同学们，大家好！以下是作文题的主要范畴。分为三种颜色：红色是最重要的，要彻底动笔写全篇文章。蓝色是次重要的，要试试写提纲。黑色（本来的颜色）是不太重要的，你们思考一下关键词怎么写就行了。我已经给你们配好了翻译，每道题目的要求都一样：你是同意还是反对这个说法或者现象？表明观点，写出理由，举出例子。
教育类 1. A nation should require all its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college rather than allow schools in different parts of the nation to determine which academic courses to offer.
一个国家应该要求所有的学生在进入大学之前都学习由国家统一制定的课程，而不是允许由国家不同地区的学校去决定课程的安排。
2．Academic disciplines have become so specialized in recent years that scholars' ideas reach only a narrow audience. Until scholars can reach a wider audience, their ideas will have little use.【9】
近些年来，学科已经细化到了相当的程度以至于学者们的理念只影响小范围的人群。除非学者们能拥有影响等大范围的人群，否则他们的理念将几乎毫无用处。
3. A school or college should pay its teachers at the same rate in all disciplines, regardless of differences in salaries for related fields in the world outside of school. For example, entry-level teachers in mathematics and in the arts should receive the same pay, even if outside of school, math specialists earn a much higher salary on average than do specialists in the arts.【32】
不管在校园外不同领域之间薪水的差异有多大，学校对于所有学科老师的待遇应该是一视同仁的。比如，低年级的数学和美术老师应该享有同样的收入，即便在校外，数学专家的收入一般是要比艺术家高得多。
4. Instead of requiring students to take courses in a variety of disciplines -that is, courses ranging from the arts and the humanities to the physical and biological sciences-colleges and universities should allow students
to enroll only in those courses that will help prepare them for jobs in their
chosen fields. Such concentration is necessary in today's increasingly work-oriented society.【34】
与其要求学生们选修各种各样的学科--从艺术和人文科学到物理和生物科学--大学还不如允许学生们仅仅去选择那些有助于他们今后工作的学科。这种集中在当今这个工作至上的社会是必要的。
5. While some leaders in government, sports, industry, and other areas attribute their success to a well-developed sense of competition, a society can better prepare its young people for leadership by instilling in them a sense of cooperation.【46】 当政府、体育界、工业界和其他领域中的一些领导者将他们的成功归因于一种高度的竞争意识时，一个社会还是应该更好的为那些即将成为领导者的年轻人灌输一种合作的意识。
6. In order to improve the quality of instruction at the college and university level, all faculty should be required to spend time working outside the
academic world in professions relevant to the courses they teach. 【50】
为了改善大学的教学质量，所有的教员都应该被要求花一定时间到学术领域以外去参加和他们所教科目相关的工作。
7. Education will be truly effective only when it is specifically designed
to meet the individual needs and interests of each student.【51】
教育只有被专门设计来满足每一个学生个人需求和兴趣的时候才是真正有效率的。
8. Education encourages students to question and criticize, and therefore does little to promote social harmony.【52】
教育鼓励学生们提出问题和进行批判，这样做的结果无助于促进社会的和谐。
9. College and university education should be free for all students, fully
financed by the government.【53】
大学教育应该对所有学生免费，由政府来全额资助。
10. Competition for high grades seriously limits the quality of learning
at all levels of education.【55】
追求高分严重的限制了教育各阶段的学习质量。
11. Colleges should require students to engage in public-service activities
in order to assure that each student receives a balanced, well-rounded education.
