各种时态的用法
一、一般现在时的用法
1、 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。 时间状语： every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday I leave home for school at 7 every morning.
2、客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。
The earth moves around the sun.
Shanghai lies in the east of China
3、表示格言或警句中。
Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。
注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例：Columbus proved that the earth is round..
4、现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。
I don't want so much.
Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well. 比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup.
I am doing my homework now.
第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。再如：Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。
5、表示现刻的动作。
1）解说体育比赛
2）演示说明
3）舞台动作描述
4）用于剧情介绍
5）讲述书面材料内容
6）指引道路
7）图片说明
8）用在here, there 后面
6、表示将来时间
1）下列动词：come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表示按照时间表或既定日程会发生的将来事态。
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.
When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes.
2）在 as soon as, before, if, until, 等从属连词引导的表示将来动作的时间或条件句里， 用一般现在时来表示将来时间。
When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me.
If it rains tomorrow, we will not go out.
如果从属连词when引导的是表示将来的动作的主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，定语从句，在这些从句里要使用表示将来的时态助动词shall/will.
When he will get recovered from his illness remains unknown. The question is when you will graduate.
3）在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等后
I hope they have a nice time next week.
Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.
7、表示过去的动作
1) 少数动词say, tell, hear, forget, learn等用一般现在时表示过去发生的动作。
He says he can’t wait any longer.
My friends tell me that you have finished your task.
2) 故事性读物中出现的戏剧性的描写。
The crowd swarms around the gateway and waits for the appearance of the singer.
3) 用在报纸标题中
Peace Talks Fail.
The Price of Petrol Fall.
4) 用在小说章节的标题中
II Travel to Sydney.
二、一般过去时的用法
1、在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。
时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。
Where did you go just now?
2、表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。
When I was a child, I often played football in the street.
比较：I used to play football in the street.
Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome. 3、句型：（主要是虚拟语气句型）
1）It is time sb. did sth. "时间已迟了" "早该……了"
比较：It is time for sb. to do sth "到……时间了" "该……了" It is time you went to bed. 你早该睡觉了。
It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。
2）would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示'宁愿某人做某事 I'd rather you came tomorrow.
3）wish后的宾语从句中
I wish you told me the truth.
4) If only引导的从句
If only I had a car now.
5) as if/ as though 引导的从句中
He talked as if he knew the answer.
4) wonder, think, hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等。
I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。
比较：
一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。 Christine was an invalid all her life.
(含义：她已不在人间。)
Christine has been an invalid all her life.
(含义：她现在还活着)
Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.
(含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)
Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.
( 含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去)
5) 用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。
用于动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等中。
You wanted anything else?
I wondered if you could help me.
6) 对去世者的情况说明
Edison was a very famous inventor.
My grandfather lived a very simple life.
三、 现在进行时的用法
1、表示说话时正在进行的动作
2、表示现阶段一直在进行的动作(这种动作在说话时不一定在进行) Hello, Tom, are you still working in that bank?
3、现在进行时常与always, continually, constantly, for ever 等频度状语连用，对现阶段经常发生的动作表示某种感情色彩。
He is constantly losing his schoolbag.
You’re always thinking of others.
注：绝大部分表示状态和感觉的动词都不能用于be+-ing 结构，特别是know, love, like, belong, detest, hate,
其次be一般不能用于be+-ing 结构（如果这样用的话，表示一时的表现）
Bob is being silly.
You’re being very clever today.
4、注意：短暂性动词一般不用进行时，用于进行时时，往往表示反复的动作。
He is locking the door.( wrong )
He is nodding.
They are shaking their heads.
5、表示将来的动作
1）按计划安排好去做的事情，一般带有未来的时间状语。 I am meeting some foreign friends tonight.
常见的动词：arrive begin come fly go get leave meet return spend start等
比较： The train leaves at 9:30.
Tom is leaving at 9:30.
注：表示按时间安排的活动或计划要做的事情，物做主语时用一般现在时，而人做主语时用现在进行时。
2）用在时间和条件状语从句中表示未来的情况。
You must visit Sydney when you are travelling in Australia. If she is still waiting, tell her to go home.
6、现在进行时的特殊用法
1）用在戏剧式的描绘中，表示过去的动作。
2）用在戏剧或故事性的描述中，表示故事发生的情景。
3）表示暂时的情况
My car has broken down. I am riding a bike to go to work.
I am not hearing well these days.
四、 过去进行时的用法
1、表示过去某时正在进行的动作
1）时间点
I was doing my homework at nine o’clock yesterday morning.
2）时间状语从句
I was watching TV when you rang me up.
