四六级作文基本句式
以下是短文写作中使用率最高、覆盖面最广的基本句式，每组句式的功
能相同或相似，考生可根据自己的情况选择其中的1－2个，做到能够
熟练正确地仿写或套用。
1．表示原因
1）There are three reasons for this．
2）The reasons for this are as follows．
3）The reason for this is obvious．
4）The reason for this is not far to seek．
5）The reason for this is that．．．
6）We have good reason to believe that．．．
例如： There are three reasons for the changes that have taken place in
our life ．Firstly ，people ’s living standard has been greatly
improved ．Secondly ，most people are well paid， and they can afford
what they need or like．Last but not least，more and more people prefer
to enjoy modern life． 注：如考生写第一个句子没有把握，可将其改写
成两个句子。如：Great changes have taken place in our life． There are
three reasons for this．这样写可以避免套用中的表达失误。
2．表示好处
1）It has the following advantages．
2）It does us a lot of good．
3）It benefits us quite a lot．
4）It is beneficial to us．
5）It is of great benefit to us．
例如：Books are like friends．They can help us know the world better，
and they can open our minds and widen our horizons ．Therefore ，
reading extensively is of great benefit to us．
3．表示坏处
1）It has more disadvantages than advantages．
2）It does us much harm．
3）It is harmful to us．
例如：However ，everything divides into two ．Television can also be
harmful to us ．It can do harm to our health and make us lazy if we
spend too much time watching television．
4．表示重要、必要、困难、方便、可能
1）It is important（necessary ，difficult ，convenient, possible）for sb．to
do sth．
2）We think it necessary to do sth．
3）It plays an important role in our life．
例如：Computers are now being used everywhere ，whether in the
government ，in schools or in business．Soon, computers will be found in
every home，too ．We have good reason to say that computers are playing
an increasingly important role in our life and we have stepped into the
Computer Age．
5．表示措施
1）We should take some effective measures．
2）We should try our best to overcome（conquer ）the difficulties．
3）We should do our utmost in doing sth．
4）We should solve the problems that we are confronted（faced ）with ．
例如：The housing problem that we are confronted with is becoming
more and more serious ．Therefore ，we must take some effective
measures to solve it．
6．表示变化
1）Some changes have taken place in the past five years．
2）A great change will certainly be produced in the world ’s
communications ．
3）The computer has brought about many changes in education．
例如：Some changes have taken place in people’s diet in the past five
years ．The major reasons for these changes are not far to
seek ．Nowadays ，more and more people are switching from grain to
meat for protein，and from fruit and vegetable to milk for vitamins．
7．表示事实、现状
1）We cannot ignore the fact that．．．
2）No one can deny the fact that．．．
3）There is no denying the fact that．．．
4）This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in．
5）However ，that ’s not the case．
例如：We cannot ignore the fact that industrialization brings with it the
problems of pollution．
To solve these problems， we can start by educating the public about
the hazards of pollution．The government on its part should also design
stricter laws to promote a cleaner environment．
8．表示比较
1）Compared with A，B ．．．
2）I prefer to read rather than watch TV．
3）There is a striking contrast between them．
例如：Compared with cars ，bicycles have several advantages besides
being affordable．
Firstly ，they do not consume natural resources of petroleum．
Secondly ，they do not cause the pollution problem．
Last but not least，they contribute to people’s health by giving them
due physical exercise．
9．表示数量
1）It has increased（decreased ）from ．．．to ．．．
2）The population in this city has now increased （decreased ）to 800，
000．
3）The output of July in this factory increased by 15％compared
with that of January．
例如：With the improvement of the living standard，the proportion of
people ’s income spent on food has decreased while that spent on
education has increased．
再如：From the graph listed above，it can be seen that student use of
computers has increased from an average of less than two hours per
week in 1990 to 20 hours in 2000．
注：“From the graph listed above，it can be seen that”见句式12。考生
将句式9和句式12结合在一起，便可较好地写出2002年6月CET －4、
6短文写作的第一段。
10．表示看法