【67】
大学应该要求学生们参加公益活动，这也是为了保证每一个学生都能获得平衡而全面的教育。
12. In most professions and academic fields, imagination is more important than knowledge.【73】
在大多数职业和学术领域中，想象力要比知识更加重要。
13. Schools should be required to teach the essential interconnectedness
of all human beings and thus help eliminate wars, cultural clashes, and other forms of conflict.【78】
学校应该被要求去教授存在于所有人之间的重要联系，这样做可以消灭战争、文化冲突和其他形式的纷争。
14. Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses
outside the student's field of study because acquiring knowledge of various academic disciplines is the best way to become truly educated. 【94】
大学应该要求每一个学生在自己专业课外选修各种学科，因为获得各种学科的知识才是获得真正教育的最好途径。
15. Colleges and universities should offer more courses on popular music, film, advertising, and television because contemporary culture has much
greater relevance for students than do arts and literature of the past. 【98】
大学应该开设更多关于流行音乐、电影、广告和电视的课程，因为当代文化比起过去的文学和艺术与学生们更加息息相关。
16. The pressure to achieve high grades in school seriously limits the quality of learning. An educational environment without grades would promote more genuine intellectual development.【100】
在学校获得高分的压力严重得限制了学习的质量。一个没有分数的教育环境将会促进真正的智力发展。
17. For better or worse, education is a process that involves revising the
ideas, beliefs, and values people held in the past.【102】
不论好坏，教育是一个修正人们过去所持有的理念、信仰和价值观的过程。
18. It is primarily through formal education that a culture tries to perpetuate the ideas it favors and discredit the ideas it fears. 【104】
如果一个文化想要它认为好的理念永世长存而摈弃它厌恶的理念，主要是通过正规的教育。
19. Some educational systems emphasize the development of students' capacity for reasoning and logical thinking, but students would benefit more from an education that also taught them to explore their own emotions. 【112】
一些教育体系强调学生逻辑推理思维能力的发展，但是那些教学生们探究自身情绪的教育对学生们才更有好处。
20. It is often asserted that the purpose of education is to free the mind
and the spirit. In reality, however, formal education tends to restrain
our minds and spirits rather than set them free.【128】
教育的目的据称是要解放思想和精神。然而实际上，正规的教育是要遏制我们的思维和精神而不是解放他们。（Spirit可以解释为勇气或者热情）
21. How children are socialized today determines the destiny of society.
Unfortunately, we have not yet learned how to raise children who can help bring about a better society. 【130】
现在孩子的社会化程度决定了社会的命运。可惜的是，我们还没有学会教孩子怎么样去建设一个更好的社会。
22. The university community consists of three different worlds-the sciences, the humanities, and the social sciences. Because each world operates on its own assumptions and has its own special habits of thinking, rarely is there meaningful interaction among the sciences, the humanities, and the social sciences.【132】 大学包括了三个不同的领域--科学、人文学科以及社会学科。因为每一个领域都根据自己的前提运转，每一个领域都有自己独特的思维习惯，所以在自然科学、人文科学和社会科学之间几乎是不存在有意义的交互的。
23. Students should be encouraged to realize that mental agility and rhetorical skill
must be accompanied by sincerity and the true conviction of their own beliefs.【135】 学生们应该被鼓励而意识到思维的敏捷和口齿的伶俐必须和真诚与坚持自己的信仰相伴随存在。
24. Both parents and communities must be involved in the local schools. Education is too important to leave solely to a group of professional educators.【154】
父母和社会都必须参与到地方的学校中。教育太重要了以至于不能把教育完全交给一群职业教育者。
25. Contemporary society offers so many ways of learning that reading books is no longer very important.【155】 当代社会提供了如此之多的学习手段以至于读书已经变得不再那么重要了。
26. Education should be equally devoted to enriching the personal lives of students and to training students to be productive workers.【191】
教育应该平衡的一方面丰富学生的个人生活，一方面把学生培养成训练有素的工作者。
27. The purpose of education should be to provide students with a value system, a standard, a set of ideas-not to prepare them for a specific job. 【201】
教育的目的应该是给予学生一个价值体系，一个标准，一整套想法--而不是为一个具体工作培养他们。
28. Too much emphasis has been placed on the need for students to challenge the assertions of others. In fact, the ability to compromise and work with others-that is, the ability to achieve social harmony-should be a major goal in every school.【213】 人们过于重视了学生们挑战他人主张的要求。实际上，达成社会和谐的能力，比如容让和协作能力，应该成为每一所学校的主要目标。
29. Society should identify those children who have special talents and abilities and begin training them at an early age so that they can eventually excel in their areas of ability. Otherwise, these talents are likely to remain undeveloped. 【214】
社会应该发现那些具有特殊天赋和能力的孩子，并且在年幼的时候就开始训练他们以便于这些孩子最终可以在他们擅长的领域中出类拔萃。否则这些天才就可能会止步不前。
30. Learning for learning's sake is an outdated concept. Today, education must serve an ulterior purpose and be directed toward clear goals.【222】
孤立的教育已经是过时的想法了。现在的教育应该作用于更高的目的并且由清晰的目标来指引。
31. Education is primarily a personal matter; it has little to do with school or college.【223】
教育主要是个人的私事，和中小学或者大学基本上没什么关系。
32. The best way to teach-whether as an educator, employer, or parent-is to praise positive actions and ignore negative ones.【228】
无论是作为教育者、雇主或者是父母，教育最好的方法就是赞扬积极的行为而无视消极的行为。
统一和分歧、教育之赞扬和批评
33. College students-and people in general-prefer to follow directions rather than make their own decisions. Therefore, colleges should eliminate as many choices as possible in order to offer students clear direction.【230】
大学学生和普通大众宁愿听从指示而不愿意自己做决定。因此，大学应该尽可能为学生减少选择以便于为学生们提供一个明确的方向。
34. The purpose of education should be to create an academic environment that is separate from the outside world. This kind of environment is ideal because it allows students to focus on important ideas without being held back by practical concerns.
