非谓语动词
非谓语动词包括不定式,动名词和分词。动词不定式没有人称和数的变化,其逻辑主语通常用介词for 或of 引出,动词不定式可以用状语修饰,及物动词的动词不定式可以接自己的宾语。“to+动词原形”成为带to 的动词不定式, to 有时候省略,称为不带to 的动词不定式。不定式的否定在to前面直接加not
一.动词不定式的句法功能
(1)作主语 动词不定式作主语时,句子的谓语动词常用单数,其位置有两种,一种是把动词不定式置于句首,另一种是用it作形式主语,把真正的主语动词不定式置于句后。 To see is to believe. 眼见为实。
It+be+adj.+(for/of sb.) to do sth It is not easy for us to speak English. 讲英语对我们来说不容易。
注意:在kind, good,nice, clever 等形容人的品质的形容词后,不用 for 而用of
It’s very clever of you to do it like that. 你那样做真是太聪明了。
(2)作表语
不定式可以用在连系动词后作表语。多数情况下,不定式作表语,可转换为作主语。 My work is to clean the room every day.= To clean the room every day is my work.
我的工作就是每天打扫这个房间。
(3)作宾语
A. 很多动词后面都可以跟不定式作宾语,want, wish,hope,decide,plan,expect,would like等 Would you like to see a film this evening ? 你今晚想去看电影吗?
B. 在find, think, make 等动词后通常用it 作形式宾语,而把作真正宾语的动词不定式放在句末,构成主语+动词+it(形式宾语)+宾补(形容词/名词)+不定式结构。
I think it difficult to get along with her. 我认为很难和她相处。
(4)作宾补
A. 后面能跟带to的不定式作宾补的动词有 tell,ask,allow,want,wish,would like, invite, encourage 等
I’ll ask him to go with me. 我打算请他和我一起去。
B. 在使役动词let, make, have 和感官动词 feel, hear,listen to, see, watch, notice 等后面要用不带to的动词不定式作宾补。但变为被动语态时,必须加上to
The boss made them work the whole night.
=They were made to work the whole night by the boss.
那个老板让他们工作了一整夜。
(5)作定语
不定式作定语时,通常放在被修饰的名词或代词之后,与被修饰的词是逻辑上的动宾关系;如果是不及物动词,且与所修饰的词之间有动宾关系,要在不定式后加上适当的介词。 Have you got anything to say? 你有什么要说的吗?
He is looking for a room to live in. 他正在找一个房间来住。
(6)作状语
不定式作状语,其逻辑主语要与句子主语一致,表示目的,结果,原因等。
I went to the library to study English. 我去图书馆学英语了。(表目的)
I’m sorry to trouble you . 我很抱歉给你添麻烦了。(表原因)
温馨提示 几种特殊形式的动词不定式
(1)特殊疑问词+动词不定式
不定式可以和疑问代词who,what,which 或疑问副词 when, how, where, whether 等连用构成
不定式短语,在句中作主语,宾语,表语等。
The teacher is telling the students what to do. 老师正在告诉学生们做什么。
The problem is how to do the job well. 问题是怎样做好这项工作。
(2)常见的一些不带to的动词不定式
Why not do...., had better(not) do....., would rather do, Will/Could/Would you please (not) do....? I would rather stay in the room. 我宁愿呆在房间里。
(3)有些短语如look forward to, be used to(习惯,适应), pay attention to, make a contribution to(为....做贡献), devote to(献身,致力于....)中的 to 是介词,而不是动词不定式符号。 We should make a contribution to protecting our environment.
我们应该为保护环境做贡献。
We are so much looking forward to seeing you again.
我们非常盼望再见到你。
要点二:动名词
动名词的句法功能
注意:在英语中,有一些词或短语后面常跟动名词。初中阶段常见的有:enjoy, finish, mind, miss,keep,consider,practice,suggest, be worth, be busy, feel like,can’t help, have trouble/difficulty (in) doing sth., prevent/ stop....(from) doing sth. 等
Do you have any difficulty in finishing the work within two days?
两天内完成这项工作对你来说有困难吗?
温馨提示:有些动词或动词短语后面既可跟动词不定式,也可跟动名词,但表示的意义不同,常见的有:
(1)stop to do sth 停下来去做某事 stop doing sth 停止做某事
(2)Forget to do sth 忘记要去做某事(未做)forget doing sth 忘记做过了某事(已做)
(3)Remember to do sth 记得去做某事(未做)remember doing sth 记得做过某事(已做)
(4)Try to do sth 设法或努力去做某事 try doing sth 尝试着做某事
(5)Mean to do sth 打算做某事 mean doing sth 意味着做某事
(6)Go on to do sth 继续去做另一件事 go on doing sth 继续做原来的事 要点三:分词
1.分词的分类及构成
分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种。现在分词由动词原形+ing 构成,有主动,进行之意;过去分词由动词+ed 构成,有被动,完成之意。注意现在分词和过去分词也有不规则变化形式。
2.分词的句法功能
(1)作定语
China is a developing country. America is a developed country.
