说一次。
Excuse me, but you are stepping on my foot.
Oh, I am so sorry.
小子，小心点，你有种，我会让你知道天高地厚的
Hey, boy. Watch out. You have got the spine. I will bring you down to earth.
后者表示：我错了，请原谅；很遗憾。
I am so sorry, but I can’t help you. I have many problems myself. 我很同情你，但是我也无能为力 You will be sorry if you go on like this在这样下去，你会倒霉的。
我今天踩到狗屎了，我吃了一个苍蝇，连狗都不拿正眼看我
I stepped on a shit today. I ate a fly. And even the dog did not respect me.
The text
Get up early on Sundays
Rise and shine, star 明星，起床了，发光了
Rise and roar, tiger 小虎，起床了
Dragon, rise and roar/blow some fire 小龙，起床了
go to bed,//go to sleep // go and get some sleep
Go to bed惩罚//作息习惯=turn in
in the countryside, people turn in every early 乡下人们上床都很早
Go to sleep 入睡。
Go and get some sleep休息一下，睡一会儿
***
turn in =hand in 上交
Have you handed in/turned in your application 有没有递交申请
Stay in bed until lunch time
周日我通常赖床到下午很晚
I will stay in bed until very late on Sunday afternoons.
人们赖在温暖的床上People glue themselves to the warm bed.
***
Glue 粘贴
小孩子很粘母亲
The little boy glues （himself ） to his mother.
男朋友非常粘着她
Her boyfriend glues to her.
男朋友粘着她, 像影子一样。
Her boyfriend follows her everywhere, just like her shadow
茕茕孑立，形影相吊 she is alone. Her shadow is her only company.
linger ，不愿意离开/散去，（人/记忆/味道）萦绕
She lingered, unwilling to go. 弥留之际，不愿闭眼
老人拖了两天才咽气
The old man lingered for two days before his last gasp
The heavy fog lingered 大雾不愿散去
到处是臭味，且久久不能散去
The smell is everywhere and it lingers.
The fragrance (自然界的香味) lingers long 香味久久不能散去
***
stay up熬夜
A ：Look at your blood –shot eyes, you stayed up yesterday?你眼睛红红的，是不是熬夜了阿。
B ：Yes, I had to burn mid-night oil必须熬到深夜
work extra hours// work overtime.加班加点
Overtime work =Extra work 额外工作, 加班工作 overtime pay/ extra pay 加班费
It was Sunday. I never get up early on Sundays. I sometimes stay in bed until lunch time.
星期天到了，我从来不会早期，有时候我赖床赖到午饭时间。
我从来不喜欢在晚上吃很多的东西，有时候连晚饭都不吃就上床睡觉了。
I never eat a lot/ have big dinners in the evening. I sometimes go to bed with an empty stomach.
又是春天好时光，这样的天气下，我从来不会整天呆在家里或办公室里。我喜欢在外面漫步，有时候我会坐在湖边一直到傍晚。感觉很放松。
It ’s balmy spring again. I never stay at home or in the office all day long in such weather. I like to walk in the open air. Sometimes, I will sit by the lake until very late in the afternoon. I feel very relaxed.
It was dark outside.
Dark 光线昏暗dark jungles 密林
用在颜色上则表示色度浓
dark red, dark green暗红/深红/墨绿
a dark horse黑马，意料之外的胜出者
black sheep败家子，家门不幸
He is simply a black sleep of the family. 他就是败家子一个
**
他就是一个打铁的He is nothing but a blacksmith
他绝对不是打铁的 He is everything but a blacksmith.
**
希望优秀能够继承
we hope excellent habits /good quality can be handed down。
（优秀是一种习惯Being excellent is a habit.）
顺境不利人们成功
Good conditions can not make a successful man.
苦难能够成就一个男人pains make a true man
苦难兴邦pains and sufferings make a great nation.
社会有黑暗的一面. 接受你不能改变的，改变你不能接受的; 牢记，逆境成才
There is the dark side in our society. Accept what you can’t change and change what you can’t accept. Always remember that bad conditions may lead to success.