【232】
教育的目的应该是要创造出一个隔离于外界的学术环境。这样的环境最理想因为这样可以使学生们不受功利的干扰而专注于重要的理念。
35. Although innovations such as video, computers, and the internet seem
to offer schools improved methods for instructing students, these technologies all too often distract from real learning.【233】
尽管诸如电视、电脑和互联网这样的发明似乎给学校教育提供了进步的手段，但是所有这些技术往往也是在偏离真正的学习。
36. Encouraging young people to believe that they can accomplish great things if they try hard enough is both misleading and potentially harmful.【236】
鼓励年轻人们相信只要他们努力就能够完成伟大的事情，这样做不仅仅是在误导而且存在着潜在的危害性。
二 学习类 1. We can usually learn much more from people whose views we share than from people whose vies contradict our own. Disagreement can cause stress and inhibit learning.【1】
通常，我们从与我们意见相同的人身上学到的要比从那些与我们意见相悖的人身上学的东西要多得多；（因为）意见不统一会带来压力并且阻碍学习。（意见相同可以鼓励人们学习的积极性，人们更愿意从和自己意见相同的人身上学习；使人们盲目自信，看不到自己的缺点而阻碍进步，和自己相同的人知识面有限制，意见不同可以找出学习中的不足；打击人们的信心，带来压力阻碍进步）
2. No field of study can advance significantly unless outsiders bring their
knowledge and experience to that field of study. 【4】
在任何一个研究领域当中，除非有该领域之外的人引进他们的知识和经验，否则该领域就很难获得巨大的发展。（Outsider: a person does not belong to a particular
group）
3. Anyone can make things bigger and more complex. What requires real effort and
courage is to move in the opposite direction-in other words, to make things as simple as possible.【25】
任何人都可以把事情简单复杂化，但是需要真正努力和勇气的恰恰相反，也就是说应该把事情变得尽可能的简单。
4. Students should memories facts only after they have studied the ideas,
trends, and concepts that help explain those facts. Students who have learned only facts have learned very little.【28】
学生们在记忆知识的时候应该先学习有助于解释那些知识的理念、潮流和概念。仅仅死学知识的学生是学不到什么东西的。
5. The intellectual benefits of attending a university or college are vastly
overrated: most people could learn more by studying and reading on their own for four years than by pursuing a university or college degree.【39】
大学学习的好处被过分的高估了：大多数人如果通过研究和阅读的方式自学四年的话，会比追求一个大学学位学到的更多。
6. Scholars and researches should not be concerned with whether their work makes a contribution to the larger society. It is more important that they pursue their individual interests, however unusual or idiosyncratic those interests may seem.
【40】
我们不应该仅仅关注学者和研究者的著作能否对社会做出贡献。更重要的是关注他们如何追求实现自己的兴趣，无论那些兴趣显得是多么的非同寻常。
7. Because learning is not a solitary activity but one that requires collaboration among people, students of all ages will benefit academically if they work frequently in groups.【42】
由于学习不是一种孤立的行为而是需要人们之间合作的，所以各种年龄的学生如果经常小组学习的话就会在学术上受益匪浅。 这也是这次一模的考试题的母题，不过不会再考。
8. The depth of knowledge to be gained from books is much richer and broader than what can be learned from direct experience.【57】
通过书本获得的知识要比通过直接体验获得的知识要更加丰富和广泛。
9. Too much emphasis is placed on role models. Instead of copying others, people should learn to think and act independently and thus make the choices that are best for them.【59】
太多的注意力被放在了模式化方面。与其模仿别人，人们还不如学习独立思考和作出最适合自己的选择。
10. All students should be required to take courses in the sciences, even
if they have no interest in science.【80】
所有的学生都应该被要求去学习科学课程，即使他们对科学毫无兴趣。
11. College students should be encouraged to pursue subjects that interest them rather than seek programs that promise entry into the job market.【90】 大学学生应该被鼓励去学习他们感兴趣的学科而不是那些容易找工作的学科。
12. In any academic area or professional field, it is just as important to
recognize the limits of our knowledge and understanding as it is to acquire new facts and information.【92】
在任何学术或者职业领域中，承认我们知识和理解的不足同获取新的知识同等重要。
13. All students should be required to take at least one course in ethics
, even if taking the course means a decreased emphasis on academic subjects.
