非谓语动词(分词/ 不定式/ 动名词)
1、解答非谓语动词的题目时，一般遵循以下思路：
解析句子结构，确定设空处在句子中充当的成分（状语，定语或宾补）
找准相关动词的逻辑主语，确定该动词与逻辑主语是什么关系（主动还是被动）
搜索句子中相关的时间信息，确定非谓语动词的恰当形式
将选项代入空中，看能否做到字从意顺。
I 动名词：（doing/ having done）通常作主语，宾语，表语，定语
动名词的被动式：being done/ having been done
动名词的否定式：在其前面加not/never
Having a pair of good eyes is important for judging distances.（主语）
She loves talking with people.（宾语）
My job is teaching.（表语）
A sleeping car= a car for sleeping a walking stick=a stick for
walking
(动名词短语作定语时，相当于 “ for “短语，可表用途)
This is called turning things upside down.这就是本末倒置（补语）
动名词的复合结构：“ 物主代词/名词所有格+动名词 ，可以做主语宾语表语（当动名
词的逻辑主语和主句的主语不一致时，动名词需添加自己的逻辑
主语，这就叫动名词的复合结构
Do you mind my smoking here?
I can’t excuse her telling lies.
注意：在口语中，这种结构如果作宾语，其中的物主代词常用人称代词的宾格形式，名
词所有格常用名词的普通格来代替
Tom ’s/ His marrying Kate made his parents very unhappy.
Tom ’ parents were unhappy with Tom’s/ his/ him/ Tom marrying Kate.
下列动词只能用动名词作宾语：
口诀：考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想。
避免错过继续练， 否认完成就欣赏。
禁止想象才冒险，不禁介意准逃亡
Consider, suggest/ advise, look forward to, excuse/ pardon, admit, delay/ put off, fancy(想
象、设想) ，avoid, miss, keep/ keep on, practice, deny, finish, enjoy/appreciate, forbid,
imagine, risk, can’t help, mind, allow/ permit, escape
此外，be used to, lead to, devote to, go back to, stick to, object to, get down to, pay
attention to, can ’t stand , give up, feel like, insist on, thank you for, apologize for, be
busy(in) , have difficulty ( in)
下列动词或词组既可以跟动名词也可以跟不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别：
forget to do remember to do regret to do stop to do forget doing remember doing regret doing stop dong
mean to do go on to do can ’t help to do try to do
mean doing go on doing can ’ t help doing sth try doing
II 分词
1. 分词分为现在分词和过去分词，在句中做定语，状语，表语和宾语补足语
现在分词：doing 一表主动，二表正在进行；having done分词的动作先于主句的动作
过去分词：done 一表被动，二表完成
2. 分词作状语：现在分词和过去分词在句中可以做时间，原因，方式，伴随，条件，结果
等状语
Not receiving any letter from him, I gave him a call.
Bitten by a snake ,he was taken to hospital.
Though defeated, he didn’t lose heart.
He lay on the grass, looking into the sky.
He came running to tell me the good news.
Given more attention ,the trees would have grown better.
思路：分词作状语时，选题关键看主句的逻辑主语，若分词的动作是主句的逻辑主语发出，
是主动关系，则选现在分词( doing/ having done),反之是被动关系用过去分词( done )
______( see) from the top of the mountain, our city looks very beautiful.
______(see) the beautiful sight, I felt happy at once.
______( finish) my homework, I went out to play football.
独立主格结构：分词作状语时，其逻辑主语必须和主句的主语一致，如果不一致，则分词
前需加自己的逻辑主语，这叫独立主格结构（absolute construction）
特点：1. 独立主格的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
2. 独立主格中的逻辑主语与其后的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介
词短语是逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系
3. 独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开
Eg: All things considered, he is a clever boy in our class.
Weather permitting, we’ll go to the park tomorrow.
The guests seated, the professor began his lecture.
特殊的独立成分, 不看主被动 ：Judging from his accent, he is from the South.
Considering your health, you’ d better have a rest.
To tell you the truth, I’ m a little tired.
With 的复合结构
With +名词或代词+宾语补足语（ 现在分词，过去分词，不定式，形容词，副词，介词短
语）
Eg: With his feet pointing at the door, he sat there.
I went out of the supermarket, with all the things bought.
With a lot of homework to do, I had to stay up.
He left the classroom, with the door open.
With everybody here, the professor began his lecture.
He came out of the library, with a large book under his arm.