3）上下文
Jane was in town. She was seeing a film.
2、用来描绘一幅景象，用于故事的开始或中间。
Long time ago, an old man was walking in a big dark forest. Some birds were singing……
3、常与always, continually, constantly, for ever 等频度状语连用，表示某种感情色彩。
Your daughter was always crying.
He was always helping the others.
4、表示过去某时打算要做的事情或预计要发生的事情。（仅限于come go leave 等动词）
Allen was coming to dinner.
We were flying to New York tomorrow morning.
5、句型
was/were doing ……when……(表示过去正在做一件事情时，突然发生了另外一件事情。)
I was watching TV at home last night when a friend of my father’s came to see me.
6、表示委婉的语气。（仅限于hope wonder think 等动词） I was wondering if you could lend me a bike.
I was hoping you could give me a hand.
五、将来时的用法
1、用will /shall + 不定式表示将来
shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。
will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在争求意见时常用于第二人称。 Which paragraph shall I read first?
Will you be at home at seven this evening?
1) 用于格言或谚语
Pride will lead to a fall.
You will be in time if you hurry.
2) 用于征求对方的意见或引起对方的注意
Will you post this letter for me?
Where shall we meet next time?
3) 表示愿意或不愿意
He will take you home---- you only have to ask.
We won’t lend you any more money.
4) 表示客观真理
Oil will float on water.
2、用will /shall + 现在进行时 / 现在完成时表示将来
表示将来某时正在进行的动作或将来某时已经完成的动作。 I shall be playing chess with my brother at noon next Sunday. By the end of this semester, I shall have bought a bike.
3、用 be going to + 不定式表示将来。
1）主语的意图，即将做某事。
What are you going to do tomorrow?
2）计划，安排要发生的事。
The play is going to be produced next month。
3）有迹象要发生的事
Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.
4、用现在进行时表示将来
表示按计划，安排即将发生的动作，常用于表示位置转移的动词，如come, go, start, arrive, leave 等
I'm leaving tomorrow.
Are you staying here till next week?
5、 用be to + 不定式表示将来
1) be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。
We are to discuss the report next Saturday.
2) 表要求做的事（命令，禁止）
You’re to stand here till I return.
6、 用be about to + 不定式表示将来
be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。
He is about to leave for Beijing.
注意：be about to 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。
7、 用一般现在时表示将来
The train leaves at 9:30.
六、过去将来时的用法
1、 would + infinitive
I thought it would rain.
2、was / were going to + infinitive 过去某时准备做某事
He was just going to go to bed when there was a knock at the door.
3、was / were to + infinitive过去某时准备将来做某事
He was to go hunting after lunch.
was / were to +perfective infinitive 表示本来打算做某事
We were to have met in the park, but he didn’t turn up.
4、 past progressive指按过去的计划，安排即将在过去的某一过去时间发生的事态
She said that she wasn’t going out that evening.
5、 simple past
用于某些条件状语和时间状语从句中
6、 was / were about to + infinitive过去某时正要做某事
He was about to win the race. Suddenly he stumbled and fell.
七、现在完成时的用法
1．表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。现在完成时常与：
(1) 不确定的过去时间状语连用。如：yet, just, already, once, recently, lately
(2) 与表示频度的时间状语连用。如：ever, never, sometimes
(3) 也与表示现在的时间状语连用。如：now ,today, this morning
(4) 但不能与特定的过去时间状语连用。如：last year, yesterday, ago Have you eaten yet?
We have had too much rain this year.
2．表示过去已经开始的，一直持续到现在，而且还可能继续下去的动作或状态。
常与表示时间段的状语连用。如：so far, up to now, up to the present, since…
for a long time, in the past few years, in recent years
They have been on strike for several days.
I have known her for a long time.
3. 在 “It (This ) is the first time that……” 结构中的从句要求用现在完成时。
This is the first time that I have seen this film.
4.在 “ It (This ) is the +形容词最高级+ 名词 + that…….” 的结构中 It is the best film that I have ever seen.
This is the most interesting book that he has ever written.
注意(1)：（一般过去时与现在完成时的区别）
He has taught this class for two terms.
He taught this class for two terms.
比较一般过去时与现在完成时的用法
1) 凡是有具体的过去时间状语的，只能用过去时
I woke up at six o’clock.
She was here a minute ago.
2）凡是单纯谈过去的事， 与现在毫无关系时也多用过去时。 I’ve learnt a lot from you.
I learnt a lot there.
3) 有时同一个动作，根据具体情况，可能需用不同的时态。 He’s been in the army for two years.
He was in the army for two years.
