英语专八人文知识背诵资料汇总

o Geography

History

Politics

Economy

Culture

Education

Literature

中古时期-before 15th

1. Beowulfrepresents the highest achievement of the old English 2. Caedmon is the earliestEnglish poet

3. SirGawain and the green knight is one of the best MiddleEnglish romance

4. WilliamLangland-piers the plowman-the great work along with the Canterbury tales 5. GeoffreyChaucer-“the father of English poetry”and “the father of English fiction” 6.The Robin Hood Ballads-English folk literature 文艺复兴时期-14th—17th

Drama is the most distinctive achievement Poetry

1. Thomas Wyatt is the first to introduce sonnet into English 2. Edmund Spenser is “the poets’ poet” and poet laureate

Masterpiece: the faerie queen (Spenserian stanza-eight iambic pentameter lines and a line of six iambic feet) Other works: the shepherd’s calendar epithalamion Prose

1. Thomas More Masterpiece-utopia 2. Francis Bacon is England’s first essayist

3.John Lyly-euphues(the use of euphuism夸饰文体)

British literature

Drama 1. Christopher Marlowe-the greatest playwright before Shakespeare and most gifted university writer

He first use blank verse in drama and paved the way for Shakespeare

Works: Tamburlaine the tragic history of doctor Faustus (best play) the Jew of Malta 2. WilliamShakespeare(37 plays,154 sonnets) Four great Comedies: a midsummer night’s dream, as you like it, the merchant of Venice, twelfth night Four great tragedies: Hamlet, Othello,King Lear,Macbeth 3. Ben Johnson-vulpine-satirical comedy 资产阶级革命和王朝复辟时期-17th

Literature of the revolution period (age of Milton) of restoration period (age of Dryden) Poets 1. John Milton (a master of blank verse) Masterpiece: paradise lost others: Samson agonist’s paradise regained John Donne-the founder of the metaphysical school Masterpiece: a valediction: forbidding mourning Proses 1. John Bunyan-the pilgrim’s progress Writers

Jeremy Collier-a short view of the immorality and profaneness of the English stage 2. John Dryden-the father of English criticism

Forerunner of the English classical school of literature in the 18and poet laureate for 20 years, he also created the heroic couplet an essay of dramatic poesy(best work) all for love Absalom and acidophil the hind and the panther 启蒙运动时期-18th The age of enlightenment/reason

Enlightenment movement (reason, equality, science)

Neoclassicism (a revival of classical standards of order, balance and harmony, john Dryden and alexander pope) Sentimentalism

The graveyard school (sentimental lamentation or meditation, Thomas gray is the leading figure) Writers of Neoclassicism 1. Alexander Pope-the greatest English poet of the 18th century Best known for his satirical verse, one of the first to introduce rationalism

Works: an essay on criticism the rape of the lock essay on man

2. SamuelJohnson-“grand champion in literature of that age”

Works: the dictionary of the Englishlanguage the lives of English poets

Writers of realistic tradition

1. Daniel Defoe-the discoverer of the modern novel “father of English and European novels” Robinson Crusoe-the first English novel

Other works: captain singleton colonel Jacque mollFlanders

2. Jonathan Swift(an Irish master of satires)

Works: a tale of a tub (established his name as a satirist) a modest proposal

Masterpiece: Gulliver’s travels

3. Henry Fielding-father of the English novel

Playwrights: the welsh opera pasquin

Novels: Joseph Andrew-“a comic epic poem in prose “Jonathan wild the great

The history of tom jones, a founding (masterpiece)

Writers of sentimental tradition

1. Samuel Richardson

Works: Pamela, virtue rewarded (letters); Clarissaharlowe (letter) sirRichardgrandson

2. Laurence Sterne

Tristram Shandy(his most famous book) a sentimental journey

3. Oliver Coldsmish(an outstanding representative of the English sentimentalist)

Works: the traveler (heroic couplet) the deserted village (his best poet) the vicar of Wakefield

4. Thomas Gray

The leader of the graveyard school

5. Edward Young-from night thoughts

English drama

1. John Gay-the beggar’s opera

2. Richard Brinsley Sheridan

Works: the rival the school for scandal (the best English comedy since Shakespeare)