紧缩结构: 在时间状语，条件状语，让步状语等从句中，如果主从句的主语一致，且从句中
含有be 动词，可以把主语和be 动词一起省掉。
When( you are) crossing the street ,you must be careful .
If( it is) left untreated, the illness will lead to blindness.
分词和不定式作定语用法要点：
分词作定语有 –ing , being done, done 三种形式, 切忌一般不用 having done
形式。
I have never seen a more moving movie
The question being discussed now is difficult.
The question discussed yesterday was very difficult.
对比： The question to be discussed tomorrow is very difficult.
特殊： 沸腾的水 boiling water 正在下落的叶子 falling leaves
烧开了的水 boiled water 已经落下的叶子 fallen leaves
不定式作定语：1. 作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或不定式修饰的名词是不
定式动作的地点，工具等，不定式后需有相应的介词
The Browns have a comfortable house to live in.
注意：不定式修饰的名词如果是 time, place, way 时，其后的介
词习惯上省去。H e had no money and no place to live ( in )
2. 不定式作后置定语表将来（ to do / to be done）
The question to be discussed tomorrow is very difficult.
3. 用来修饰被序数词，最高级或no, all, any 等限定的中心词，
且与中心词为主动关系，要用不定式作后置定语
She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic
Games.
She was the best man to do the job.
4. 被修饰的名词是抽象名词时用不定式（ability, chance, idea, fact,
excuse, promise, answer, reply , attempt, belief, way, reason,
moment , time等）
Eg: Do you have the ability to read and write in English?
分词作表语：有一些表情感的词，分别在后面加上ing / ed 形式 就变成了具有形容词功能
的现在分词和过去分词，通常在句中作表语或定语。
-ing 形式修饰物，译成“ 令人感到。。。”,-ed 形式修饰人，
译成“ 人感到。。。”
这样的词有（ please, excite, surprise, puzzle, astonish, amaze, satisfy,
disappoint …）
It ’ surprising for her to win the gold medal. I’m surprised to hear the news.
The old man is _________ with his _________ son.( disappoint)
注意：指人的嗓音，表情等词， 要用-ed 形式修饰
He said to me in an excited voice.
分词作宾语补足语：放在一些感官动词和使役动词后
1. see,watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to ,notice 等感官动词后有三
种形式：doing/ done / do 作宾语补足语
2. 使役动词let 后有两种情况：let sb do/ let sth be done
使役动词have 后有三种情况 have sb/ sth do/ done /doing
Have 当“有”讲时 have sth to do/ to be done
使役动词get 后有三种情况 get sb/ sth to do/ done/ doing
使役动词 make 后有两种情形 make sb/ sth do/ done
使役动词 send 后有两种情形 send sb to do/ doing
Leave 接宾语补足语时有下列情形：leave sb doing
Leave sth undone/unfinished/ unsettled
Leave sb to do (留下某人做某事，表将来)
leave sth to be done （留下某事要做）
分词的否定式在其前面加 not
III 不定式（ to do ）
1. 不定式的完成式：to have done 不定式的进行式：to be doing 不定式的被动式：to be
done
When he spoke of the book, I pretended to have finished reading it.
When my father came in, I pretended to be doing my homework.
The book happened to be lent when I came for it.
2. 不定式的否定式：not to do
3. 不定式可以作各种成分，除了谓语。
不定式作主语，宾语强调的是具体的，一次性的动作。而动名词做主语，宾语强调的是
经常的，习惯性的动作。Eg:
下列动词只能用不定式作宾语：
口诀：决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装。
主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮
decide/ determine, learn, want, expect,/hope/ wish, refuse, manage, care, pretend, offer,
promise, choose, plan, agree, ask/ beg, help
此外，afford, strive, happen, wait, threaten等也要用不定式作宾语
Start/ begin to do 用于下面三种情况：
1. 在进行时后常用不定式结构。It was beginning to snow.
2. 在与表知觉，或表状态的动词连用时，常用不定式结构. She began to realize her
mistake.
3. begin/ start 的主语是无生命的物时，常用不定式结构. The temperature will begin to
fall.
不定式作定语：表将来（已讲过）
不定式作状语：1. 目的状语 译成“为了”，to do, in order to do, so as to do (不能放句首)
Eg: We have come to learn from you.
In order to make a study of kangaroo, he came to Australia.
2. 结果状语 ， 表意外和惊讶，译成“结果却。。。’还有only to do
现在分词也可以作状语：但表自然而然的原因
Eg: I went to the station hurriedly, only to find the train had left.