注意（2）：短暂性动词不能与时间段连用。
He has left home for a month.( F )
She has graduated for two years.( F )
My father has joined the Party for twenty years.( F )
这类动词有：come go leave begin start become join end die finish lose fall buy jump knock 等。
注意（3）（几个结构的区别）
1) have been to……去过或到过某地（现在在这里）（可与once, twice,
never, ever several times等连用）
have gone to……去某地了（现在不在这里）
He has been to Hangzhou several times.( )
He has gone to Hangzhou several times.( )
2) have been in……
比较：She has been in England for a half year./ She has been in England since 1991.
She has been in England.她在英国呆过。
3) have been to do……去做过某事
have gone to do……去做某事了
比较：He has been to see Xiao Wang in the hospital.他去医院看过小王。
He has gone to see Xiao Wang in the hospital.他去医院看小王去了。
八、现在完成进行时的用法
1、 现在完成进行时表示一个持续到现在的动作， 这个动作可能刚停止，也可能还在进行）
She is very tired. She’s been typing letters all day.
Jenny is annoyed. Jim has been phoning to Jenny every night for the last week.
1) 这个时态和how long, long 这类状语一起用
Have you been waiting long?
This has been going on all day long.
2) 还可以和since, for引导的状语一起用
We’ve been living in this city since 1980.
It has been raining for two hours.
2、由于现在完成进行时带有进行体的持续性，暂时性和未完成性的含义，有时两者不能互换使用。
I’ve made a cake.
I’ve been making a cake.
He’s written a novel.
He’s been writing a novel.
3、现在完成进行时与现在完成时的用法区别：
现在完成进行时：强调的是动作的继续
现在完成时：：强调的是动作的完成
如：I have thought it over.我已经考虑过这件事了。
I have been thinking it over.我一直在考虑这件事。
九、过去完成时的用法
1．表示过去某一时刻或动作以前已经完成的动作，即“过去的过去”
By 1914 Einstein had gained word fame.
They had got everything ready before I came.
He often thought about the footmark.. Perhaps he had made it himself.
2．在 “ hardly……when……, scarcely……when……, no sooner……than……”的结构中。
She had hardly gone to bed when the bell rang.
Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him. No sooner had they left the building than a bomb exploded.
3. Intend, mean, hope, want, plan, suppose, expect, think等动词的过去完成时可以表示过去未曾实现的设想，意图或希望等。
I had intended to call on you yesterday, but someone came to see me just when I was about to leave.
We had meant to tell her the news but found that she was’t in.
4、 用在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句(特别是间接引用语当中)
She said (that) she had never been to Paris.
5、 用在状语从句
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.
6、用在定语从句中
She showed me the pictures she had painted.
7、 和time 这个词一块用
This was the first time that I had seen the film.
比较：This is the first time that I have seen the film.
8. 在虚拟语气中表示与过去的事实或愿望相反时， 用过去完成时。
1) 用在 if/if only/as if/as though 引导的从句中
You look as if you had seen a ghost.
If only I had known him before.
If you had studied hard, you would have passed the exam.
2) 用在“I wish”, “I’d rather”...I would just as soon …… I would sooner…… I had rather… 等句型中。
I wish I had learned Russian before.
I would rather you had told me the truth.
十、过去完成进行时的用法
过去完成进行时和现在完成进行时的用法时一致的，只不过把时间从现在推移到了过去.
She was very tired. She had been typing letters all day.
Jenny was annoyed. Jim had been phoning to Jenny every night for the last week.
十一、 将来进行时的用法
will /shall + progressive / perfective infinitive
表示将来某时正在进行的动作或将来某时已经完成的动作。 I shall be playing chess with my brother at noon next Sunday.
十二、将来完成时的用法
By the end of this semester, I shall have bought a bike.
十三、时态的一致：
1．主句谓语动词是现在或将来时态时，从句谓语动词可用任何所需的时态。
I know who is (was, will be, has been) in charge of the work.
I will tell you how they got (will get) the information.
2．主句谓语动词是过去时态时， 从句谓语动词一般要用过去时态。 I didn’t know where he was watching TV.
He told me his son was watching TV.
She promised that she would give me what I needed.
They told me that they had waited for me for half an hour.
She told me her father died in 1945.
但：The teacher told us that the earth turns round the sun.
He said that Asia is the largest continent.
配套练习
1. No permission has ____ for anybody to enter the building .
A. been given B. given C. to give D. been giving
2. My brother____ while he ____ his bicycle and hurt himself.
A. fell ; was riding B. fell ; were riding
C. had fallen ; rode D. had fallen ; was riding
3.The new secretary is supposed to report to the manager as soon as
she____ .