【116】
所有的学生都应该被要求至少选修一门道德课，即使学这门课意味着会影响学术课程的学习。
14. The depth of knowledge to be gained from books is richer and broader than what can be learned from direct experience.【117】
从书本中获得的知识要比通过直接经验获得的知识内容更加丰富，范围更加广阔。
15. We owe almost all our knowledge not to people who have agreed, but to people who have disagreed.【122】
我们所掌握的知识差不多都是源于持不同意见者而非意见相同者。
16. Society's external rewards are no measure of true success. True success can be measured only in relation to the goals one sets for oneself.【126】
社会给予的客观奖励并不能衡量真正的成功。真正的成功只能是取决于一个人为他自己设定的目标。
17. Facts are stubborn things. They cannot be altered by our wishes, our inclinations, or the dictates of our passions. 【127】
事实都是固执的。它不可能随着我们的愿望、喜好或者情绪而改变。
18. Students should bring a certain skepticism to whatever they study. They should question what they are taught instead of accepting it passively.【153】
无论学生们学习什么都应该带着一定的疑问。学生们应该质疑老师教授的东西而不只是被动的接受。
19. There is no such thing as purely objective observation. All observation
is subjective; it is always guided by the observer's expectations or desires.【157】 纯粹客观的观察是不存在的。所有的观察都是主观的；观察总是被观察者的预期或者喜好所左右的。
20. The human mind will always be superior to machines because machines are only tools of human minds.【159】
人类的智慧将总是高于机器，因为机器只是人类智慧的工具。
21. Critical judgment of work, in any given field has little value unless
comes from someone who is an expert in that field.【168】
批判性的判断在任何领域当中都是没什么用处的，除非它是来自于该领域中的专家。
22. People who pursue their own intellectual interests for purely personal reasons are more likely to benefit the rest of the world than are people
who try to act for the public good.【171】
能够造福社会的是那些纯粹出于个人原因而追求自己兴趣知识的人，而不是那些打算为大众谋福利的人。
23. Originality does not mean thinking something that was never thought before; it means putting old ideas together in new ways. 【173】
创新并不意味着一定要想一些人们从未想过的东西；它意味着用新方法来重组老观点。
24. The study of ac academic discipline alters the way we perceive the world. After studying the discipline, we see the same world as before, but with different eyes.
【177】
对于一门学科的研究会改变我们对世界的看法。在学习这门学科之后，我们看到的世界一如既往，但是我们本身的角度和眼光已然不同。
25. What most human beings really want to attain is not knowledge, but certainty. Gaining real knowledge requires taking risks and keeping the mind open-but most people prefer to be reassured rather than to learn the complex and often unsettling truth about anything.【179】
大多人真正想要得到的不是知识而是结论。获得真正的知识需要冒险和不停歇的思考--但是大多数人更愿意获得确定的答案而不是去学习复杂而不确定的真理。
26. The way students and scholars interpret the materials they work with in their academic fields is more of personality than of training. Different
interpretations come about when people with different personalities look
at exactly the same objects, facts, data, or events and see different things. 【181】 学生和学者们在诠释学术研究对象时使用的方法更多的是一种个性化（因人而异）而非一种培训（模式化）。不同的诠释来自于具有不同个性的人在看待相同的目标、事实、数据或者事件的时候以及他们在看待不同事情的时候。
27. It is dangerous to trust only intelligence.【182】
只相信聪明才智是危险的。
28. As we acquire more knowledge, things do not become more comprehensible, but more complex and more mysterious. 【183】
当我们获得越来越多的知识，事情并没有变的更加透彻，相反是变的更复杂更神秘。
29. It is a grave mistake to theorize before one has data. 【184】
在掌握足够资料之前建立理论会导致严重的错误
30. The most elusive knowledge is self-knowledge, and it is usually acquired through solitude, rather than through interaction with others.【200】
最艰深难懂的学问都是自知之明的，这些学问通常都是独立发展起来的而非通过和其他学科的交流。
31. We learn through direct experience; to accept a theory without experiencing it is to learn nothing at all.【204】
我们通过直接经验来学习，如果没有通过体验来接受一个理论就等于根本没学。
32. As societies all over the world have more and more access to new information, the effects on life-long learning can only be positive.【205】
全世界各个社会获得崭新信息的手段越来越多，这对于人们一生的学习来说是有益无害的。
33. The increase in knowledge is forcing people to specialize. As a result
, the distance between fields of specialization has become so vast that specialists in different areas are rarely able to influence each other.【220】
知识的增加促使了人们的专业化。其结果是不同的专业化领域之间的差异变得越来越大以至于各个领域中的专业人员很少能够互相影响了。
34. The best way to learn a new subject or skill is to study small segments or details in great depth rather than to start by trying to develop a sense of the whole.【229】
学习一门新学科活着新技术的最好方法是深入的学习某一个小的部分或者细节，而不是一开始就试图去从整体来把握。
35. Much of the information that people assume is 'factual' actually turns out to be inaccurate. Thus, any piece of information referred to as a 'fact
' should be mistrusted since it may well be proven false in the future.【239】
大多数人们认为是事实的信息结果实际上都是不准确的。因此，任何据称是事实的信息都应该被质疑，因为它在将来很可能会被证明为是错误的。
同学们，大家好！以下是作文题的主要范畴。分为三种颜色：红色是最重要的，要彻底动笔写全篇文章。蓝色是次重要的，要试试写提纲。黑色（本来的颜色）是不太重要的，你们思考一下关键词怎么写就行了。我已经给你们配好了翻译，每道题目的要求都一样：你是同意还是反对这个说法或者现象？表明观点，写出理由，举出例子。
教育类 1. A nation should require all its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college rather than allow schools in different parts of the nation to determine which academic courses to offer.