1）People have（take ，adopt ，assume ）different attitudes towards
sth ．
2）People have different opinions on this problem．
3）People take different views of（on ）the question．
4）Some people believe that．．．Others argue that．．．
例如：People have different attitudes towards failure．Some believe that
failure leads to success．Every failure they experience translates into a
greater chance of success at their renewed endeavor．However ， others
are easily discouraged by failures and put themselves into the category
of losers．
再如：Do “lucky numbers really bring good luck？Different people have
different views on it．
注：一个段落有时很适宜以问句开始，考生应掌握这一写作方法。
11．表示结论
1）In short，it can be said that ．．．
2）It may be briefly summed up as follows．
3）From what has been mentioned above ，we can come to the
conclusion that ．．．
例如：From what has been mentioned above ，we can come to the
conclusion that examination is necessary，however ， its method should
be improved．
注：例句1可用于任何一个段落的结论句；例句3则多用文章结论段的
第一句。
12．套语
1）It ’s well known to us that ．．．
2）As is known to us，．．．
3）This is a topic that is being widely talked about．
4）From the graph（table ，chart ）listed above，it can be seen that ．．．
5）As a proverb says，“Where there is a will，there is a way．
例如：As is well known to us，it is important for the students to know the
world outside campus．The reason for this is obvious．
Nowadays ，the society is changing and developing rapidly，and the
campus is no longer an“ivory tower．As college students，we must get in
touch with the world outside the campus．Only in this way can we adapt
ourselves to the society quickly after we graduate．
再如：Does it pay to be honest ？This is a topic that is being widely
talked about and different people have different opinions on it．
写作讲义
八大功能段落：
一， 对立观点引出段
When it refers to..., people ’s opinions are divergent on such a
controversial issue. The overwhelming majority would support that…,
others, however, take the negative attitude.
[多用情态动词] [多用插入语]
二， 个人观点表达
→ From the personal perspective, I prefer A rather than B as
my inclination.
→ To choose A or choose B is something of a dilemma to the
public, because they always confused by the seemingly good qualities of
A and neglect the genuinely profound aspects of B.
三， 原因概述
→ Among countless factors which influence …, there are several
conspicuous aspects as follows.
→ There are numerous reasons why I advocate…, and I would explore
only a few of the most essential ones here.
四， 原因列举
→ At the risk of something too simplistic, it seems to me that the main
proposition for… can be summarized in one saying that…
→ Another equally essential / crucial factor why I advocate accounting
for my propensity to … is that…
→ Beyond all these obvious reasons / causes, however, lies a deeper one.
五， 利弊
However, … serves as a double-edged sword, in other words, the
inferiorities of … coexist its superiority.
六， 例证
(例子为什么支持自己的论点)
History is replete with evidence to demonstrate this point. A
notable case in point relates to … in the realm of…
七， 影响分析
Undoubtedly, … will give rise to a multitude of {profound /
significant / positive} effects on … {debasing / negative / harmful } foreseeable future
八， 结论
→ Weighing the pros and cons of such a new trend, we may predict
that …
→ From what I have discussed above, we may safely come to the
conclusion that...
● 写作词汇
1． 事件现象
Occurrence, event, incident, issue, phenomenon
2． 面临，见证
Confront, encounter, witness
3． 热头，流行，普遍Pressing, pervasive, prevalent, burning,
rampant
4． 棘手的Involved, intractable, troublesome, tough, stubborn
5． 解决方案Scheme, solution, approach, recipe
6． 迅速有效Potent, effectual, efficacious, valid
7． Harmonious, promising, rewarding, cheerful, encouraging
8．I THINK Assume, I suppose, I insist, conceive, I acknowledge, I maintain that…
9．SHOW Reveal, indicate, convey, reflect, confirm, demonstrate, imply
10．IMPORTANT Crucial, striking, significant, profound, vital, essential, play a key role
11．大多数Widely, commonly, generally, universally, the vast majority of the considerable proportion
12．越来越多 A growing trend of, be on the rise, … in increasing numbers, increasingly
四大句型
一，
1. 表最高级 （重要、意义、必要 ）Nothing is + adj.-er + than to …
2. 也不We cannot emphasize … too much (再怎么讲也不为过)
3． It pays to … in the long run.