浪漫主义时期-18th—19th

It began with the publication of lyrical ballads

Romanticism (passion, emotion, natural beauty)

Pre-romantic poets

1. James Thomson(the first significant poem)

2. William Blake

Works: songs of innocence songs of experience the marriage of heaven and hell

3. Robert Burns-“national poet of Scotland”

Works: my heart’s in the highlands a red red rose auld langsyne

Lake poets of the first generation

1. William Wordsworth(poet laureate)

Finish the lyrical ballad with SamuelTaylorColeridge

Works: an evening walk Lucypoems I wondered lonely as a cloud the solitary reaper

2. Samuel Taylor Coleridge

Masterpiece: the rime of the ancient mariner (ballad)

Others: christabelkubla khan the fall of the bastille

3. Robert Southey

Works: Joan of arc wattyler theinch cape rock the battle of Blenheim

Lake poets of the second generation

1. George GordonByron-“Byronic hero”

Masterpiece: sonJuan

Works: she walks in beauty when we two parted Hebrew melodies

2. Percy Bysshe Shelley

Masterpiece: Prometheus unbound

Others: ode to the west wind ode to a skylark

3. John Keats

“Beauty is truth, truth beauty”“pure poetry”“art for art’s sake”

Works: when I have a fear on melancholy on a Grecian urn to psyche

Prose writers

1. Charles Lamb

Tales from Shakespeare essays of Elias old china

2. William Hazlitt(the representative of romantic criticism)

Critics: lectures on the Englishpoets the spirit of the age

Essays: table talks the plain speaker sketches and essays

3. Thomas de Quince

Masterpiece: the confession of an English opium-enter

Fictions

1. WalterScott (historical novelist)

He paves the way to the realism and marked the transition from the romanticism to realism

Works: Ivanhoe (best-known novel) WaverleyMarmon

3. Jane Austen-the first English woman novelist

Pride and prejudice sense and sensibility EmmaMansfieldpark persuasion Northanger abbey

维多利亚时期（1836-1901）

Critical realism (novel)

The greatest novelist of this time is Charles Dickens

Naturalism-Darwin’s biological theories-Emile Zola

Critical realist novelists

1. Charles Dickens

The Pickwickpapers Oliver twist Dumbly and son David copper field bleak house hard times

a tale of two cities-“where there is oppression, there is revolution” great expectation

2. William Makepeace Thackeray

Masterpiece: vanity Fair

Others: the book of snobs the newcomes the Virginians

3. Charlotte Bronte

She is the forerunner of the feminism and the feminism literary

Masterpiece: Jane Eyre

Others: ProfessorShirley villette

4. Emily Bronte

Wuthering heights

5. Anne Bronte

Agnes grey the tenant of the wild fell hall

6. Mrs. Gaskell(female writer)

Life of charlotte brontemary barton (masterpiece)

7. George Eliot(female writer)

Adam bede the mill on the floss silasmarner

8. Thomas Hardy

Regarded as transitional writer for “regional novels”

Masterpiece: Tess of D’Urbervilles

Others: Jude the obscure under the greenwood tree the return of the native the mayor of caster bridge

Poetry

1. Alfred Tennyson(“poet of the people”)

“The big three”-Tennyson, browning, Arnold

Works: break, break, and break in memoriam Ulysses

2. Robert Browning

The most original poet in Victorian age (contribution: dramatic monologues)

Works: men and women my last duchess parting at morning meeting at night

3. Matthew Arnold

Dover Beach (masterpiece) on translating homer

现代主义（19世纪末）

Modernism (philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis, focusing on private, subjunctive, inner and individual)

Novelists

1. John Galsworthy

masterpiece: theForsyth saga(福尔赛世家三部曲) includes the man of property, the Indian summer of a Forsyth, in chancery, awakening, to let

a modern comedy(现代戏剧三部曲) includes the white monkey, the silver spoon, swan song

2. Katherine Mansfield

She is a famous woman writer of short stories

Works: in a Germanpension bliss the garden party the dove’s nest something childish