一个国家应该要求所有的学生在进入大学之前都学习由国家统一制定的课程，而不是允许由国家不同地区的学校去决定课程的安排。
2．Academic disciplines have become so specialized in recent years that scholars' ideas reach only a narrow audience. Until scholars can reach a wider audience, their ideas will have little use.【9】
近些年来，学科已经细化到了相当的程度以至于学者们的理念只影响小范围的人群。除非学者们能拥有影响等大范围的人群，否则他们的理念将几乎毫无用处。
3. A school or college should pay its teachers at the same rate in all disciplines, regardless of differences in salaries for related fields in the world outside of school. For example, entry-level teachers in mathematics and in the arts should receive the same pay, even if outside of school, math specialists earn a much higher salary on average than do specialists in the arts.【32】
不管在校园外不同领域之间薪水的差异有多大，学校对于所有学科老师的待遇应该是一视同仁的。比如，低年级的数学和美术老师应该享有同样的收入，即便在校外，数学专家的收入一般是要比艺术家高得多。
4. Instead of requiring students to take courses in a variety of disciplines -that is, courses ranging from the arts and the humanities to the physical and biological sciences-colleges and universities should allow students
to enroll only in those courses that will help prepare them for jobs in their
chosen fields. Such concentration is necessary in today's increasingly work-oriented society.【34】
与其要求学生们选修各种各样的学科--从艺术和人文科学到物理和生物科学--大学还不如允许学生们仅仅去选择那些有助于他们今后工作的学科。这种集中在当今这个工作至上的社会是必要的。
5. While some leaders in government, sports, industry, and other areas attribute their success to a well-developed sense of competition, a society can better prepare its young people for leadership by instilling in them a sense of cooperation.【46】 当政府、体育界、工业界和其他领域中的一些领导者将他们的成功归因于一种高度的竞争意识时，一个社会还是应该更好的为那些即将成为领导者的年轻人灌输一种合作的意识。
6. In order to improve the quality of instruction at the college and university level, all faculty should be required to spend time working outside the
academic world in professions relevant to the courses they teach. 【50】
为了改善大学的教学质量，所有的教员都应该被要求花一定时间到学术领域以外去参加和他们所教科目相关的工作。
7. Education will be truly effective only when it is specifically designed
to meet the individual needs and interests of each student.【51】
教育只有被专门设计来满足每一个学生个人需求和兴趣的时候才是真正有效率的。
8. Education encourages students to question and criticize, and therefore does little to promote social harmony.【52】
教育鼓励学生们提出问题和进行批判，这样做的结果无助于促进社会的和谐。
9. College and university education should be free for all students, fully
financed by the government.【53】
大学教育应该对所有学生免费，由政府来全额资助。
10. Competition for high grades seriously limits the quality of learning
at all levels of education.【55】
追求高分严重的限制了教育各阶段的学习质量。
11. Colleges should require students to engage in public-service activities
in order to assure that each student receives a balanced, well-rounded education.