二， 不言自明/ 众所周知
1. It is disputable that…
It is universally acknowledged that…
It is conceivable that…
2. There is no denying that…
No one can deny the fact that…
It is no doubt that…
三， 影响、感受
1．…leave much to be desired
2. …pose a great threat to…
3. …lead to a significant influence on…
4. …be closely related to one another
四， 措施
1. spare no efforts to… = do one’s utmost to do…
2. … pour more investment into…
3. bring home to sb. sth.
4. on no account can we ignore the value of …
● TWE 写作常用论证方法
1. 举例子（可编造）
（1） O ne telling historical example involves... in the field of ...
While such cases are rare, they do occur occasionally. A case in
point relates to ...
(2) 个人例子
This incident is not unique in the society because it has loomed up wide public concern.
2. （1）引用名言 According to a well-known scientist...( and I
paraphrase) “...... ” which is to say...
(2) 引用数据 According to a recent survey, we can estimate that......
A recent study will make this point clear and acceptable
3. 引申法
4．反证法
开头段
（任何开头应包括）1．陈述命题背景 2. 自己立场
A OR B 题型
When it refers to ..., the discussion of this issue among individuals and in society as a whole, has come into vogue during the last decade. It is commonly accepted that..., others, however, take the negative attitude. In my view, I prefer... rather than ... as my inclination.
AGREE OR DISAGREE 题型
The statement declares that.... I partly agree with this claim and there are several reasons and instances as follows supporting my view To be specific.../what amazed us most is that.... Among countless factors which directly and indirectly influence... there are several conspicuous aspects as follows.
● 正文(讨论口气)
1． The main reason for my propensity to ... is that ...Moving
on to wide themes, I agree with the statement that..(扩展1)...
without the reservation for the reason that ...Naturally,..扩展
2.Let ’s bring our discussion here to a more present and
practical context. It can be given a concrete example that...
2． Another equally essential factor why I advocate... involves
the realm of ... No one can deny that..扩展1...Obviously, it is
imperative that ... 扩展2... Meanwhile, a recent survey will
make this point clear and acceptable.
3． However, we should concede that despite the merits
of ...mentioned above, overextended... will be indeed
counterproductive, even harmful. The harm it produces is, in
my view, both palpable and profound. For the individual, it
has a debasing impact on ...; for the society, it may promote a
tendency toward ...
● 结尾
Weighing the pros and cons of ...,I strongly commit to the notion that..., not only because... but also because...
● 例文Learning about the past has no value for those of us living in
the present
When it comes to the value of history, the discussion of this issue among individuals and in society as a whole has come into vogue during the last decade. The statement declares that “learning about the past has no value for those of us living in the present.” I disagree with the ...there is a thing you have to know.
The main reason for my propensity to the importance of history is that in the business world, there is a saying that you have to know where you have been and where you are in order to know where you are going...
Furthermore, I agree that business corporations find it critical to have regular views of the past business performance without reservations since each corporation has to see what mistakes were made in order to avoid repeating them. Naturally, they learn from the past mistakes which prepare them for the future.
Let ’s bring our discussion to a more present and practical context. It can be given an example that Microsoft usually has regular views of its past performance, usually in the form of quarterly or annual review.
Another equally essential aspect accounting for why I advocate the value of learning about the past involves the realm of politics and society. No one can deny that in the international arena, one must possess a thorough knowledge of history in order to understand the current dynamics and complex relationships among countries. Obviously, it is
imperative that the politicians should learn from the past political mistakes. History is replete with evidence to demonstrate this point that the world community learned the great lesson from WWII that there must not be another world war thus we entered into 40 plus years of the cold war.
However, we should concede that despite the merits of learning about the past, over extended referring to the past will be indeed counterproductive, even harmful. The harm it produces is, in my view, both palpable and profound. For the individual, it has a debasing impact on people ’s originality; for the society, it may promote a tendency toward mechanism ossification.
In sum, the advantages of referring to the past outweigh the disadvantages, but it is imperative to point out that whether historical information can actively affect our present life depends on whether we could take rational cognizance of the past and whether we could try to make breakthrough and whether we could learn from the past failures and success, especially from the failures.
● 综合写作（规范。永远没有结尾段，第一段再次复述，听力引出！
听力如何支持/反对阅读的。）
● 支持类： “一一对应”支持、完全不就事论事ABC---DEF （补充） How does the information in the listening passage about xxx shed light on the information on xxx in the reading passage?