A. will arrive B. arrives C. is arriving D .is going to arrive
4.The volleyball match will be put off if it____ .
A. will rain B. rains C. rained D. is raining
5.Mary ____ a dress when she cut her finger.
A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes
6.The pen I ____ I____ is on my desk, right under my nose.
A. think ; lost B. thought ; had lost C. think ; had lost D. thought ; have lost
7.I need one more stamp before my collection____ .
A. has completed B. completes C. has been completed D. is completed
8.—Your phone number again? I____ quite catch it .
---It’s 9568442
A. didn’t B. couldn’t C. don’t D. can’t
9.I don’t think Jim saw me; he____ into space.
A. just stared B. was just staring C. has just stared D. had just stared
10.I first met Lisa three years ago. She____ at a radio shop at the time.
A. has worked B. was working C. had been working D. had worked
11.---Alice, why didn’t you come yesterday?
---I____ ,but I had an unexpected visitor.
A. had B. would C. was going to D. did
12.Cleaning women in big cities usually get____ by the hour.
A. pay B. paying C. paid D .to pay
13.The price____ ,but I doubt whether it will remain so.
A. went down B. will go down C. has gone down D. was going down
14.____ him and then try to copy what he does.
A. Mind B. Glance at C. Stare at D. Watch
15.I promise that the matter will____ .
A. be taken care B. be taken care of C. take care D. take care of
16.The surface of the table____ smooth enough .
A. hasn’t felt B. doesn’t feel C. isn’t feeling D. isn’t felt
17. They ______last week after they _____ several years.
A. married; had engaged B. got married; had
been engaged
C. married with each other; had been engaged D. were married; had engaged
18. _____ the time he was six, the boy ______ 3,000 English words.
A. At; learned B. On; had learned C. During; would learn
D. By; had learned
19. His wife ____ to catch the first train but she was too late.
A. hoping B. had hoped C. has hoped D. would hope
20. He ______ up early since his childhood.
A. used to get B. is used to get C. has been used to get D. has been used to getting
21. I _____ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.
A. gave B. was given C. was giving D. had given
22. Unless he _____to help us, we shall lose the game.
A. promises B. will promise C. would promise D. had promised
23. Her sister ______in bed all day because she had a high fever.
A. lay B. lie C. laid D. lain
24. Tom _____to work in the office though he didn’t like serving there.
A. wanted B. was wanted C. was wanting D. had wanted
25. I won’t leave until you ___ back.
A. will be B. will C. return D. are
26. In her room I saw that only a fire ______ there.
A. being burnt B. burning C. to be burning D. was burning
27. I remember ______ for the job, but I forget the exact amount.
A. to be paid B. being paid C. to pay D. paying
28. Hearing the steps on the stairs, the students pretended _____.
A. to sleep B. to be slept C. to be sleeping D. sleeping
29. When I got to the meeting-room, the leader ____ for over 20 minutes . A. has talked B. had already said C. has already been speaking
D. has spoken
30. Is this the watch which you wish _____.
A. to repair it B. to have it repaired C. to have repaired D. will be repaired
31. ---Where ____ the recorder? I can’t see it anywhere.
---I ______ it right here, but now it’s gone.
A. did you put; have put B. have you put; put
B. had you put; have put D. were you putting; have put
32. --- When ______ again?
----When he ______, I’ll let you know.
A. he comes; come B. will he come; will come
C. he comes; will come D. will he come; comes
33. Hello, I _____ you ____ in London. How long have you been there?
A. don’t know; were B. hadn’t known; are C. haven’t known; are
D. didn’t know; were
34. The police found that the house ____ and a lot of things _____.
A. has broken into; has been stolen B. had broken into; had been stolen
C. has been broken into; stolen D. had been broken into; stolen
35. The last time I ____ Jane she ____ cotton in the fields.
A. had seen; was picking B. saw; picked
C. had seen; picked D. saw; was picking
36. ----Do you like the material?
-----Yes, it _____ very soft.
A. is feeling B. felt C. feels D. is felt
37. Tom will he ___ to her, but he _____ yet.
A. will write…didn’t B. has written…hasn’t
C. was going to write…wasn’t D. would write…hasn’t
38. Please ring _____ as soon as you ____ in Hongkong.
A. me…reach B. up me…arrive C. me up…arrive D. to me…reach
39. This is the second time you ____ late this week.
A. had arrived B. arrived C. have arrived D. arrive
40. It is said that he ______ sent to Austria to improve his English.
A. would be B. was to be C. has been D. had been
各种时态的用法
一、一般现在时的用法
1、 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。 时间状语： every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday I leave home for school at 7 every morning.