【67】
大学应该要求学生们参加公益活动，这也是为了保证每一个学生都能获得平衡而全面的教育。
12. In most professions and academic fields, imagination is more important than knowledge.【73】
在大多数职业和学术领域中，想象力要比知识更加重要。
13. Schools should be required to teach the essential interconnectedness
of all human beings and thus help eliminate wars, cultural clashes, and other forms of conflict.【78】
学校应该被要求去教授存在于所有人之间的重要联系，这样做可以消灭战争、文化冲突和其他形式的纷争。
14. Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses
outside the student's field of study because acquiring knowledge of various academic disciplines is the best way to become truly educated. 【94】
大学应该要求每一个学生在自己专业课外选修各种学科，因为获得各种学科的知识才是获得真正教育的最好途径。
15. Colleges and universities should offer more courses on popular music, film, advertising, and television because contemporary culture has much
greater relevance for students than do arts and literature of the past. 【98】
大学应该开设更多关于流行音乐、电影、广告和电视的课程，因为当代文化比起过去的文学和艺术与学生们更加息息相关。
16. The pressure to achieve high grades in school seriously limits the quality of learning. An educational environment without grades would promote more genuine intellectual development.【100】
在学校获得高分的压力严重得限制了学习的质量。一个没有分数的教育环境将会促进真正的智力发展。
17. For better or worse, education is a process that involves revising the
ideas, beliefs, and values people held in the past.【102】
不论好坏，教育是一个修正人们过去所持有的理念、信仰和价值观的过程。
18. It is primarily through formal education that a culture tries to perpetuate the ideas it favors and discredit the ideas it fears. 【104】
如果一个文化想要它认为好的理念永世长存而摈弃它厌恶的理念，主要是通过正规的教育。
19. Some educational systems emphasize the development of students' capacity for reasoning and logical thinking, but students would benefit more from an education that also taught them to explore their own emotions. 【112】
一些教育体系强调学生逻辑推理思维能力的发展，但是那些教学生们探究自身情绪的教育对学生们才更有好处。
20. It is often asserted that the purpose of education is to free the mind
and the spirit. In reality, however, formal education tends to restrain
our minds and spirits rather than set them free.【128】
教育的目的据称是要解放思想和精神。然而实际上，正规的教育是要遏制我们的思维和精神而不是解放他们。（Spirit可以解释为勇气或者热情）
21. How children are socialized today determines the destiny of society.
Unfortunately, we have not yet learned how to raise children who can help bring about a better society. 【130】
现在孩子的社会化程度决定了社会的命运。可惜的是，我们还没有学会教孩子怎么样去建设一个更好的社会。
22. The university community consists of three different worlds-the sciences, the humanities, and the social sciences. Because each world operates on its own assumptions and has its own special habits of thinking, rarely is there meaningful interaction among the sciences, the humanities, and the social sciences.【132】 大学包括了三个不同的领域--科学、人文学科以及社会学科。因为每一个领域都根据自己的前提运转，每一个领域都有自己独特的思维习惯，所以在自然科学、人文科学和社会科学之间几乎是不存在有意义的交互的。
23. Students should be encouraged to realize that mental agility and rhetorical skill
must be accompanied by sincerity and the true conviction of their own beliefs.【135】 学生们应该被鼓励而意识到思维的敏捷和口齿的伶俐必须和真诚与坚持自己的信仰相伴随存在。
24. Both parents and communities must be involved in the local schools. Education is too important to leave solely to a group of professional educators.【154】
父母和社会都必须参与到地方的学校中。教育太重要了以至于不能把教育完全交给一群职业教育者。
25. Contemporary society offers so many ways of learning that reading books is no longer very important.【155】 当代社会提供了如此之多的学习手段以至于读书已经变得不再那么重要了。
26. Education should be equally devoted to enriching the personal lives of students and to training students to be productive workers.【191】
教育应该平衡的一方面丰富学生的个人生活，一方面把学生培养成训练有素的工作者。
27. The purpose of education should be to provide students with a value system, a standard, a set of ideas-not to prepare them for a specific job. 【201】
教育的目的应该是给予学生一个价值体系，一个标准，一整套想法--而不是为一个具体工作培养他们。
28. Too much emphasis has been placed on the need for students to challenge the assertions of others. In fact, the ability to compromise and work with others-that is, the ability to achieve social harmony-should be a major goal in every school.【213】 人们过于重视了学生们挑战他人主张的要求。实际上，达成社会和谐的能力，比如容让和协作能力，应该成为每一所学校的主要目标。
29. Society should identify those children who have special talents and abilities and begin training them at an early age so that they can eventually excel in their areas of ability. Otherwise, these talents are likely to remain undeveloped. 【214】
社会应该发现那些具有特殊天赋和能力的孩子，并且在年幼的时候就开始训练他们以便于这些孩子最终可以在他们擅长的领域中出类拔萃。否则这些天才就可能会止步不前。
30. Learning for learning's sake is an outdated concept. Today, education must serve an ulterior purpose and be directed toward clear goals.【222】
孤立的教育已经是过时的想法了。现在的教育应该作用于更高的目的并且由清晰的目标来指引。
31. Education is primarily a personal matter; it has little to do with school or college.【223】
教育主要是个人的私事，和中小学或者大学基本上没什么关系。
32. The best way to teach-whether as an educator, employer, or parent-is to praise positive actions and ignore negative ones.【228】
无论是作为教育者、雇主或者是父母，教育最好的方法就是赞扬积极的行为而无视消极的行为。
统一和分歧、教育之赞扬和批评
33. College students-and people in general-prefer to follow directions rather than make their own decisions. Therefore, colleges should eliminate as many choices as possible in order to offer students clear direction.【230】
大学学生和普通大众宁愿听从指示而不愿意自己做决定。因此，大学应该尽可能为学生减少选择以便于为学生们提供一个明确的方向。
34. The purpose of education should be to create an academic environment that is separate from the outside world. This kind of environment is ideal because it allows students to focus on important ideas without being held back by practical concerns.