类似问法：add to, expand on , complement, reinforce, supplement, sustain, boost, uphold, assent, endorse.
● 反对类 “一一驳斥”。阅读：立论。听力；驳斥，首先观点，后面：
为什么要驳斥
Oppose, argue against, controvert, combat, disprove, talk back, refute, re-examine, contradict
● 听力笔记时
例：当听到earlier, traditionally, originally, previously, conventionally, before
→ (转折) yet, but, however, in contrast, contrarily(反驳题)
→ （出现反驳新观点）recently, recent study, new finding,
alternative, now , re-examine
● [次序层次]
1． F irstly, first of all, most of all, on the other hand, in the first place.
2． S econdly, moreover, furthermore, in addition, what ’s more, on the
other hand , in the second place
3． T hirdly, eventually, lastly
[因果关系] therefore, because, for the reason that, for, as a result, cause, consequence, naturally.
[重要小信号词] factor, aspect, point
● 如何写
一． OPPOSE
第一段（1）In the lecture, the professor/ instructor made several points about...
（2）On the other hand, the reading contends that...
（3）The professor ’s lecture casts doubt on the reading by using a number of points that are contrary to...
第二段 The first point that the teacher uses to refute the reading is that....According to him,..... However, this is different from the reading, which states that...
第三段 Moreover, contrary to the belief in the passage that..., the instructor asserts that... To be specific,....(按听力文中顺序陈述)
Finally, the lecturer point out that... This is not what the reading says, the reading lists...
二． SUPPORT
一． In the lecture, the instructor focuses on ..(topic)... The professor
declares that... The point made by the teacher accord with ...(阅读中的main idea)
二． The first point that professor uses to support the reading is that ...
According to the instructor,...Meanwhile, the reading illustrates that...
三． Furthermore, the professor bolsters the reading by stating that...
Synchronously,... This point is consistent with the truth of the reading because.
● 从„„角度讲理由
1方便convenience ，2情感emotion ，3经验experience ，4成就achievement ，5效率efficiency ，6节约frugality ，7健康health ，8安全security ，9性格personality ，10乐趣happiness ，11坚持durability 耐久性，12环保environmental protection
四六级作文基本句式
以下是短文写作中使用率最高、覆盖面最广的基本句式，每组句式的功
能相同或相似，考生可根据自己的情况选择其中的1－2个，做到能够
熟练正确地仿写或套用。
1．表示原因
1）There are three reasons for this．
2）The reasons for this are as follows．
3）The reason for this is obvious．
4）The reason for this is not far to seek．
5）The reason for this is that．．．
6）We have good reason to believe that．．．
例如： There are three reasons for the changes that have taken place in
our life ．Firstly ，people ’s living standard has been greatly
improved ．Secondly ，most people are well paid， and they can afford
what they need or like．Last but not least，more and more people prefer
to enjoy modern life． 注：如考生写第一个句子没有把握，可将其改写
成两个句子。如：Great changes have taken place in our life． There are
three reasons for this．这样写可以避免套用中的表达失误。
2．表示好处
1）It has the following advantages．
2）It does us a lot of good．
3）It benefits us quite a lot．
4）It is beneficial to us．
5）It is of great benefit to us．
例如：Books are like friends．They can help us know the world better，
and they can open our minds and widen our horizons ．Therefore ，
reading extensively is of great benefit to us．
3．表示坏处
1）It has more disadvantages than advantages．
2）It does us much harm．
3）It is harmful to us．
例如：However ，everything divides into two ．Television can also be
harmful to us ．It can do harm to our health and make us lazy if we
spend too much time watching television．
4．表示重要、必要、困难、方便、可能
1）It is important（necessary ，difficult ，convenient, possible）for sb．to
do sth．
2）We think it necessary to do sth．
3）It plays an important role in our life．
例如：Computers are now being used everywhere ，whether in the
government ，in schools or in business．Soon, computers will be found in
every home，too ．We have good reason to say that computers are playing
an increasingly important role in our life and we have stepped into the
Computer Age．
5．表示措施
1）We should take some effective measures．
2）We should try our best to overcome（conquer ）the difficulties．
3）We should do our utmost in doing sth．
4）We should solve the problems that we are confronted（faced ）with ．
例如：The housing problem that we are confronted with is becoming
more and more serious ．Therefore ，we must take some effective
measures to solve it．
6．表示变化
1）Some changes have taken place in the past five years．