社会上不管哪里总有黑暗的一面。不管身处何方，停止抱怨, 去寻找好的一面.
There is always the dark side everywhere in the society. No matter where you are, stop complaining and try to find out the bright side.
头衔和薪水能够失去，但是经历和能力拿不走，且能造就一个男人.
Titles and salary can be taken away. However, experiences and ability can not. They make a true man. ****
只要你站着，天就不会塌下来
As long as you stand, the sky is not going to fall down
女性是脆弱的，母亲是强大的
A woman is weak, but a mother is strong
****
dark 邪恶的=evil –〉the dark/evil force 邪恶势力,
与邪恶势力///堕落势力较量fight the dark/corrupt force.
****
fight sth VS fight for sth, search sth VS search for sth
Fight for my reputation 为名誉而战
Fight for my wealth 为财富而战
Fight for your liberty (rights)为自己的权利而斗
Search hard and long for success为了成功而上下求索
众里寻她千百度，蓦然回首，那人却在灯火阑珊处
Hard and long, we search;
Round and near, she stands.
What a day 多么---的一天啊。（好坏均可）
1，今天真幸运啊。阳光明媚，清风徐徐。我们买了彩票，中了500万
What a day. We have good sunshine and gentle breeze and I bought a lottery and won 5 million. 2，今天真糟糕，我踩到了狗屎，还吃了一个苍蝇，连狗都不拿正眼看我。
What a day. I stepped on a shit and ate a fly. Even the dog did not respect me.
It ’s raining again.
Rain or shine不管好坏。
“亲爱的，什么也不能把我们分开”sweetie, we will be together, rain or shine.
细雨drizzle —〉雨中漫步 walk in the rain/drizzle
阵雨shower 雷暴thunderstorm 暴风雨storm
暴雨downpour 黄梅雨plum rains
typhoon 台风，hurricane 飓风，风暴
it never rains but it pours要么不下雨，要下就是大雨(抱怨，一连串得倒霉事情)
We never quarrel, but we fight 我们要么不吵架，要吵架就直接打架
祸不单行troubles never come alone.= misfortune may love company
A ：今天非常倒霉，一开始我们的轮胎没有气了，然后更糟糕的是，我们没有汽油了
We had a terrible day. First we had a flat tire, and then, even worse, we ran out of oil.
B ：是的，要么不倒霉，到起霉来没完没了
Oh, I see. It never rains but it pours
**
谁能让我熠熠生辉 who can make me shine
谁能让我楚楚动人 who can make me glow
Arrive by train 到达：Reach, get to, arrive in /at
Reach 1，到达+地点
明朝初期，勇敢探险家们的足迹几乎到达了非洲
In the early Ming Dynasty, the brave pioneers almost reached Africa
2，数量= hit (不容易，数目较巨大)
Our production reached/hit 400 tons this year. 产量达到400吨
Our income hit 50 million. 收入达到5000万
3, reach 流域
The upper reaches of the Mississippi密西西比河上游
The middle and lower reaches of the Changjiang River长江中下游地区
I am coming to see you
Come/go/leave可用“进行时”表示“将来时”：很快就要发生，也许动作已经开始。 这就来，马上来I am coming
You must prepare more for supper. Susan is coming. 多准备些晚饭，susan 也来吃饭 I am leaving for Beijing / we are going shopping
有些动词不能用进行表示将来，但是为了达到语言结构的对称性，可以将错就错 我要去伦敦，在那里待一个星期
I am going to London and staying there for 1 week.
否定副词：hardly/seldom/rarely/never
我从来不空腹上班I never go to work with an empty stomach
他说话太快，我跟不上趟He speaks so fast that I can hardly follow him.
我和女朋友几乎不出去逛, 我工作太忙了
I rarely hang out with my girlfriend. I am too busy with my work
Lesson 2
Until 和till 互通, 通常句尾; until 也可放到句首
1， prep+表时间的名词
直到午夜，直到下午三点, until midnight, three in the afternoon.