2、客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。
The earth moves around the sun.
Shanghai lies in the east of China
3、表示格言或警句中。
Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。
注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例：Columbus proved that the earth is round..
4、现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。
I don't want so much.
Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well. 比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup.
I am doing my homework now.
第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。再如：Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。
5、表示现刻的动作。
1）解说体育比赛
2）演示说明
3）舞台动作描述
4）用于剧情介绍
5）讲述书面材料内容
6）指引道路
7）图片说明
8）用在here, there 后面
6、表示将来时间
1）下列动词：come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表示按照时间表或既定日程会发生的将来事态。
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.
When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes.
2）在 as soon as, before, if, until, 等从属连词引导的表示将来动作的时间或条件句里， 用一般现在时来表示将来时间。
When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me.
If it rains tomorrow, we will not go out.
如果从属连词when引导的是表示将来的动作的主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，定语从句，在这些从句里要使用表示将来的时态助动词shall/will.
When he will get recovered from his illness remains unknown. The question is when you will graduate.
3）在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等后
I hope they have a nice time next week.
Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.
7、表示过去的动作
1) 少数动词say, tell, hear, forget, learn等用一般现在时表示过去发生的动作。
He says he can’t wait any longer.
My friends tell me that you have finished your task.
2) 故事性读物中出现的戏剧性的描写。
The crowd swarms around the gateway and waits for the appearance of the singer.
3) 用在报纸标题中
Peace Talks Fail.
The Price of Petrol Fall.
4) 用在小说章节的标题中
II Travel to Sydney.
二、一般过去时的用法
1、在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。
时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。
Where did you go just now?
2、表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。
When I was a child, I often played football in the street.
比较：I used to play football in the street.
Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome. 3、句型：（主要是虚拟语气句型）
1）It is time sb. did sth. "时间已迟了" "早该……了"
比较：It is time for sb. to do sth "到……时间了" "该……了" It is time you went to bed. 你早该睡觉了。
It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。
2）would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示'宁愿某人做某事 I'd rather you came tomorrow.
3）wish后的宾语从句中
I wish you told me the truth.
4) If only引导的从句
If only I had a car now.
5) as if/ as though 引导的从句中
He talked as if he knew the answer.
4) wonder, think, hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等。
I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。
比较：
一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。 Christine was an invalid all her life.
(含义：她已不在人间。)
Christine has been an invalid all her life.
(含义：她现在还活着)
Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.
(含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)
Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.
( 含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去)
5) 用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。
用于动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等中。
You wanted anything else?
I wondered if you could help me.
6) 对去世者的情况说明
Edison was a very famous inventor.
My grandfather lived a very simple life.
三、 现在进行时的用法
1、表示说话时正在进行的动作
2、表示现阶段一直在进行的动作(这种动作在说话时不一定在进行) Hello, Tom, are you still working in that bank?
3、现在进行时常与always, continually, constantly, for ever 等频度状语连用，对现阶段经常发生的动作表示某种感情色彩。
He is constantly losing his schoolbag.
You’re always thinking of others.
注：绝大部分表示状态和感觉的动词都不能用于be+-ing 结构，特别是know, love, like, belong, detest, hate,
其次be一般不能用于be+-ing 结构（如果这样用的话，表示一时的表现）
Bob is being silly.
You’re being very clever today.
4、注意：短暂性动词一般不用进行时，用于进行时时，往往表示反复的动作。
He is locking the door.( wrong )
He is nodding.
They are shaking their heads.
5、表示将来的动作
1）按计划安排好去做的事情，一般带有未来的时间状语。 I am meeting some foreign friends tonight.
常见的动词：arrive begin come fly go get leave meet return spend start等
比较： The train leaves at 9:30.
Tom is leaving at 9:30.
注：表示按时间安排的活动或计划要做的事情，物做主语时用一般现在时，而人做主语时用现在进行时。
2）用在时间和条件状语从句中表示未来的情况。
You must visit Sydney when you are travelling in Australia. If she is still waiting, tell her to go home.
6、现在进行时的特殊用法
1）用在戏剧式的描绘中，表示过去的动作。
2）用在戏剧或故事性的描述中，表示故事发生的情景。
3）表示暂时的情况
My car has broken down. I am riding a bike to go to work.
I am not hearing well these days.
四、 过去进行时的用法
1、表示过去某时正在进行的动作
1）时间点
I was doing my homework at nine o’clock yesterday morning.
2）时间状语从句
I was watching TV when you rang me up.