They said goodbye, never to meet again.
The glass doors have taken the place of the wooden ones at the e
ntrance, ____in the natural light during the day.
A.. to let B. letting C. let D. having let
3. 原因状语 (情感词后面的不定式)
Eg: I ’m glad to meet you.
She was surprised to hear the news.
不定式作宾语补足语：1.allow/ advise/ forbid/ permit sb to do
或者 + doing
Eg: You are not allowed to smoke here in the hall.
We don’t allow smoking in the hall.
2. make, have, let, see, notice, watch, look at, observe, hear, listen
to, feel, smell sb do
不定式的省略：1. 当几个动词不定式作为并列成分出现在句子中时，只在第一个不定
式前加上to, 其它不定式前的to 均可省略
At any moment he expected to hear the creature , feel it knock him
to the ground, smell it breath------meet breath.
2. 当感官动词 hear, listen to, feel, see等或是使役动词 make, have, let
用于主动语态时，作其宾语补足语的不定式前不用to
3. 下列短语中，要加无to 不定式: can not help but… can not but…can
but … might/may as well… had better do… would rather do
4. 当两个或两个以上的动词不定式由but, except, and, or than等连接
时，这些动词后的不定式可以不加to
We had nothing to do except read newspapers.
It ’s easier to persuade people than force them.
5. 用来诠释do 的含意的不定式表语可以用不带to 的不定式
All that I can do is wait.
不定式的疑难结构：1. 疑问词+ 不定式结构常用在tell, teach, wonder, show, ask,
forget, discuss, remember, learn, find out等动词后，相当于名
词功能
She wondered what to do next.
2. It is + adj. + of/ for sb to do
3. 跟在主系表结构后的不定式表示的动作与主语之间存在动宾关
系时，用主动表被动。 sb/ sth + be+ difficult/hard/
easy/interesting/heavy/pleasant/comfortable/safe/dangerous/imp
ossible to do.
The chair is very comfortable to sit on.
The apples are difficult to reach.
4. 某些动词不定式与be 连用时，构成固定结构 be to blame（该
受责备的）/be to seek(寻找)/ be to let(出租)
非谓语动词(分词/ 不定式/ 动名词)
1、解答非谓语动词的题目时，一般遵循以下思路：
解析句子结构，确定设空处在句子中充当的成分（状语，定语或宾补）
找准相关动词的逻辑主语，确定该动词与逻辑主语是什么关系（主动还是被动）
搜索句子中相关的时间信息，确定非谓语动词的恰当形式
将选项代入空中，看能否做到字从意顺。
I 动名词：（doing/ having done）通常作主语，宾语，表语，定语
动名词的被动式：being done/ having been done
动名词的否定式：在其前面加not/never
Having a pair of good eyes is important for judging distances.（主语）
She loves talking with people.（宾语）
My job is teaching.（表语）
A sleeping car= a car for sleeping a walking stick=a stick for
walking
(动名词短语作定语时，相当于 “ for “短语，可表用途)
This is called turning things upside down.这就是本末倒置（补语）
动名词的复合结构：“ 物主代词/名词所有格+动名词 ，可以做主语宾语表语（当动名
词的逻辑主语和主句的主语不一致时，动名词需添加自己的逻辑
主语，这就叫动名词的复合结构
Do you mind my smoking here?
I can’t excuse her telling lies.
注意：在口语中，这种结构如果作宾语，其中的物主代词常用人称代词的宾格形式，名
词所有格常用名词的普通格来代替
Tom ’s/ His marrying Kate made his parents very unhappy.
Tom ’ parents were unhappy with Tom’s/ his/ him/ Tom marrying Kate.
下列动词只能用动名词作宾语：
口诀：考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想。
避免错过继续练， 否认完成就欣赏。
禁止想象才冒险，不禁介意准逃亡
Consider, suggest/ advise, look forward to, excuse/ pardon, admit, delay/ put off, fancy(想
象、设想) ，avoid, miss, keep/ keep on, practice, deny, finish, enjoy/appreciate, forbid,
imagine, risk, can’t help, mind, allow/ permit, escape
此外，be used to, lead to, devote to, go back to, stick to, object to, get down to, pay
attention to, can ’t stand , give up, feel like, insist on, thank you for, apologize for, be
busy(in) , have difficulty ( in)
下列动词或词组既可以跟动名词也可以跟不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别：
forget to do remember to do regret to do stop to do forget doing remember doing regret doing stop dong
mean to do go on to do can ’t help to do try to do
mean doing go on doing can ’ t help doing sth try doing
II 分词
1. 分词分为现在分词和过去分词，在句中做定语，状语，表语和宾语补足语
现在分词：doing 一表主动，二表正在进行；having done分词的动作先于主句的动作
过去分词：done 一表被动，二表完成
2. 分词作状语：现在分词和过去分词在句中可以做时间，原因，方式，伴随，条件，结果
等状语
Not receiving any letter from him, I gave him a call.