Playwrights

1. Oscar Wilde

The picture of Dorian gray the happy prince and other tales

2. Bernard Shaw

He was the greatest dramatist since Shakespeare and accepted NobelPrize in 1925

Works: man and superman major Barbara heartbreakhouse Pygmalion

3. John James Osborne

Masterpiece: look back in anger

4. Samuel Beckett(爱尔兰戏剧家和小说家，荒诞派戏剧的重要代表人物)

Masterpiece: waiting for godot

Poets

1.W．B．Yeats

One of the greatest poets in the English literature and got Nobel Prize in 1923

Works: sailing to Byzantium Leda and the swan the second coming

2. T.S.EliotGotNobel prize in 1948

The waste land (long poet) fourquartets murder in the cathedral

The psychological fictions(心理小说)

1. D.H.Lawrence

Sons and lovers therainbow woman in love ladyChatterley’slover the white peacock

The daughter of the vicar the horse dealer’s daughter

2. James Joyce

Forerunner of “stream of consciousness”

Works: Dubliners a portrait of the artist as a young man UlyssesFinnegan’swake Araby

3. Virginia Woolf advocator of the feminist movement

Mrs. Dalloway to the lighthouse thewaves Orlando

美国文学

殖民地时期和独立革命时期

Americanpuritanism (predestination, original sin, total depravity, limited atonement)

Writers in colonial period

1. John Smith-“the first author”

A true relation of Virginia-“the first book”

2. William Bradford

Of Plymouth plantation

3. John Winthrop

The history of NewEngland

Writers of puritanism

1. Anne Bradstreet(female)

The tenth muse lately sprung up in America contemplations the flesh and the spirit

2. Jonathan Edwards

The freedom of the will the great doctrine of original sin defended the nature of true virtue

Writers in the revolution

1. Benjamin Franklin

Poor Richard’salmanac (many practical sayings about life)

Theautobiography (representative work of franklin)

2. Roger Williams(puritan dissenters)

3. Thomas Paine-the father of American revolution

The common sense-the greatest of the revolutionary pamphlets

The American crisis the rights of man the age of reason

4. Philip Freneau-“a poet if the American Revolution” and “the father of American poetry” The rising glory of American the wild honey suckle

5. Thomas Jefferson

Declaration of Independence

浪漫主义时期（18世纪末-19中后期）

American romanticism advocate individualism and every should fight for individual right

And happiness bravely

Writers of pre-romanticism

1. Washington Irving-the father of American literature

The sketch book-mark the beginning of American romanticism

2. James Fennimore cooper描写西进运动开创边疆传奇小说

Leather stocking tales（the pioneer, the last of Mohicans, the prairie, the pathfinder, the deep slayer）

Writers in transcendentalism

1. Ralph Waldo Emerson

Nature-the manifesto(宣言) of American transcendentalism

The American scholar

2. Henry David Thoreau

Masterpiece: Walden

3. Nathaniel Hawthorne-first great American writer of fiction

Masterpiece-the scarlet letter

The house of the seven gables twice-told tales mosses from an old manse

Mosses from an old manse theblithe dale romance

4. Herman Melville美国浪漫主义时期成就最高的小说家，擅长写航海奇遇和异域风情 Type eomoomoby dick

5. Walt Whiteman-the father of free verse

Leaves of grass-marked the birth of truly American poetry and praised as democratic bible andAmerican epic

6. Emily Dickinson

Because could not stop for death this is my letter to the world

7. Edgar Allan Poe

He is the first American professional writer and first writer of detective story

Works: the fall of the house of usher the raven tales of the grotesque and arabesque

Fireside poets

1. William CullenBryant

The Fountain to a waterfowl song of Marion’s men

2. Hennery Wadsworth Longfellow

He use native themes

A psalm of life voiced of the night

现实主义时期（19世纪中期-20世纪初）

American realism-concern for common place and the low, offering an objective view

Of human nature

American naturalism-evolved from realism and have ironic and pessimistic view to reality

改革和废奴主义者

1. Harriet Beecher Stowe (female)

Uncle Tom’s cabin-“the little woman that wrote the book that made this great war”