3）上下文
Jane was in town. She was seeing a film.
2、用来描绘一幅景象，用于故事的开始或中间。
Long time ago, an old man was walking in a big dark forest. Some birds were singing……
3、常与always, continually, constantly, for ever 等频度状语连用，表示某种感情色彩。
Your daughter was always crying.
He was always helping the others.
4、表示过去某时打算要做的事情或预计要发生的事情。（仅限于come go leave 等动词）
Allen was coming to dinner.
We were flying to New York tomorrow morning.
5、句型
was/were doing ……when……(表示过去正在做一件事情时，突然发生了另外一件事情。)
I was watching TV at home last night when a friend of my father’s came to see me.
6、表示委婉的语气。（仅限于hope wonder think 等动词） I was wondering if you could lend me a bike.
I was hoping you could give me a hand.
五、将来时的用法
1、用will /shall + 不定式表示将来
shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。
will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在争求意见时常用于第二人称。 Which paragraph shall I read first?
Will you be at home at seven this evening?
1) 用于格言或谚语
Pride will lead to a fall.
You will be in time if you hurry.
2) 用于征求对方的意见或引起对方的注意
Will you post this letter for me?
Where shall we meet next time?
3) 表示愿意或不愿意
He will take you home---- you only have to ask.
We won’t lend you any more money.
4) 表示客观真理
Oil will float on water.
2、用will /shall + 现在进行时 / 现在完成时表示将来
表示将来某时正在进行的动作或将来某时已经完成的动作。 I shall be playing chess with my brother at noon next Sunday. By the end of this semester, I shall have bought a bike.
3、用 be going to + 不定式表示将来。
1）主语的意图，即将做某事。
What are you going to do tomorrow?
2）计划，安排要发生的事。
The play is going to be produced next month。
3）有迹象要发生的事
Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.
4、用现在进行时表示将来
表示按计划，安排即将发生的动作，常用于表示位置转移的动词，如come, go, start, arrive, leave 等
I'm leaving tomorrow.
Are you staying here till next week?
5、 用be to + 不定式表示将来
1) be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。
We are to discuss the report next Saturday.
2) 表要求做的事（命令，禁止）
You’re to stand here till I return.
6、 用be about to + 不定式表示将来
be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。
He is about to leave for Beijing.
注意：be about to 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。
7、 用一般现在时表示将来
The train leaves at 9:30.
六、过去将来时的用法
1、 would + infinitive
I thought it would rain.
2、was / were going to + infinitive 过去某时准备做某事
He was just going to go to bed when there was a knock at the door.
3、was / were to + infinitive过去某时准备将来做某事
He was to go hunting after lunch.
was / were to +perfective infinitive 表示本来打算做某事
We were to have met in the park, but he didn’t turn up.
4、 past progressive指按过去的计划，安排即将在过去的某一过去时间发生的事态
She said that she wasn’t going out that evening.
5、 simple past
用于某些条件状语和时间状语从句中
6、 was / were about to + infinitive过去某时正要做某事
He was about to win the race. Suddenly he stumbled and fell.
七、现在完成时的用法
1．表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。现在完成时常与：
(1) 不确定的过去时间状语连用。如：yet, just, already, once, recently, lately
(2) 与表示频度的时间状语连用。如：ever, never, sometimes
(3) 也与表示现在的时间状语连用。如：now ,today, this morning
(4) 但不能与特定的过去时间状语连用。如：last year, yesterday, ago Have you eaten yet?
We have had too much rain this year.
2．表示过去已经开始的，一直持续到现在，而且还可能继续下去的动作或状态。
常与表示时间段的状语连用。如：so far, up to now, up to the present, since…
for a long time, in the past few years, in recent years
They have been on strike for several days.
I have known her for a long time.
3. 在 “It (This ) is the first time that……” 结构中的从句要求用现在完成时。
This is the first time that I have seen this film.
4.在 “ It (This ) is the +形容词最高级+ 名词 + that…….” 的结构中 It is the best film that I have ever seen.
This is the most interesting book that he has ever written.
注意(1)：（一般过去时与现在完成时的区别）
He has taught this class for two terms.
He taught this class for two terms.
比较一般过去时与现在完成时的用法
1) 凡是有具体的过去时间状语的，只能用过去时
I woke up at six o’clock.
She was here a minute ago.
2）凡是单纯谈过去的事， 与现在毫无关系时也多用过去时。 I’ve learnt a lot from you.
I learnt a lot there.
3) 有时同一个动作，根据具体情况，可能需用不同的时态。 He’s been in the army for two years.
He was in the army for two years.