杭州的茶馆很多，是一个消磨时间和谈生意的好去处，花上几块钱，可以呆一个下午，直到很晚 There are many teahouses in Hangzhou// we have many teahouses in Hangzhou.
They are ideal/nice/good places to kill time or talk about business. With a few bucks/dollars, you can stay there until /till very late in the afternoon。
咖啡厅是一个放松的好地方，这里你既能享受春日的温暖，又能体会到这个城市中产阶级的生活品调 Coffee-bars are ideal places to relax. There you can enjoy the balmy spring day and the luxury of mid-class life.
(Luxurious lifestyle 奢侈的，糜烂的生活方式)
***
我所在的城市被誉为人间天堂. 我们城市西部有一个湖，那里有很多的茶馆和饭店。下午时分，不管天气是晴是雨，我都喜欢坐在其中，听音乐，品龙井茶。
My city is paradise/heaven on Earth. We have a good lake in the west part of the city. There are many good restaurants and coffee bars /tea houses along the lake.
Whether on fine afternoons or rainy afternoons, I love to sit in one of them, listening to the nice music and savoring the local Longjing tea. 不论晴天还是雨天，我都会来这里，听音乐或细细的品味我喜爱当地龙井茶
2，连词。
等到雨停了Wait until/till the rain stops.
（时间状语从句用一般现在时表示将来）
现在不是好时机，我还是等等，直到价格下来一点再说
It ’s not a good time now. I shall wait until the price comes down a little bit.
没有机会， 中国人说你可以等，但是直到海枯石烂，你依然看不到希望
There is no opportunity/chance. In Chinese we say you can wait until the sea dries up but still you see no hope
他一点都不好看，中文里我们说他长得和死蟹差不多
He is not good-looking at all. In Chinese we say he looks like a dead crab.
He looks like hell. 长得和鬼一样
他想娶他配不上的人，中文里我们说他癞蛤蟆想吃天鹅肉
He wants to marry someone he doesn’t deserve. In Chinese we often say an ugly toad wants to eat swan meat.
***
His face is the fiercest weapon他的脸是最强悍的武器
她是世界上最漂亮的女人，一顾倾城，二顾倾国
She is the most beautiful lady in the world. One glance, the city collapses ； another glance, the country surrenders
From heaven to hell 从天堂到地狱
Five minutes ago, he was the son of a millionaire. Now, he has no penny to his name. It is like from the heaven to the hell.
注意：“直到---才”，仅仅till/until不足以应付， 必须not---until .
昨天直到十点才上床睡觉。
I didn’t go to bed until/till 10 at night.
直到现在我才知道你的心里有另外一个女人
I didn’t know there is another woman in your heart until/till now
到现在才知道她是这么一个生活作风随便的人
I did not know she is such a slut until now.
时态的妙处
我们一直不知道她现在还活着
We did not know she is still alive.
比较：
I haven’t got it until now我到现在还没有收到.
I didn’t get it until now. 我到现在才收到。
ring n, 戒指
the ring finger无名指
vi 铃响
The bell/the telephone/the doorbell rings/your mobile rings
汽笛、警报嘶吼/呼啸The siren/alarm shrieks.
Warnings （言语/行为）---〉告诫
离那个花花公子远点，你会受伤的，相信我的告诫
Keep away from the play boy/slut, you will only get hurt. Take my warnings /advice/words
vi 按铃
有什么需要就按铃叫服务生if you need anything else, just ring for the attendant. ”
如果有紧急情况，老年人可以按铃得到帮助
If there is an emergency, the senior citizens may ring for help.
***
我们的工作/服务应该以人为本
We should put human at the center of our work
We should put human at the center of our service.
flight attendant空中乘务员 > air hostess 空姐
Repeat 重复， repeat 与 again 以及return 与back 水火不容
没有听清楚 excuse me, can you repeat; may I have your pardon; excuse me
不要老犯这种错误。“be careful next time, don’t repeat the same mistakes。
A vicious circle appears and repeats 恶性循环开始，往复.