2）A great change will certainly be produced in the world ’s
communications ．
3）The computer has brought about many changes in education．
例如：Some changes have taken place in people’s diet in the past five
years ．The major reasons for these changes are not far to
seek ．Nowadays ，more and more people are switching from grain to
meat for protein，and from fruit and vegetable to milk for vitamins．
7．表示事实、现状
1）We cannot ignore the fact that．．．
2）No one can deny the fact that．．．
3）There is no denying the fact that．．．
4）This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in．
5）However ，that ’s not the case．
例如：We cannot ignore the fact that industrialization brings with it the
problems of pollution．
To solve these problems， we can start by educating the public about
the hazards of pollution．The government on its part should also design
stricter laws to promote a cleaner environment．
8．表示比较
1）Compared with A，B ．．．
2）I prefer to read rather than watch TV．
3）There is a striking contrast between them．
例如：Compared with cars ，bicycles have several advantages besides
being affordable．
Firstly ，they do not consume natural resources of petroleum．
Secondly ，they do not cause the pollution problem．
Last but not least，they contribute to people’s health by giving them
due physical exercise．
9．表示数量
1）It has increased（decreased ）from ．．．to ．．．
2）The population in this city has now increased （decreased ）to 800，
000．
3）The output of July in this factory increased by 15％compared
with that of January．
例如：With the improvement of the living standard，the proportion of
people ’s income spent on food has decreased while that spent on
education has increased．
再如：From the graph listed above，it can be seen that student use of
computers has increased from an average of less than two hours per
week in 1990 to 20 hours in 2000．
注：“From the graph listed above，it can be seen that”见句式12。考生
将句式9和句式12结合在一起，便可较好地写出2002年6月CET －4、
6短文写作的第一段。
10．表示看法
1）People have（take ，adopt ，assume ）different attitudes towards
sth ．
2）People have different opinions on this problem．
3）People take different views of（on ）the question．
4）Some people believe that．．．Others argue that．．．
例如：People have different attitudes towards failure．Some believe that
failure leads to success．Every failure they experience translates into a
greater chance of success at their renewed endeavor．However ， others
are easily discouraged by failures and put themselves into the category
of losers．
再如：Do “lucky numbers really bring good luck？Different people have
different views on it．
注：一个段落有时很适宜以问句开始，考生应掌握这一写作方法。
11．表示结论
1）In short，it can be said that ．．．
2）It may be briefly summed up as follows．
3）From what has been mentioned above ，we can come to the
conclusion that ．．．
例如：From what has been mentioned above ，we can come to the
conclusion that examination is necessary，however ， its method should
be improved．
注：例句1可用于任何一个段落的结论句；例句3则多用文章结论段的
第一句。
12．套语
1）It ’s well known to us that ．．．
2）As is known to us，．．．
3）This is a topic that is being widely talked about．
4）From the graph（table ，chart ）listed above，it can be seen that ．．．
5）As a proverb says，“Where there is a will，there is a way．
例如：As is well known to us，it is important for the students to know the
world outside campus．The reason for this is obvious．
Nowadays ，the society is changing and developing rapidly，and the
campus is no longer an“ivory tower．As college students，we must get in
touch with the world outside the campus．Only in this way can we adapt
ourselves to the society quickly after we graduate．
再如：Does it pay to be honest ？This is a topic that is being widely
talked about and different people have different opinions on it．
写作讲义
八大功能段落：
一， 对立观点引出段
When it refers to..., people ’s opinions are divergent on such a
controversial issue. The overwhelming majority would support that…,
others, however, take the negative attitude.
[多用情态动词] [多用插入语]
二， 个人观点表达
→ From the personal perspective, I prefer A rather than B as
my inclination.
→ To choose A or choose B is something of a dilemma to the
public, because they always confused by the seemingly good qualities of
A and neglect the genuinely profound aspects of B.
三， 原因概述
→ Among countless factors which influence …, there are several
conspicuous aspects as follows.
→ There are numerous reasons why I advocate…, and I would explore
only a few of the most essential ones here.