2. Frederick Douglass

My bondage and freedom

现实主义作家

1. William Dean Howells (champion of realism)

He wrote about middle class and their lifestyle

Masterpiece: The Rise of Silas Lapham

Others: Venetian life criticism and fiction a modern instance

3. Henry James(描写心里活动)

The portrait of a lady the American the turn of the screw

乡土文学

1. Mark Twain

Famous for his colloquial style and localism

the adventure of huckleberry Finn the adventure of tom sawyer roughing it（first） the prince and the pauper(historical romance)

2. Bret Harte

The luck of roaring camp the outcasts of poker flat

3. Hamlin Garland

First involving hard-working mid-western farmers

Main traveled road crumbling idol

4. Sarah Oren Jewett(乡土文学女作家)

Deep haven a country doctor

5. Kate Chopin

Bayoufolk a night in Acadia the awakening a story of an hour

自然主义作家

1. Stephen Crane

Maggie: a girl of the streets(美国第一部自然主义小说)

The red badge of courage (a landmark in American literary naturalism)

2. Frank Norris

A story of SanFrancisco (the octopus, the pit, the wolf)

The responsibilities of the novelists

3. Theodore Dreiser

Masterpiece: an American tragedy

Sister Carrie

trilogy of desire(欲望三部曲): The titan, the stoic, the genius

4. Jack London心理现实主义的创始人（psychological realism）

The call of the wild the son of the wolf the sea wolf

5. O.Henry-the father of the modern short story

The cop and the anthem the last leaf the gift of mafi

5. Upton Sinclair(获普利策文学奖)

the jungle oil spring and harvest Boston king coal

现代主义时期（20世纪初）

Lost generation

Modernism-cutting off history and a sense of despair and loss

二战前诗歌

1. Ezra Pound-the father of modern American poetry and the father of imagist poetry Cathay-translation from Chinese poets like Li Bai

In a station of the metro

2. Robert Frost

North of Boston fire and ice the road not taken

3. Wallace Stevens

Harmonium the man with the blue guitar collected poems

二战前小说

1. F.Scott.Fitzgerald

Masterpiece: the great Gatsby

The side of paradise

Tender is the night

2. Ernest Hemingway

Received the PulitzerPrize in 1953 and the NobelPrize in literature in 1954

Masterpiece: a farewell to arms

The sun also rises for whom the bell tolls the old man and the sea

3. Sinclair Lewis-the first American author to win the Nobel Prize

MainStreet Babbitt Elmer gantry dodsworthannVickers

4. William Faulkner

Awarded the NobelPrize for literature in 1950

Soldier’s pay mosquitoes the sound and the fury light in august the wild palms the hamlet

5. John Steinbeck1962获诺贝尔文学奖 The grapes of wrath tortilla flat of mice and men the pearl

二战前戏剧

Eugene O’Neil

Beyond the horizon the hairy ape desire under the elms

当代作家

1. Ralph Ellison（黑人作家） Invisible man

2. Saul Bellow 1976年获诺贝尔文学奖 The adventures of Augie march Seize the day the dangling man

3. John Updike

Babbitt run/redux/rich/rest

4. Tennessee Williams

The glass menagerie a streetcar named desire cat on a hot tin roof

5. Arthur Miller

Death of a salesman

6. Edward Albee

The zoo story

Who’s afraid of VirginiaWoolf

7. J.D.Salinger

The catcher in the rye

7. Allen Ginsberg

Howl

8. Jack Kerouac

On the road

语言学

Language: a system of arbitrary vocal symbols

Features:

1.Arbitrariness:首先由Saussure提出，语言的形式与表达的意义没有天然的联系）

2. Duality

3.Creativity：语言的能产性

4.Displacement：可以让使用者在交际时用语言符号代表时间上和空间上并不可及的物体、时间或观点 Functions

1. Informative

2. Interpersonal function

3.Performative施为功能：改变人的社会地位

4. Emotional function

5.Phatic communion寒暄功能

6. Recreational function

Main branches: 1.articulatory phonetics发音语音学-研究语音的生成

Phonetic语音学 2.acoustic phonetics声学语音学-研究语音的物理属性

3.auditory phonetics听觉语音学-研究语音如何被感知

Consonants辅音：发生时气流受阻

vowels：Without obstruction

Coarticulation协同发音/assimilation rule同化规则：实际说话中语音持续受临近音的影响

Anticipatory Coarticulation逆协同发音/regressive assimilation逆同化 :前一个音受后一个音的影响 Preservative Coarticulation顺协同发音/progressive assimilation顺同化：后一个音受前一个音的影响 Phonology音系学