【232】
教育的目的应该是要创造出一个隔离于外界的学术环境。这样的环境最理想因为这样可以使学生们不受功利的干扰而专注于重要的理念。
35. Although innovations such as video, computers, and the internet seem
to offer schools improved methods for instructing students, these technologies all too often distract from real learning.【233】
尽管诸如电视、电脑和互联网这样的发明似乎给学校教育提供了进步的手段，但是所有这些技术往往也是在偏离真正的学习。
36. Encouraging young people to believe that they can accomplish great things if they try hard enough is both misleading and potentially harmful.【236】
鼓励年轻人们相信只要他们努力就能够完成伟大的事情，这样做不仅仅是在误导而且存在着潜在的危害性。
二 学习类 1. We can usually learn much more from people whose views we share than from people whose vies contradict our own. Disagreement can cause stress and inhibit learning.【1】
通常，我们从与我们意见相同的人身上学到的要比从那些与我们意见相悖的人身上学的东西要多得多；（因为）意见不统一会带来压力并且阻碍学习。（意见相同可以鼓励人们学习的积极性，人们更愿意从和自己意见相同的人身上学习；使人们盲目自信，看不到自己的缺点而阻碍进步，和自己相同的人知识面有限制，意见不同可以找出学习中的不足；打击人们的信心，带来压力阻碍进步）
2. No field of study can advance significantly unless outsiders bring their
knowledge and experience to that field of study. 【4】
在任何一个研究领域当中，除非有该领域之外的人引进他们的知识和经验，否则该领域就很难获得巨大的发展。（Outsider: a person does not belong to a particular
group）
3. Anyone can make things bigger and more complex. What requires real effort and
courage is to move in the opposite direction-in other words, to make things as simple as possible.【25】
任何人都可以把事情简单复杂化，但是需要真正努力和勇气的恰恰相反，也就是说应该把事情变得尽可能的简单。
4. Students should memories facts only after they have studied the ideas,
trends, and concepts that help explain those facts. Students who have learned only facts have learned very little.【28】
学生们在记忆知识的时候应该先学习有助于解释那些知识的理念、潮流和概念。仅仅死学知识的学生是学不到什么东西的。
5. The intellectual benefits of attending a university or college are vastly
overrated: most people could learn more by studying and reading on their own for four years than by pursuing a university or college degree.【39】
大学学习的好处被过分的高估了：大多数人如果通过研究和阅读的方式自学四年的话，会比追求一个大学学位学到的更多。
6. Scholars and researches should not be concerned with whether their work makes a contribution to the larger society. It is more important that they pursue their individual interests, however unusual or idiosyncratic those interests may seem.
【40】
我们不应该仅仅关注学者和研究者的著作能否对社会做出贡献。更重要的是关注他们如何追求实现自己的兴趣，无论那些兴趣显得是多么的非同寻常。
7. Because learning is not a solitary activity but one that requires collaboration among people, students of all ages will benefit academically if they work frequently in groups.【42】
由于学习不是一种孤立的行为而是需要人们之间合作的，所以各种年龄的学生如果经常小组学习的话就会在学术上受益匪浅。 这也是这次一模的考试题的母题，不过不会再考。
8. The depth of knowledge to be gained from books is much richer and broader than what can be learned from direct experience.【57】
通过书本获得的知识要比通过直接体验获得的知识要更加丰富和广泛。
9. Too much emphasis is placed on role models. Instead of copying others, people should learn to think and act independently and thus make the choices that are best for them.【59】
太多的注意力被放在了模式化方面。与其模仿别人，人们还不如学习独立思考和作出最适合自己的选择。
10. All students should be required to take courses in the sciences, even
if they have no interest in science.【80】
所有的学生都应该被要求去学习科学课程，即使他们对科学毫无兴趣。
11. College students should be encouraged to pursue subjects that interest them rather than seek programs that promise entry into the job market.【90】 大学学生应该被鼓励去学习他们感兴趣的学科而不是那些容易找工作的学科。
12. In any academic area or professional field, it is just as important to
recognize the limits of our knowledge and understanding as it is to acquire new facts and information.【92】
在任何学术或者职业领域中，承认我们知识和理解的不足同获取新的知识同等重要。
13. All students should be required to take at least one course in ethics
, even if taking the course means a decreased emphasis on academic subjects.