四， 原因列举
→ At the risk of something too simplistic, it seems to me that the main
proposition for… can be summarized in one saying that…
→ Another equally essential / crucial factor why I advocate accounting
for my propensity to … is that…
→ Beyond all these obvious reasons / causes, however, lies a deeper one.
五， 利弊
However, … serves as a double-edged sword, in other words, the
inferiorities of … coexist its superiority.
六， 例证
(例子为什么支持自己的论点)
History is replete with evidence to demonstrate this point. A
notable case in point relates to … in the realm of…
七， 影响分析
Undoubtedly, … will give rise to a multitude of {profound /
significant / positive} effects on … {debasing / negative / harmful } foreseeable future
八， 结论
→ Weighing the pros and cons of such a new trend, we may predict
that …
→ From what I have discussed above, we may safely come to the
conclusion that...
● 写作词汇
1． 事件现象
Occurrence, event, incident, issue, phenomenon
2． 面临，见证
Confront, encounter, witness
3． 热头，流行，普遍Pressing, pervasive, prevalent, burning,
rampant
4． 棘手的Involved, intractable, troublesome, tough, stubborn
5． 解决方案Scheme, solution, approach, recipe
6． 迅速有效Potent, effectual, efficacious, valid
7． Harmonious, promising, rewarding, cheerful, encouraging
8．I THINK Assume, I suppose, I insist, conceive, I acknowledge, I maintain that…
9．SHOW Reveal, indicate, convey, reflect, confirm, demonstrate, imply
10．IMPORTANT Crucial, striking, significant, profound, vital, essential, play a key role
11．大多数Widely, commonly, generally, universally, the vast majority of the considerable proportion
12．越来越多 A growing trend of, be on the rise, … in increasing numbers, increasingly
四大句型
一，
1. 表最高级 （重要、意义、必要 ）Nothing is + adj.-er + than to …
2. 也不We cannot emphasize … too much (再怎么讲也不为过)
3． It pays to … in the long run.
二， 不言自明/ 众所周知
1. It is disputable that…
It is universally acknowledged that…
It is conceivable that…
2. There is no denying that…
No one can deny the fact that…
It is no doubt that…
三， 影响、感受
1．…leave much to be desired
2. …pose a great threat to…
3. …lead to a significant influence on…
4. …be closely related to one another
四， 措施
1. spare no efforts to… = do one’s utmost to do…
2. … pour more investment into…
3. bring home to sb. sth.
4. on no account can we ignore the value of …
● TWE 写作常用论证方法
1. 举例子（可编造）
（1） O ne telling historical example involves... in the field of ...
While such cases are rare, they do occur occasionally. A case in
point relates to ...
(2) 个人例子
This incident is not unique in the society because it has loomed up wide public concern.
2. （1）引用名言 According to a well-known scientist...( and I
paraphrase) “...... ” which is to say...
(2) 引用数据 According to a recent survey, we can estimate that......
A recent study will make this point clear and acceptable
3. 引申法
4．反证法
开头段
（任何开头应包括）1．陈述命题背景 2. 自己立场
A OR B 题型
When it refers to ..., the discussion of this issue among individuals and in society as a whole, has come into vogue during the last decade. It is commonly accepted that..., others, however, take the negative attitude. In my view, I prefer... rather than ... as my inclination.
AGREE OR DISAGREE 题型
The statement declares that.... I partly agree with this claim and there are several reasons and instances as follows supporting my view To be specific.../what amazed us most is that.... Among countless factors which directly and indirectly influence... there are several conspicuous aspects as follows.
● 正文(讨论口气)
1． The main reason for my propensity to ... is that ...Moving
on to wide themes, I agree with the statement that..(扩展1)...
without the reservation for the reason that ...Naturally,..扩展
2.Let ’s bring our discussion here to a more present and
practical context. It can be given a concrete example that...
2． Another equally essential factor why I advocate... involves
the realm of ... No one can deny that..扩展1...Obviously, it is
imperative that ... 扩展2... Meanwhile, a recent survey will
make this point clear and acceptable.
3． However, we should concede that despite the merits
of ...mentioned above, overextended... will be indeed
counterproductive, even harmful. The harm it produces is, in
my view, both palpable and profound. For the individual, it
has a debasing impact on ...; for the society, it may promote a
tendency toward ...