Bitten by a snake ,he was taken to hospital.
Though defeated, he didn’t lose heart.
He lay on the grass, looking into the sky.
He came running to tell me the good news.
Given more attention ,the trees would have grown better.
思路：分词作状语时，选题关键看主句的逻辑主语，若分词的动作是主句的逻辑主语发出，
是主动关系，则选现在分词( doing/ having done),反之是被动关系用过去分词( done )
______( see) from the top of the mountain, our city looks very beautiful.
______(see) the beautiful sight, I felt happy at once.
______( finish) my homework, I went out to play football.
独立主格结构：分词作状语时，其逻辑主语必须和主句的主语一致，如果不一致，则分词
前需加自己的逻辑主语，这叫独立主格结构（absolute construction）
特点：1. 独立主格的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
2. 独立主格中的逻辑主语与其后的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介
词短语是逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系
3. 独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开
Eg: All things considered, he is a clever boy in our class.
Weather permitting, we’ll go to the park tomorrow.
The guests seated, the professor began his lecture.
特殊的独立成分, 不看主被动 ：Judging from his accent, he is from the South.
Considering your health, you’ d better have a rest.
To tell you the truth, I’ m a little tired.
With 的复合结构
With +名词或代词+宾语补足语（ 现在分词，过去分词，不定式，形容词，副词，介词短
语）
Eg: With his feet pointing at the door, he sat there.
I went out of the supermarket, with all the things bought.
With a lot of homework to do, I had to stay up.
He left the classroom, with the door open.
With everybody here, the professor began his lecture.
He came out of the library, with a large book under his arm.
紧缩结构: 在时间状语，条件状语，让步状语等从句中，如果主从句的主语一致，且从句中
含有be 动词，可以把主语和be 动词一起省掉。
When( you are) crossing the street ,you must be careful .
If( it is) left untreated, the illness will lead to blindness.
分词和不定式作定语用法要点：
分词作定语有 –ing , being done, done 三种形式, 切忌一般不用 having done
形式。
I have never seen a more moving movie
The question being discussed now is difficult.
The question discussed yesterday was very difficult.
对比： The question to be discussed tomorrow is very difficult.
特殊： 沸腾的水 boiling water 正在下落的叶子 falling leaves
烧开了的水 boiled water 已经落下的叶子 fallen leaves
不定式作定语：1. 作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或不定式修饰的名词是不
定式动作的地点，工具等，不定式后需有相应的介词
The Browns have a comfortable house to live in.
注意：不定式修饰的名词如果是 time, place, way 时，其后的介
词习惯上省去。H e had no money and no place to live ( in )
2. 不定式作后置定语表将来（ to do / to be done）
The question to be discussed tomorrow is very difficult.
3. 用来修饰被序数词，最高级或no, all, any 等限定的中心词，
且与中心词为主动关系，要用不定式作后置定语
She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic
Games.
She was the best man to do the job.
4. 被修饰的名词是抽象名词时用不定式（ability, chance, idea, fact,
excuse, promise, answer, reply , attempt, belief, way, reason,
moment , time等）
Eg: Do you have the ability to read and write in English?
分词作表语：有一些表情感的词，分别在后面加上ing / ed 形式 就变成了具有形容词功能
的现在分词和过去分词，通常在句中作表语或定语。
-ing 形式修饰物，译成“ 令人感到。。。”,-ed 形式修饰人，
译成“ 人感到。。。”
这样的词有（ please, excite, surprise, puzzle, astonish, amaze, satisfy,
disappoint …）
It ’ surprising for her to win the gold medal. I’m surprised to hear the news.
The old man is _________ with his _________ son.( disappoint)
注意：指人的嗓音，表情等词， 要用-ed 形式修饰
He said to me in an excited voice.
