目录
环境类 ....................................................................................................................................... 1
语言类 ....................................................................................................................................... 2
医疗类 ....................................................................................................................................... 3
青少年问题 ............................................................................................................................... 4
犯罪类 ....................................................................................................................................... 4
环境类
Adults and children are frequently confronted with statements about the alarming rate of loss of tropical rainforests. (Introduction)
In the face of the frequent and often vivid media coverage, it is likely that children will have formed ideas about rainforests. (Introduction)
The plight of the rainforests has largely been ignored by the media; (Introduction) Despite the extensive coverage in the popular media of the destruction of rainforests, little formal information is available about children’s ideas in this area. (Introduction) The importance of rainforests—rainforests provide plants, animals and even human with habitats; provide oxygen;
The use and conservation of rainforests—human needs rainforests to survive The causes of the destruction of rainforests—human activities, specifically logging activity; pollution; Complexity of causes;
Complex social, economic and political factors;
There is a complicated combination of reasons for the loss of the rainforests. Rainforests are important habitats for a lot of plants, animals and even human. The rainforests are a source of oxygen. Rainforest destruction is of consequences for a number of reasons.
The destruction of the rainforests is the direct result of logging activity.
Humans depend on the rainforests for their continuing existence.
From a number of recent studies, it has become clear that …
This fact was drawn to my attention dramatically when…
There emerged awareness in western societies that resources for the provision of fossil fuel energy were finite and exhaustible and that the capacity of nature or the environment to sustain economic development and population was also finite. 语言类
Lost for words;
Many minority languages are on the danger list.
Language is dying.
…heading for about three or four languages dominating the world.
A mass extinction;
语言消失的原因：
Isolation breeds linguistic diversity.
Quite often, governments try to kill off a minority language by banning its use in public or discouraging its use in schools, all to promote national unity.
The deadliest weapon is not government policy but economic globalisation since many indigenous populations have to adapt to socio-economic pressures. 语言的重要性
Language is intimately bound up with culture, so it may be difficult to preserve one without the other.
The loss of diversity may also deprive us of different ways of looking at the world. The patterns and connections we make among various concepts may be structured by the linguistic habits of our community.
保护语言
Despite linguists’ best efforts, a growing interest in cultural identity may prevent the direst predictions from coming true.
The key to fostering diversity is for people to learn their ancestral tongue.
In New Zealand, classes for children have slowed the erosion of Maori and rekindled interest in the language.
In California, ‘apprentice ’ programmes have provided life support to several indigenous languages. Volunteer ‘apprentices ’ pair up with one of the last living speakers of a Native American tongue to learn a traditional skill such as basket weaving, with instruction exclusively in the endangered language.
Preservation can bring a language back from the dead.
There are examples of languages that have survived in written form and then been revived by later generations.
This great variety of languages came about largely as a result of geographical
isolation. But in today’s world, factors such as government initiatives and economic globalisation are contributing to a huge decrease in the number of languages.
Many factors must be considered when selecting informants.
Age, sex, social background and other aspects of identity are important, as these factors are known to influence the kind of language used.
医疗类
Alternative medicine; therapy; medical establishment医疗机构；
Disenchantment with orthodox medicine has seen the popularity of alterative therapies climb steadily during the past 20 years.
A better educated and less accepting public has become disillusioned with the experts in general, and increasingly sceptical about science and empirically based knowledge.
The surveyed had experienced chronic illnesses, for which orthodox medicine had been able to provide little relief.
They liked the holistic approach of their alternative therapists and the friendly,
concerned and detailed attention they had received. The cold, impersonal manner of orthodox doctors featured in the survey.
Complementary medicine/ conventional medicine;
General health maintenance;
The problem of how health-care resources should be allocated or apportioned, so
that they are distributed in both the most just and most efficient way, is not a new one. Every health system in an economically developed society is faced with the need to decide what proportion of the community’s total resources should be spent on health-care;
What diseases and disabilities and which forms of treatment are to be given priority; Which members of the community are to be given special consideration in respect of their health needs; and which forms of treatment are the most cost-effective;
It is assumed without question that all the basic health needs of any community could be satisfied, at least in principle.