注意（2）：短暂性动词不能与时间段连用。
He has left home for a month.( F )
She has graduated for two years.( F )
My father has joined the Party for twenty years.( F )
这类动词有：come go leave begin start become join end die finish lose fall buy jump knock 等。
注意（3）（几个结构的区别）
1) have been to……去过或到过某地（现在在这里）（可与once, twice,
never, ever several times等连用）
have gone to……去某地了（现在不在这里）
He has been to Hangzhou several times.( )
He has gone to Hangzhou several times.( )
2) have been in……
比较：She has been in England for a half year./ She has been in England since 1991.
She has been in England.她在英国呆过。
3) have been to do……去做过某事
have gone to do……去做某事了
比较：He has been to see Xiao Wang in the hospital.他去医院看过小王。
He has gone to see Xiao Wang in the hospital.他去医院看小王去了。
八、现在完成进行时的用法
1、 现在完成进行时表示一个持续到现在的动作， 这个动作可能刚停止，也可能还在进行）
She is very tired. She’s been typing letters all day.
Jenny is annoyed. Jim has been phoning to Jenny every night for the last week.
1) 这个时态和how long, long 这类状语一起用
Have you been waiting long?
This has been going on all day long.
2) 还可以和since, for引导的状语一起用
We’ve been living in this city since 1980.
It has been raining for two hours.
2、由于现在完成进行时带有进行体的持续性，暂时性和未完成性的含义，有时两者不能互换使用。
I’ve made a cake.
I’ve been making a cake.
He’s written a novel.
He’s been writing a novel.
3、现在完成进行时与现在完成时的用法区别：
现在完成进行时：强调的是动作的继续
现在完成时：：强调的是动作的完成
如：I have thought it over.我已经考虑过这件事了。
I have been thinking it over.我一直在考虑这件事。
九、过去完成时的用法
1．表示过去某一时刻或动作以前已经完成的动作，即“过去的过去”
By 1914 Einstein had gained word fame.
They had got everything ready before I came.
He often thought about the footmark.. Perhaps he had made it himself.
2．在 “ hardly……when……, scarcely……when……, no sooner……than……”的结构中。
She had hardly gone to bed when the bell rang.
Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him. No sooner had they left the building than a bomb exploded.
3. Intend, mean, hope, want, plan, suppose, expect, think等动词的过去完成时可以表示过去未曾实现的设想，意图或希望等。
I had intended to call on you yesterday, but someone came to see me just when I was about to leave.
We had meant to tell her the news but found that she was’t in.
4、 用在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句(特别是间接引用语当中)
She said (that) she had never been to Paris.
5、 用在状语从句
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.
6、用在定语从句中
She showed me the pictures she had painted.
7、 和time 这个词一块用
This was the first time that I had seen the film.
比较：This is the first time that I have seen the film.
8. 在虚拟语气中表示与过去的事实或愿望相反时， 用过去完成时。
1) 用在 if/if only/as if/as though 引导的从句中
You look as if you had seen a ghost.
If only I had known him before.
If you had studied hard, you would have passed the exam.
2) 用在“I wish”, “I’d rather”...I would just as soon …… I would sooner…… I had rather… 等句型中。
I wish I had learned Russian before.
I would rather you had told me the truth.
十、过去完成进行时的用法
过去完成进行时和现在完成进行时的用法时一致的，只不过把时间从现在推移到了过去.
She was very tired. She had been typing letters all day.
Jenny was annoyed. Jim had been phoning to Jenny every night for the last week.
十一、 将来进行时的用法
will /shall + progressive / perfective infinitive
表示将来某时正在进行的动作或将来某时已经完成的动作。 I shall be playing chess with my brother at noon next Sunday.
十二、将来完成时的用法
By the end of this semester, I shall have bought a bike.
十三、时态的一致：
1．主句谓语动词是现在或将来时态时，从句谓语动词可用任何所需的时态。
I know who is (was, will be, has been) in charge of the work.
I will tell you how they got (will get) the information.
2．主句谓语动词是过去时态时， 从句谓语动词一般要用过去时态。 I didn’t know where he was watching TV.
He told me his son was watching TV.
She promised that she would give me what I needed.
They told me that they had waited for me for half an hour.
She told me her father died in 1945.
但：The teacher told us that the earth turns round the sun.
He said that Asia is the largest continent.
配套练习
1. No permission has ____ for anybody to enter the building .
A. been given B. given C. to give D. been giving
2. My brother____ while he ____ his bicycle and hurt himself.
A. fell ; was riding B. fell ; were riding
C. had fallen ; rode D. had fallen ; was riding
3.The new secretary is supposed to report to the manager as soon as
she____ .