中国是一个发展中国家。 美国是一个发达国家。
Do you know the girl standing under the tree?
你认识正在树下站着的女孩吗?
(2)作表语
现在分词表示主语所具有的性质,特征;过去分词表示某种状态。
The book is interesting. I’m interested in it. 这本书很有趣。 我对它感兴趣。
(3)作状语
分词作状语时,其逻辑主语为句子主语。
The students went out of the classroom, talking and laughing. 学生们谈笑着走出了教室。
(4)作补语
现在分词作补语,被补充说明的宾语或主语是它的逻辑主语(即主动关系);过去分词作补语,被补充说明的宾语或主语是它的逻辑宾语(即被动关系)
She kept us waiting for two hours yesterday. 她昨天让我们等了两个小时。
He’ll have his hair cut after school. 放学后他要去理发。
温馨提示:分词的几点注意事项
(1)现在分词作宾补和动词不定式作宾补的区别
我们常见的动词有see, watch,notice,hear,feel 等,它们接不带to的不定式作宾语补足语,表示已经完成了的或经常性的动作;接现在分词作宾语补足语,表示动作正在进行着。 I heard him singing in the classroom. 我听到他正在教室里唱歌。
(2)have sth done 意为“让某事被别人做”,即 ask sb.else to do sth., 过去分词(done)所表示的动作由他人(非主语本身)来完成,含有被动意义且强调动作已经完成。
The driver has his car washed once a week. 那位司机每周叫人洗一次车。
1.The doctor did what he could___ the girl who was badly hurt in the accident.
A.save B.saving C.to save D.saves
2.Why don’t you go out to play, Rose?
I’m afraid I can’t. I have too much homework___.
A.do B.does C.doing D.to do 3.Father often tells me___ too much time on computer games.
A.don’t spend B.not spend C.not to spend D.not spending
非谓语动词
非谓语动词包括不定式,动名词和分词。动词不定式没有人称和数的变化,其逻辑主语通常用介词for 或of 引出,动词不定式可以用状语修饰,及物动词的动词不定式可以接自己的宾语。“to+动词原形”成为带to 的动词不定式, to 有时候省略,称为不带to 的动词不定式。不定式的否定在to前面直接加not
一.动词不定式的句法功能
(1)作主语 动词不定式作主语时,句子的谓语动词常用单数,其位置有两种,一种是把动词不定式置于句首,另一种是用it作形式主语,把真正的主语动词不定式置于句后。 To see is to believe. 眼见为实。
It+be+adj.+(for/of sb.) to do sth It is not easy for us to speak English. 讲英语对我们来说不容易。
注意:在kind, good,nice, clever 等形容人的品质的形容词后,不用 for 而用of
It’s very clever of you to do it like that. 你那样做真是太聪明了。
(2)作表语
不定式可以用在连系动词后作表语。多数情况下,不定式作表语,可转换为作主语。 My work is to clean the room every day.= To clean the room every day is my work.
我的工作就是每天打扫这个房间。
(3)作宾语
A. 很多动词后面都可以跟不定式作宾语,want, wish,hope,decide,plan,expect,would like等 Would you like to see a film this evening ? 你今晚想去看电影吗?
B. 在find, think, make 等动词后通常用it 作形式宾语,而把作真正宾语的动词不定式放在句末,构成主语+动词+it(形式宾语)+宾补(形容词/名词)+不定式结构。
I think it difficult to get along with her. 我认为很难和她相处。
(4)作宾补
A. 后面能跟带to的不定式作宾补的动词有 tell,ask,allow,want,wish,would like, invite, encourage 等
I’ll ask him to go with me. 我打算请他和我一起去。
B. 在使役动词let, make, have 和感官动词 feel, hear,listen to, see, watch, notice 等后面要用不带to的动词不定式作宾补。但变为被动语态时,必须加上to
The boss made them work the whole night.
=They were made to work the whole night by the boss.
那个老板让他们工作了一整夜。
(5)作定语
不定式作定语时,通常放在被修饰的名词或代词之后,与被修饰的词是逻辑上的动宾关系;如果是不及物动词,且与所修饰的词之间有动宾关系,要在不定式后加上适当的介词。 Have you got anything to say? 你有什么要说的吗?