Ever-rising health costs were matched against static or declining resources.
青少年问题
Although small-scale business training and credit programs have become more common throughout the world, relatively little attention has been paid to the need to direct such opportunities to young people. Even less attention has been paid to children living on the streets or in difficult circumstances. (Introduction)
To support the economic lives of street children;
Typically, children do not end up on the streets due to a single cause, but to a combination of factors: a dearth of adequately funded schools, the demand for income at home, family breakdown and violence.
The street may be attractive to children as a place to find adventurous plan and
money, however, it is also a place where some children are exposed, with little or no protection, to exploitative employment, urban crime, and abuse.
There is a need to recognise the importance of access to credit for impoverished young people seeking to fulfil economic needs.
The provision of small loans to support the entrepreneurial dreams and ambitions of youth can be an effective means to help them change their lives.
犯罪类
Sophisticated high-tech crime-fighting tools
Crime-fighting technology;
Crime reduction and prevention;
Cameras at the entrance of a shopping complex;
Video surveillance equipment/ device that hovers above streets or crowds; Monitor the illegal fly tipping;
Get a better view of fire and flood scenes and aid rescue attempts;
Give a bird’s-eye view of locations;
Be helpful in reducing shoplifting and car crime;
Successfully identify murders or criminals;
Effectively displace crime or alter the environment to reduce crime;
教育类
As Ms Marley’s story shows, there is no simple answer to the question “Is college worth it?” some degrees pay for themselves; others don’t.
Her Spanish degree helps her land a well-paid job.
College is the gateway to the middle class.
College graduates aged 25 to 32 who are working full time earn about $17,500 more annually than their peers who have only a high school diploma, according to the Pew Research Centre, a think-tank.
Arts and humanities courses are much more varied. All doubtless nourish the soul, but not all fatten the wallet.
目录
环境类 ....................................................................................................................................... 1
语言类 ....................................................................................................................................... 2
医疗类 ....................................................................................................................................... 3
青少年问题 ............................................................................................................................... 4
犯罪类 ....................................................................................................................................... 4
环境类
Adults and children are frequently confronted with statements about the alarming rate of loss of tropical rainforests. (Introduction)
In the face of the frequent and often vivid media coverage, it is likely that children will have formed ideas about rainforests. (Introduction)
The plight of the rainforests has largely been ignored by the media; (Introduction) Despite the extensive coverage in the popular media of the destruction of rainforests, little formal information is available about children’s ideas in this area. (Introduction) The importance of rainforests—rainforests provide plants, animals and even human with habitats; provide oxygen;
The use and conservation of rainforests—human needs rainforests to survive The causes of the destruction of rainforests—human activities, specifically logging activity; pollution; Complexity of causes;
Complex social, economic and political factors;
There is a complicated combination of reasons for the loss of the rainforests. Rainforests are important habitats for a lot of plants, animals and even human. The rainforests are a source of oxygen. Rainforest destruction is of consequences for a number of reasons.
The destruction of the rainforests is the direct result of logging activity.
Humans depend on the rainforests for their continuing existence.
From a number of recent studies, it has become clear that …
This fact was drawn to my attention dramatically when…
There emerged awareness in western societies that resources for the provision of fossil fuel energy were finite and exhaustible and that the capacity of nature or the environment to sustain economic development and population was also finite. 语言类
Lost for words;
Many minority languages are on the danger list.
Language is dying.
…heading for about three or four languages dominating the world.
A mass extinction;
语言消失的原因：
Isolation breeds linguistic diversity.
Quite often, governments try to kill off a minority language by banning its use in public or discouraging its use in schools, all to promote national unity.
The deadliest weapon is not government policy but economic globalisation since many indigenous populations have to adapt to socio-economic pressures. 语言的重要性
Language is intimately bound up with culture, so it may be difficult to preserve one without the other.