分词作宾语补足语：放在一些感官动词和使役动词后
1. see,watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to ,notice 等感官动词后有三
种形式：doing/ done / do 作宾语补足语
2. 使役动词let 后有两种情况：let sb do/ let sth be done
使役动词have 后有三种情况 have sb/ sth do/ done /doing
Have 当“有”讲时 have sth to do/ to be done
使役动词get 后有三种情况 get sb/ sth to do/ done/ doing
使役动词 make 后有两种情形 make sb/ sth do/ done
使役动词 send 后有两种情形 send sb to do/ doing
Leave 接宾语补足语时有下列情形：leave sb doing
Leave sth undone/unfinished/ unsettled
Leave sb to do (留下某人做某事，表将来)
leave sth to be done （留下某事要做）
分词的否定式在其前面加 not
III 不定式（ to do ）
1. 不定式的完成式：to have done 不定式的进行式：to be doing 不定式的被动式：to be
done
When he spoke of the book, I pretended to have finished reading it.
When my father came in, I pretended to be doing my homework.
The book happened to be lent when I came for it.
2. 不定式的否定式：not to do
3. 不定式可以作各种成分，除了谓语。
不定式作主语，宾语强调的是具体的，一次性的动作。而动名词做主语，宾语强调的是
经常的，习惯性的动作。Eg:
下列动词只能用不定式作宾语：
口诀：决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装。
主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮
decide/ determine, learn, want, expect,/hope/ wish, refuse, manage, care, pretend, offer,
promise, choose, plan, agree, ask/ beg, help
此外，afford, strive, happen, wait, threaten等也要用不定式作宾语
Start/ begin to do 用于下面三种情况：
1. 在进行时后常用不定式结构。It was beginning to snow.
2. 在与表知觉，或表状态的动词连用时，常用不定式结构. She began to realize her
mistake.
3. begin/ start 的主语是无生命的物时，常用不定式结构. The temperature will begin to
fall.
不定式作定语：表将来（已讲过）
不定式作状语：1. 目的状语 译成“为了”，to do, in order to do, so as to do (不能放句首)
Eg: We have come to learn from you.
In order to make a study of kangaroo, he came to Australia.
2. 结果状语 ， 表意外和惊讶，译成“结果却。。。’还有only to do
现在分词也可以作状语：但表自然而然的原因
Eg: I went to the station hurriedly, only to find the train had left.
They said goodbye, never to meet again.
The glass doors have taken the place of the wooden ones at the e
ntrance, ____in the natural light during the day.
A.. to let B. letting C. let D. having let
3. 原因状语 (情感词后面的不定式)
Eg: I ’m glad to meet you.
She was surprised to hear the news.
不定式作宾语补足语：1.allow/ advise/ forbid/ permit sb to do
或者 + doing
Eg: You are not allowed to smoke here in the hall.
We don’t allow smoking in the hall.
2. make, have, let, see, notice, watch, look at, observe, hear, listen
to, feel, smell sb do
不定式的省略：1. 当几个动词不定式作为并列成分出现在句子中时，只在第一个不定
式前加上to, 其它不定式前的to 均可省略
At any moment he expected to hear the creature , feel it knock him
to the ground, smell it breath------meet breath.
2. 当感官动词 hear, listen to, feel, see等或是使役动词 make, have, let
用于主动语态时，作其宾语补足语的不定式前不用to
3. 下列短语中，要加无to 不定式: can not help but… can not but…can
but … might/may as well… had better do… would rather do
4. 当两个或两个以上的动词不定式由but, except, and, or than等连接
时，这些动词后的不定式可以不加to
We had nothing to do except read newspapers.
It ’s easier to persuade people than force them.
5. 用来诠释do 的含意的不定式表语可以用不带to 的不定式
All that I can do is wait.
不定式的疑难结构：1. 疑问词+ 不定式结构常用在tell, teach, wonder, show, ask,
forget, discuss, remember, learn, find out等动词后，相当于名
词功能
She wondered what to do next.
2. It is + adj. + of/ for sb to do
3. 跟在主系表结构后的不定式表示的动作与主语之间存在动宾关
系时，用主动表被动。 sb/ sth + be+ difficult/hard/
easy/interesting/heavy/pleasant/comfortable/safe/dangerous/imp
ossible to do.
The chair is very comfortable to sit on.
The apples are difficult to reach.
4. 某些动词不定式与be 连用时，构成固定结构 be to blame（该
受责备的）/be to seek(寻找)/ be to let(出租)