He is looking for a room to live in. 他正在找一个房间来住。
(6)作状语
不定式作状语,其逻辑主语要与句子主语一致,表示目的,结果,原因等。
I went to the library to study English. 我去图书馆学英语了。(表目的)
I’m sorry to trouble you . 我很抱歉给你添麻烦了。(表原因)
温馨提示 几种特殊形式的动词不定式
(1)特殊疑问词+动词不定式
不定式可以和疑问代词who,what,which 或疑问副词 when, how, where, whether 等连用构成
不定式短语,在句中作主语,宾语,表语等。
The teacher is telling the students what to do. 老师正在告诉学生们做什么。
The problem is how to do the job well. 问题是怎样做好这项工作。
(2)常见的一些不带to的动词不定式
Why not do...., had better(not) do....., would rather do, Will/Could/Would you please (not) do....? I would rather stay in the room. 我宁愿呆在房间里。
(3)有些短语如look forward to, be used to(习惯,适应), pay attention to, make a contribution to(为....做贡献), devote to(献身,致力于....)中的 to 是介词,而不是动词不定式符号。 We should make a contribution to protecting our environment.
我们应该为保护环境做贡献。
We are so much looking forward to seeing you again.
我们非常盼望再见到你。
要点二:动名词
动名词的句法功能
注意:在英语中,有一些词或短语后面常跟动名词。初中阶段常见的有:enjoy, finish, mind, miss,keep,consider,practice,suggest, be worth, be busy, feel like,can’t help, have trouble/difficulty (in) doing sth., prevent/ stop....(from) doing sth. 等
Do you have any difficulty in finishing the work within two days?
两天内完成这项工作对你来说有困难吗?
温馨提示:有些动词或动词短语后面既可跟动词不定式,也可跟动名词,但表示的意义不同,常见的有:
(1)stop to do sth 停下来去做某事 stop doing sth 停止做某事
(2)Forget to do sth 忘记要去做某事(未做)forget doing sth 忘记做过了某事(已做)
(3)Remember to do sth 记得去做某事(未做)remember doing sth 记得做过某事(已做)
(4)Try to do sth 设法或努力去做某事 try doing sth 尝试着做某事
(5)Mean to do sth 打算做某事 mean doing sth 意味着做某事
(6)Go on to do sth 继续去做另一件事 go on doing sth 继续做原来的事 要点三:分词
1.分词的分类及构成
分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种。现在分词由动词原形+ing 构成,有主动,进行之意;过去分词由动词+ed 构成,有被动,完成之意。注意现在分词和过去分词也有不规则变化形式。
2.分词的句法功能
(1)作定语
China is a developing country. America is a developed country.
中国是一个发展中国家。 美国是一个发达国家。
Do you know the girl standing under the tree?
你认识正在树下站着的女孩吗?
(2)作表语
现在分词表示主语所具有的性质,特征;过去分词表示某种状态。
The book is interesting. I’m interested in it. 这本书很有趣。 我对它感兴趣。
(3)作状语
分词作状语时,其逻辑主语为句子主语。
The students went out of the classroom, talking and laughing. 学生们谈笑着走出了教室。
(4)作补语
现在分词作补语,被补充说明的宾语或主语是它的逻辑主语(即主动关系);过去分词作补语,被补充说明的宾语或主语是它的逻辑宾语(即被动关系)
She kept us waiting for two hours yesterday. 她昨天让我们等了两个小时。
He’ll have his hair cut after school. 放学后他要去理发。
温馨提示:分词的几点注意事项
(1)现在分词作宾补和动词不定式作宾补的区别
我们常见的动词有see, watch,notice,hear,feel 等,它们接不带to的不定式作宾语补足语,表示已经完成了的或经常性的动作;接现在分词作宾语补足语,表示动作正在进行着。 I heard him singing in the classroom. 我听到他正在教室里唱歌。
(2)have sth done 意为“让某事被别人做”,即 ask sb.else to do sth., 过去分词(done)所表示的动作由他人(非主语本身)来完成,含有被动意义且强调动作已经完成。
The driver has his car washed once a week. 那位司机每周叫人洗一次车。
1.The doctor did what he could___ the girl who was badly hurt in the accident.
A.save B.saving C.to save D.saves
2.Why don’t you go out to play, Rose?
I’m afraid I can’t. I have too much homework___.
A.do B.does C.doing D.to do 3.Father often tells me___ too much time on computer games.
A.don’t spend B.not spend C.not to spend D.not spending