● 结尾
Weighing the pros and cons of ...,I strongly commit to the notion that..., not only because... but also because...
● 例文Learning about the past has no value for those of us living in
the present
When it comes to the value of history, the discussion of this issue among individuals and in society as a whole has come into vogue during the last decade. The statement declares that “learning about the past has no value for those of us living in the present.” I disagree with the ...there is a thing you have to know.
The main reason for my propensity to the importance of history is that in the business world, there is a saying that you have to know where you have been and where you are in order to know where you are going...
Furthermore, I agree that business corporations find it critical to have regular views of the past business performance without reservations since each corporation has to see what mistakes were made in order to avoid repeating them. Naturally, they learn from the past mistakes which prepare them for the future.
Let ’s bring our discussion to a more present and practical context. It can be given an example that Microsoft usually has regular views of its past performance, usually in the form of quarterly or annual review.
Another equally essential aspect accounting for why I advocate the value of learning about the past involves the realm of politics and society. No one can deny that in the international arena, one must possess a thorough knowledge of history in order to understand the current dynamics and complex relationships among countries. Obviously, it is
imperative that the politicians should learn from the past political mistakes. History is replete with evidence to demonstrate this point that the world community learned the great lesson from WWII that there must not be another world war thus we entered into 40 plus years of the cold war.
However, we should concede that despite the merits of learning about the past, over extended referring to the past will be indeed counterproductive, even harmful. The harm it produces is, in my view, both palpable and profound. For the individual, it has a debasing impact on people ’s originality; for the society, it may promote a tendency toward mechanism ossification.
In sum, the advantages of referring to the past outweigh the disadvantages, but it is imperative to point out that whether historical information can actively affect our present life depends on whether we could take rational cognizance of the past and whether we could try to make breakthrough and whether we could learn from the past failures and success, especially from the failures.
● 综合写作（规范。永远没有结尾段，第一段再次复述，听力引出！
听力如何支持/反对阅读的。）
● 支持类： “一一对应”支持、完全不就事论事ABC---DEF （补充） How does the information in the listening passage about xxx shed light on the information on xxx in the reading passage?
类似问法：add to, expand on , complement, reinforce, supplement, sustain, boost, uphold, assent, endorse.
● 反对类 “一一驳斥”。阅读：立论。听力；驳斥，首先观点，后面：
为什么要驳斥
Oppose, argue against, controvert, combat, disprove, talk back, refute, re-examine, contradict
● 听力笔记时
例：当听到earlier, traditionally, originally, previously, conventionally, before
→ (转折) yet, but, however, in contrast, contrarily(反驳题)
→ （出现反驳新观点）recently, recent study, new finding,
alternative, now , re-examine
● [次序层次]
1． F irstly, first of all, most of all, on the other hand, in the first place.
2． S econdly, moreover, furthermore, in addition, what ’s more, on the
other hand , in the second place
3． T hirdly, eventually, lastly
[因果关系] therefore, because, for the reason that, for, as a result, cause, consequence, naturally.
[重要小信号词] factor, aspect, point
● 如何写
一． OPPOSE
第一段（1）In the lecture, the professor/ instructor made several points about...
（2）On the other hand, the reading contends that...
（3）The professor ’s lecture casts doubt on the reading by using a number of points that are contrary to...
第二段 The first point that the teacher uses to refute the reading is that....According to him,..... However, this is different from the reading, which states that...
第三段 Moreover, contrary to the belief in the passage that..., the instructor asserts that... To be specific,....(按听力文中顺序陈述)
Finally, the lecturer point out that... This is not what the reading says, the reading lists...
二． SUPPORT
一． In the lecture, the instructor focuses on ..(topic)... The professor
declares that... The point made by the teacher accord with ...(阅读中的main idea)
二． The first point that professor uses to support the reading is that ...
According to the instructor,...Meanwhile, the reading illustrates that...
三． Furthermore, the professor bolsters the reading by stating that...
Synchronously,... This point is consistent with the truth of the reading because.
● 从„„角度讲理由
1方便convenience ，2情感emotion ，3经验experience ，4成就achievement ，5效率efficiency ，6节约frugality ，7健康health ，8安全security ，9性格personality ，10乐趣happiness ，11坚持durability 耐久性，12环保environmental protection