A. will arrive B. arrives C. is arriving D .is going to arrive
4.The volleyball match will be put off if it____ .
A. will rain B. rains C. rained D. is raining
5.Mary ____ a dress when she cut her finger.
A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes
6.The pen I ____ I____ is on my desk, right under my nose.
A. think ; lost B. thought ; had lost C. think ; had lost D. thought ; have lost
7.I need one more stamp before my collection____ .
A. has completed B. completes C. has been completed D. is completed
8.—Your phone number again? I____ quite catch it .
---It’s 9568442
A. didn’t B. couldn’t C. don’t D. can’t
9.I don’t think Jim saw me; he____ into space.
A. just stared B. was just staring C. has just stared D. had just stared
10.I first met Lisa three years ago. She____ at a radio shop at the time.
A. has worked B. was working C. had been working D. had worked
11.---Alice, why didn’t you come yesterday?
---I____ ,but I had an unexpected visitor.
A. had B. would C. was going to D. did
12.Cleaning women in big cities usually get____ by the hour.
A. pay B. paying C. paid D .to pay
13.The price____ ,but I doubt whether it will remain so.
A. went down B. will go down C. has gone down D. was going down
14.____ him and then try to copy what he does.
A. Mind B. Glance at C. Stare at D. Watch
15.I promise that the matter will____ .
A. be taken care B. be taken care of C. take care D. take care of
16.The surface of the table____ smooth enough .
A. hasn’t felt B. doesn’t feel C. isn’t feeling D. isn’t felt
17. They ______last week after they _____ several years.
A. married; had engaged B. got married; had
been engaged
C. married with each other; had been engaged D. were married; had engaged
18. _____ the time he was six, the boy ______ 3,000 English words.
A. At; learned B. On; had learned C. During; would learn
D. By; had learned
19. His wife ____ to catch the first train but she was too late.
A. hoping B. had hoped C. has hoped D. would hope
20. He ______ up early since his childhood.
A. used to get B. is used to get C. has been used to get D. has been used to getting
21. I _____ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.
A. gave B. was given C. was giving D. had given
22. Unless he _____to help us, we shall lose the game.
A. promises B. will promise C. would promise D. had promised
23. Her sister ______in bed all day because she had a high fever.
A. lay B. lie C. laid D. lain
24. Tom _____to work in the office though he didn’t like serving there.
A. wanted B. was wanted C. was wanting D. had wanted
25. I won’t leave until you ___ back.
A. will be B. will C. return D. are
26. In her room I saw that only a fire ______ there.
A. being burnt B. burning C. to be burning D. was burning
27. I remember ______ for the job, but I forget the exact amount.
A. to be paid B. being paid C. to pay D. paying
28. Hearing the steps on the stairs, the students pretended _____.
A. to sleep B. to be slept C. to be sleeping D. sleeping
29. When I got to the meeting-room, the leader ____ for over 20 minutes . A. has talked B. had already said C. has already been speaking
D. has spoken
30. Is this the watch which you wish _____.
A. to repair it B. to have it repaired C. to have repaired D. will be repaired
31. ---Where ____ the recorder? I can’t see it anywhere.
---I ______ it right here, but now it’s gone.
A. did you put; have put B. have you put; put
B. had you put; have put D. were you putting; have put
32. --- When ______ again?
----When he ______, I’ll let you know.
A. he comes; come B. will he come; will come
C. he comes; will come D. will he come; comes
33. Hello, I _____ you ____ in London. How long have you been there?
A. don’t know; were B. hadn’t known; are C. haven’t known; are
D. didn’t know; were
34. The police found that the house ____ and a lot of things _____.
A. has broken into; has been stolen B. had broken into; had been stolen
C. has been broken into; stolen D. had been broken into; stolen
35. The last time I ____ Jane she ____ cotton in the fields.
A. had seen; was picking B. saw; picked
C. had seen; picked D. saw; was picking
36. ----Do you like the material?
-----Yes, it _____ very soft.
A. is feeling B. felt C. feels D. is felt
37. Tom will he ___ to her, but he _____ yet.
A. will write…didn’t B. has written…hasn’t
C. was going to write…wasn’t D. would write…hasn’t
38. Please ring _____ as soon as you ____ in Hongkong.
A. me…reach B. up me…arrive C. me up…arrive D. to me…reach
39. This is the second time you ____ late this week.
A. had arrived B. arrived C. have arrived D. arrive
40. It is said that he ______ sent to Austria to improve his English.
A. would be B. was to be C. has been D. had been