自然主义特点在欧亨利作品中的体现_英文_

·328·价值工程

自然主义特点在欧亨利作品中的体现

·TheCharacteristicofRealisminOHenry'sWorks

姜佳美JiangJiamei

（牡丹江师范学院，牡丹江157000）

（MudanjiangTeachersCollege，Mudanjiang157000，China）

摘要：欧·亨利是二十世纪初崛起于美国文坛的著名短篇小说作家，其作品构思布局巧妙，语言幽默风趣，尤其是出乎意料的结尾更是别具

一格，脍炙人口。19世纪到二十世纪，现实主义思想和自然主义理论的表现方式走到美国的文学里。欧亨利作为美国的短片小说之父，在他的作

品中既体现了现实主义的残酷与无奈，同时又表现出自然主义的本质。

本文就通过欧亨利的作品来剖析自然主义与现实主义的相通之处，通过麦琪的礼物这篇文章，我们可以看到自然主义的流露，文章通过描写两对年轻的爱人，在圣诞节互送礼物，结果卖掉了自己彼此最为珍贵的东西，来反映当时社会资本家的贪婪与罪恶，贫苦大众生活的无奈。

Abstract:O.HenryisafamousshortstorywriterrisinginAmericanliteratureintheearly20thcentury.Theingeniousideaoflayout,humorouslanguages,especiallythesurprisingendmakehisworksuniqueandpopular.Fromthe18thcenturytothe19thcentury,theexpressionofrealisticthinkingandnaturalismfusedintotheAmericanliterature.AsthefatherofAmericanshortstory,O.Henryembodiesthebrutalrealismandhelplessnessinhisworks,whileshowingthenatureofnaturalism.

ThepaperanalyzedtheinterlinkbetweennaturalismandrealismthroughtheworksofO·Henry.Byexampleof"TheGiftoftheMagi",wecouldseetherevealofnaturalism.Thearticledescribestheyoungcouples'givingofgiftsonChristmasbysellingtheeach'smostpreciousthing.Thearticlereflectsthegreedandsinofthesocialcapitalistsandthehelplessnessofthepoor.

关键词：欧亨利;自然主义;现实主义;相通性Keywords:O·Henry；naturalism；realism；interlink

中图分类号：I06

文献标识码：A

文章编号：1006-4311（2011）03-0328-01

·1IntroductionofOHenryO·Henry'sthreeshortstoriesasexamples,theauthorfindsthatbyemployingdifferentfocalizationsandrelevantnarrativediscoursesto

Henryprovidesthereaderswithawholepictureofdifferentstories,O·

thelifeofhistime.O·Henry'sthreetypicalshortstories.TheFurnishedRoom(1906),TheGiftoftheMagi(1906)andAServiceofLove(1906).Throughmakingphysicaltimeservepsychologicaltime

Henryorganicallyunitesphysicalandselectingepisodesoflife,O·

timewithpsychologicaltimeandrevealsthetruemeaningoflife;throughaccelerationanddeceleration,headjuststhenarrativespeedproperly;andbyemployingdifferentfrequenciesandsuspense,heachievestensenarrativeimpetus.

2TheDefinitionofRealism

Realismwasamovementthatencompassedtheentirecountry,oratleasttheMidwestandSouth,althoughmanyofthewritersandcriticsassociatedwithrealism(notablyW·D·Howells)werebasedinNewEngland.AmongtheMidwesternwritersconsideredrealistswouldbeJosephKirkland,E·W·Howe,andHamlinGarland;theSouthernwriterJohnW·DeForest'sMissRavenal'sConversionfromSecessiontoLoyaltyisoftenconsideredarealistnovel,too.

Thehistoryofrealismfindsitsoriginssomewherearoundthesecondhalfofthe19thcentury,mainlyfrom1830to1870.Amongitsmainprinciplesrealismestablishesitselfasawayofthoughtmorethanamovementwithinaspecificgenre.Itseekstoexpressanobject,sceneorevenasubjectthroughthatwhichisperceivable,negatingallromanticismandsubjectivismoranyotherelementswhichmaydistortsomethingasitreallyexists.Theserealists,alsoknownaspositivists,foundtheirfaithinthefactthatallknowledgeobtainedfromscienceanditsobjectiveswould,inessence,solveallhumanproblems.

Realisticpresenttheideaaboutthetruelifeofthesociety."Realismsetsitselfatworktoconsidercharactersandeventswhichareapparentlythemostordinaryanduninteresting,inordertoextractfromthesetheirfullvalueandtruemeaning.Itwouldapprehendinallparticularstheconnectionbetweenthefamiliarandtheextraordinary,andtheseenandunseenofhumannature.Beneaththedeceptivecloakofoutwardlyuneventfuldays,itdetectsandendeavorstotracetheoutlinesofthespiritsthatarehiddenthere;thomeasurethechangesintheirgrowth,towatchthesymptomsofmoraldecayorregeneration,tofathomtheirhistoriesofpassionateorintellectualproblems.Inshort,realismreveals.Wherewethoughtnothingworthofnotice,itshowseverythingtoberifewithsignificance."

·3OHenry'sStoryPresenttheCharacteristicofRealismInO·henry'sstorytheGiftoftheMagi,describedayoungpouplewhowanttosendpresenttoeachotherforChristmasgift.Theyloveeachotherdeeply,buttheyareverypoor,theycansendpresentforeachotherbuttosendtheirlovelysubject.Atlast,thewifesendherbeautifulhairandsheboughtawatchchainforherhusband.Andontheotherhand,thehusbandsendhislovelywatchandboughtahairgripforherwife.Thepreviouspresentwereuselessatlast.TheactionofJimanddelleshowthebeautifuloftheworldandtheheavenlinessofthelove.Wecanknowthattheprototypeofdellewasohenry'sfirstwife.

FromO·henry'sstorywecanseethedifferentcharacterandstatusoftheAmericanpeopleinthatcentury.Especiallythepeopleatthebottomofsocietyofcapitalism.Fromthestory,wecanknowaboutohenry'sloveandabominatefortheworld.HeexposeandcriticizetheuppersocietyofAmerica.Hewroteabookcalledaworldfor"capitalist,Jackalandswindler;"forexampleinhisstorycalledTheManHigherUp,robber,financierandswindleraregettogether,robberinvestmoneytothefinancierbutthefinanciersellandbuytheyhad,andatlastthemineyofswindlerstillinthefinancier,thoughthefinancierdidnothingbutheishigherthantherobberandswindler.Inthecapitalistsociety,thecapitalististherobberandPortoperatorsandinvestorsarethebandit.

汉之际这个短时期的春秋战国开放环境的再现，给了叔孙通机遇，他它采古礼与秦仪以杂就，又不是早期儒学的原有内容，这两个方面都的言行作为，因世应时，符合当时开放环境的时代风尚。汉仪的制定为以后汉武帝时期的尊用儒术立下开端。叔孙通上承孔荀先师及法又肯定了儒家礼学的社会作用，表明了儒家与政治实践结合的趋向。家学者的实践原则和权宜通变，当得起楚汉之际的一代儒学大师。