最小对立体：两个意思不同的单词，出来出现在同一位置上的一个音外，其余的音都相同

Phoneme音位：The smallest unit of sound in a language

Free variation：同一个词发成两个不同的音

Morphology形态学 1.free morpheme自由语素

Morpheme语素：Morpheme is the smallest unit of language

2.bound morpheme粘着语素

Affix词缀

prefix前缀=derivational affix派生词缀 suffix后缀=inflectional affix曲折词缀

Infix中缀

词汇变化：invention词的创新e.g.：coke nylon blending混拼词e.g.：smog telex abbreviation缩写e.g.：adcoper

Acronym首字母缩写e.g.：WTO back-formation逆构词法e.g.：television-televise editor-edit analogical creation

类推构词e.g.：slay slew-slayed borrowing外来词

词义变化：broadening词义扩大 narrowing词义缩小 meaning shift词义转移 class shift 磁性变化

Syntax句法学

Category范畴指语言单位的特征 such as number，gender，case，tense，aspect，voice

Number：singular，plural

Gender：feminine，masculine，neuter

Case：nominative主格，accusative宾格，genitive属格

Tense：past，present

Endocentric constructions向心结构：一个分布功能可以等于其中一个充当主词或中心词的成分的结构

Exocentric constructions离心结构：没有明显的主词或中心词

Theme主位：已知的信息是明确的，说话者从它开始谈话

Rheme述位：说话者的陈述有关，或涉及说话起点的内容

Communication dynamism（CD）交际力：句子成分对交际发展所做的贡献的程度

Semantic语义学

G．Leech’s 7 types of meaning: conceptual meaning, connotative meaning, social meaning, affective meaning, reflected meaning ,Collocative meaning(搭配意义)，thematic meaning

主要含义关系：synonymy同意关系antonymy反义关系 hyponymy上下意关系

Pragmatics语用学

Speech Act Theory言语行为理论由John Lang show Austin提出

Performative施为句：一个句子在实施某种行为e.g.：I apologize

Constative叙事句：叙述说话人在说话时所做的事

A theory of the illocutionary act行事行为理论

Locutionary act言内行为：说话表达的字面意义

Illocutionary act言外行为：说话表达的别的含义如允诺警告等

Perlocutionary act言后行为：说话在听者身上产生的效果

The theory of conversational implicature会话含义理论由Hebert Paul Grace提出

The Q- and R-principle 由Laurence horn发展得来The Q- principle基于听话人 the R-principle基于说话人

Important distinctions：

Prescriptive规定式&descriptive描写式，规定式说明事情应该是怎么的，描写式描述事物本身怎么的。

Synchronic共时研究&diachronic历时研究，共时研究以某个特定时期的语言为研究对象，历时研究语言在各个阶段的发展变化

Langue语言&parole言语，由Saussure提出，语言指语言系统的整体，相对稳定，言语指某个个体在实际语言中说的具体话语

Competence语言能力&performance语言运用，由Chomsky在他的aspects of the theory of syntax中提出，语言能力指理想语言使用者关于语言规则的知识储备，语言运用指真实的语言使用者在实际场景中的语言使用

语言学流派与理论

Ferdinand de Saussure瑞士，“现代语言之父”和“使语言走向现代的大师”

The Prague school布拉格学派

强调语言的系统性

The London school

伦敦学派强调语言环境和语言系统的重要性

L．R．Firth是现代伦敦学派的创始人

B．Malinowski影响firth，firth影响M.A.K.Halliday

American structuralism

这是synchronic linguistics 的分支

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis认为语言影响我们对世界的看法

Bloomfield强调描写语言学，他的《语言论》是20世纪语言领域的杰出代表，他认为语言是心里学的一个分支，他的Stimulus-Response是语言的一个过程 Transformational-generative grammar

Chomsky是转换生成语法的发明者，他认为语言是某种天赋，为荣天生就有学习语言的能力叫“语言习得机制”，它包括进行假设的机制，语言普遍性，评价程序