***
excuse me VS I am sorry
前者表示：借光，让道；请重新说一下；你有种再说一次。
Excuse me, but you are stepping on my foot.
Oh, I am so sorry.
小子，小心点，你有种，我会让你知道天高地厚的
Hey, boy. Watch out. You have got the spine. I will bring you down to earth.
后者表示：我错了，请原谅；很遗憾。
I am so sorry, but I can’t help you. I have many problems myself. 我很同情你，但是我也无能为力 You will be sorry if you go on like this在这样下去，你会倒霉的。
我今天踩到狗屎了，我吃了一个苍蝇，连狗都不拿正眼看我
I stepped on a shit today. I ate a fly. And even the dog did not respect me.
The text
Get up early on Sundays
Rise and shine, star 明星，起床了，发光了
Rise and roar, tiger 小虎，起床了
Dragon, rise and roar/blow some fire 小龙，起床了
go to bed,//go to sleep // go and get some sleep
Go to bed惩罚//作息习惯=turn in
in the countryside, people turn in every early 乡下人们上床都很早
Go to sleep 入睡。
Go and get some sleep休息一下，睡一会儿
***
turn in =hand in 上交
Have you handed in/turned in your application 有没有递交申请
Stay in bed until lunch time
周日我通常赖床到下午很晚
I will stay in bed until very late on Sunday afternoons.
人们赖在温暖的床上People glue themselves to the warm bed.
***
Glue 粘贴
小孩子很粘母亲
The little boy glues （himself ） to his mother.
男朋友非常粘着她
Her boyfriend glues to her.
男朋友粘着她, 像影子一样。
Her boyfriend follows her everywhere, just like her shadow
茕茕孑立，形影相吊 she is alone. Her shadow is her only company.
linger ，不愿意离开/散去，（人/记忆/味道）萦绕
She lingered, unwilling to go. 弥留之际，不愿闭眼
老人拖了两天才咽气
The old man lingered for two days before his last gasp
The heavy fog lingered 大雾不愿散去
到处是臭味，且久久不能散去
The smell is everywhere and it lingers.
The fragrance (自然界的香味) lingers long 香味久久不能散去
***
stay up熬夜
A ：Look at your blood –shot eyes, you stayed up yesterday?你眼睛红红的，是不是熬夜了阿。
B ：Yes, I had to burn mid-night oil必须熬到深夜
work extra hours// work overtime.加班加点
Overtime work =Extra work 额外工作, 加班工作 overtime pay/ extra pay 加班费
It was Sunday. I never get up early on Sundays. I sometimes stay in bed until lunch time.
星期天到了，我从来不会早期，有时候我赖床赖到午饭时间。
我从来不喜欢在晚上吃很多的东西，有时候连晚饭都不吃就上床睡觉了。
I never eat a lot/ have big dinners in the evening. I sometimes go to bed with an empty stomach.
又是春天好时光，这样的天气下，我从来不会整天呆在家里或办公室里。我喜欢在外面漫步，有时候我会坐在湖边一直到傍晚。感觉很放松。
It ’s balmy spring again. I never stay at home or in the office all day long in such weather. I like to walk in the open air. Sometimes, I will sit by the lake until very late in the afternoon. I feel very relaxed.
It was dark outside.
Dark 光线昏暗dark jungles 密林
用在颜色上则表示色度浓
dark red, dark green暗红/深红/墨绿
a dark horse黑马，意料之外的胜出者
black sheep败家子，家门不幸
He is simply a black sleep of the family. 他就是败家子一个
**
他就是一个打铁的He is nothing but a blacksmith
他绝对不是打铁的 He is everything but a blacksmith.
**
希望优秀能够继承
we hope excellent habits /good quality can be handed down。
（优秀是一种习惯Being excellent is a habit.）
顺境不利人们成功
Good conditions can not make a successful man.
苦难能够成就一个男人pains make a true man
苦难兴邦pains and sufferings make a great nation.