The loss of diversity may also deprive us of different ways of looking at the world. The patterns and connections we make among various concepts may be structured by the linguistic habits of our community.
保护语言
Despite linguists’ best efforts, a growing interest in cultural identity may prevent the direst predictions from coming true.
The key to fostering diversity is for people to learn their ancestral tongue.
In New Zealand, classes for children have slowed the erosion of Maori and rekindled interest in the language.
In California, ‘apprentice ’ programmes have provided life support to several indigenous languages. Volunteer ‘apprentices ’ pair up with one of the last living speakers of a Native American tongue to learn a traditional skill such as basket weaving, with instruction exclusively in the endangered language.
Preservation can bring a language back from the dead.
There are examples of languages that have survived in written form and then been revived by later generations.
This great variety of languages came about largely as a result of geographical
isolation. But in today’s world, factors such as government initiatives and economic globalisation are contributing to a huge decrease in the number of languages.
Many factors must be considered when selecting informants.
Age, sex, social background and other aspects of identity are important, as these factors are known to influence the kind of language used.
医疗类
Alternative medicine; therapy; medical establishment医疗机构；
Disenchantment with orthodox medicine has seen the popularity of alterative therapies climb steadily during the past 20 years.
A better educated and less accepting public has become disillusioned with the experts in general, and increasingly sceptical about science and empirically based knowledge.
The surveyed had experienced chronic illnesses, for which orthodox medicine had been able to provide little relief.
They liked the holistic approach of their alternative therapists and the friendly,
concerned and detailed attention they had received. The cold, impersonal manner of orthodox doctors featured in the survey.
Complementary medicine/ conventional medicine;
General health maintenance;
The problem of how health-care resources should be allocated or apportioned, so
that they are distributed in both the most just and most efficient way, is not a new one. Every health system in an economically developed society is faced with the need to decide what proportion of the community’s total resources should be spent on health-care;
What diseases and disabilities and which forms of treatment are to be given priority; Which members of the community are to be given special consideration in respect of their health needs; and which forms of treatment are the most cost-effective;
It is assumed without question that all the basic health needs of any community could be satisfied, at least in principle.
Ever-rising health costs were matched against static or declining resources.
青少年问题
Although small-scale business training and credit programs have become more common throughout the world, relatively little attention has been paid to the need to direct such opportunities to young people. Even less attention has been paid to children living on the streets or in difficult circumstances. (Introduction)
To support the economic lives of street children;
Typically, children do not end up on the streets due to a single cause, but to a combination of factors: a dearth of adequately funded schools, the demand for income at home, family breakdown and violence.
The street may be attractive to children as a place to find adventurous plan and
money, however, it is also a place where some children are exposed, with little or no protection, to exploitative employment, urban crime, and abuse.
There is a need to recognise the importance of access to credit for impoverished young people seeking to fulfil economic needs.
The provision of small loans to support the entrepreneurial dreams and ambitions of youth can be an effective means to help them change their lives.
犯罪类
Sophisticated high-tech crime-fighting tools
Crime-fighting technology;
Crime reduction and prevention;
Cameras at the entrance of a shopping complex;
Video surveillance equipment/ device that hovers above streets or crowds; Monitor the illegal fly tipping;
Get a better view of fire and flood scenes and aid rescue attempts;
Give a bird’s-eye view of locations;
Be helpful in reducing shoplifting and car crime;
Successfully identify murders or criminals;
Effectively displace crime or alter the environment to reduce crime;
教育类
As Ms Marley’s story shows, there is no simple answer to the question “Is college worth it?” some degrees pay for themselves; others don’t.
Her Spanish degree helps her land a well-paid job.
College is the gateway to the middle class.
College graduates aged 25 to 32 who are working full time earn about $17,500 more annually than their peers who have only a high school diploma, according to the Pew Research Centre, a think-tank.
Arts and humanities courses are much more varied. All doubtless nourish the soul, but not all fatten the wallet.