社会有黑暗的一面. 接受你不能改变的，改变你不能接受的; 牢记，逆境成才
There is the dark side in our society. Accept what you can’t change and change what you can’t accept. Always remember that bad conditions may lead to success.
社会上不管哪里总有黑暗的一面。不管身处何方，停止抱怨, 去寻找好的一面.
There is always the dark side everywhere in the society. No matter where you are, stop complaining and try to find out the bright side.
头衔和薪水能够失去，但是经历和能力拿不走，且能造就一个男人.
Titles and salary can be taken away. However, experiences and ability can not. They make a true man. ****
只要你站着，天就不会塌下来
As long as you stand, the sky is not going to fall down
女性是脆弱的，母亲是强大的
A woman is weak, but a mother is strong
****
dark 邪恶的=evil –〉the dark/evil force 邪恶势力,
与邪恶势力///堕落势力较量fight the dark/corrupt force.
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fight sth VS fight for sth, search sth VS search for sth
Fight for my reputation 为名誉而战
Fight for my wealth 为财富而战
Fight for your liberty (rights)为自己的权利而斗
Search hard and long for success为了成功而上下求索
众里寻她千百度，蓦然回首，那人却在灯火阑珊处
Hard and long, we search;
Round and near, she stands.
What a day 多么---的一天啊。（好坏均可）
1，今天真幸运啊。阳光明媚，清风徐徐。我们买了彩票，中了500万
What a day. We have good sunshine and gentle breeze and I bought a lottery and won 5 million. 2，今天真糟糕，我踩到了狗屎，还吃了一个苍蝇，连狗都不拿正眼看我。
What a day. I stepped on a shit and ate a fly. Even the dog did not respect me.
It ’s raining again.
Rain or shine不管好坏。
“亲爱的，什么也不能把我们分开”sweetie, we will be together, rain or shine.
细雨drizzle —〉雨中漫步 walk in the rain/drizzle
阵雨shower 雷暴thunderstorm 暴风雨storm
暴雨downpour 黄梅雨plum rains
typhoon 台风，hurricane 飓风，风暴
it never rains but it pours要么不下雨，要下就是大雨(抱怨，一连串得倒霉事情)
We never quarrel, but we fight 我们要么不吵架，要吵架就直接打架
祸不单行troubles never come alone.= misfortune may love company
A ：今天非常倒霉，一开始我们的轮胎没有气了，然后更糟糕的是，我们没有汽油了
We had a terrible day. First we had a flat tire, and then, even worse, we ran out of oil.
B ：是的，要么不倒霉，到起霉来没完没了
Oh, I see. It never rains but it pours
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谁能让我熠熠生辉 who can make me shine
谁能让我楚楚动人 who can make me glow
Arrive by train 到达：Reach, get to, arrive in /at
Reach 1，到达+地点
明朝初期，勇敢探险家们的足迹几乎到达了非洲
In the early Ming Dynasty, the brave pioneers almost reached Africa
2，数量= hit (不容易，数目较巨大)
Our production reached/hit 400 tons this year. 产量达到400吨
Our income hit 50 million. 收入达到5000万
3, reach 流域
The upper reaches of the Mississippi密西西比河上游
The middle and lower reaches of the Changjiang River长江中下游地区
I am coming to see you
Come/go/leave可用“进行时”表示“将来时”：很快就要发生，也许动作已经开始。 这就来，马上来I am coming
You must prepare more for supper. Susan is coming. 多准备些晚饭，susan 也来吃饭 I am leaving for Beijing / we are going shopping
有些动词不能用进行表示将来，但是为了达到语言结构的对称性，可以将错就错 我要去伦敦，在那里待一个星期
I am going to London and staying there for 1 week.
否定副词：hardly/seldom/rarely/never
我从来不空腹上班I never go to work with an empty stomach
他说话太快，我跟不上趟He speaks so fast that I can hardly follow him.
我和女朋友几乎不出去逛, 我工作太忙了
I rarely hang out with my girlfriend. I am too busy with my work