【116】
所有的学生都应该被要求至少选修一门道德课，即使学这门课意味着会影响学术课程的学习。
14. The depth of knowledge to be gained from books is richer and broader than what can be learned from direct experience.【117】
从书本中获得的知识要比通过直接经验获得的知识内容更加丰富，范围更加广阔。
15. We owe almost all our knowledge not to people who have agreed, but to people who have disagreed.【122】
我们所掌握的知识差不多都是源于持不同意见者而非意见相同者。
16. Society's external rewards are no measure of true success. True success can be measured only in relation to the goals one sets for oneself.【126】
社会给予的客观奖励并不能衡量真正的成功。真正的成功只能是取决于一个人为他自己设定的目标。
17. Facts are stubborn things. They cannot be altered by our wishes, our inclinations, or the dictates of our passions. 【127】
事实都是固执的。它不可能随着我们的愿望、喜好或者情绪而改变。
18. Students should bring a certain skepticism to whatever they study. They should question what they are taught instead of accepting it passively.【153】
无论学生们学习什么都应该带着一定的疑问。学生们应该质疑老师教授的东西而不只是被动的接受。
19. There is no such thing as purely objective observation. All observation
is subjective; it is always guided by the observer's expectations or desires.【157】 纯粹客观的观察是不存在的。所有的观察都是主观的；观察总是被观察者的预期或者喜好所左右的。
20. The human mind will always be superior to machines because machines are only tools of human minds.【159】
人类的智慧将总是高于机器，因为机器只是人类智慧的工具。
21. Critical judgment of work, in any given field has little value unless
comes from someone who is an expert in that field.【168】
批判性的判断在任何领域当中都是没什么用处的，除非它是来自于该领域中的专家。
22. People who pursue their own intellectual interests for purely personal reasons are more likely to benefit the rest of the world than are people
who try to act for the public good.【171】
能够造福社会的是那些纯粹出于个人原因而追求自己兴趣知识的人，而不是那些打算为大众谋福利的人。
23. Originality does not mean thinking something that was never thought before; it means putting old ideas together in new ways. 【173】
创新并不意味着一定要想一些人们从未想过的东西；它意味着用新方法来重组老观点。
24. The study of ac academic discipline alters the way we perceive the world. After studying the discipline, we see the same world as before, but with different eyes.
【177】
对于一门学科的研究会改变我们对世界的看法。在学习这门学科之后，我们看到的世界一如既往，但是我们本身的角度和眼光已然不同。
25. What most human beings really want to attain is not knowledge, but certainty. Gaining real knowledge requires taking risks and keeping the mind open-but most people prefer to be reassured rather than to learn the complex and often unsettling truth about anything.【179】
大多人真正想要得到的不是知识而是结论。获得真正的知识需要冒险和不停歇的思考--但是大多数人更愿意获得确定的答案而不是去学习复杂而不确定的真理。
26. The way students and scholars interpret the materials they work with in their academic fields is more of personality than of training. Different
interpretations come about when people with different personalities look
at exactly the same objects, facts, data, or events and see different things. 【181】 学生和学者们在诠释学术研究对象时使用的方法更多的是一种个性化（因人而异）而非一种培训（模式化）。不同的诠释来自于具有不同个性的人在看待相同的目标、事实、数据或者事件的时候以及他们在看待不同事情的时候。
27. It is dangerous to trust only intelligence.【182】
只相信聪明才智是危险的。
28. As we acquire more knowledge, things do not become more comprehensible, but more complex and more mysterious. 【183】
当我们获得越来越多的知识，事情并没有变的更加透彻，相反是变的更复杂更神秘。
29. It is a grave mistake to theorize before one has data. 【184】
在掌握足够资料之前建立理论会导致严重的错误
30. The most elusive knowledge is self-knowledge, and it is usually acquired through solitude, rather than through interaction with others.【200】
最艰深难懂的学问都是自知之明的，这些学问通常都是独立发展起来的而非通过和其他学科的交流。
31. We learn through direct experience; to accept a theory without experiencing it is to learn nothing at all.【204】
我们通过直接经验来学习，如果没有通过体验来接受一个理论就等于根本没学。
32. As societies all over the world have more and more access to new information, the effects on life-long learning can only be positive.【205】
全世界各个社会获得崭新信息的手段越来越多，这对于人们一生的学习来说是有益无害的。
33. The increase in knowledge is forcing people to specialize. As a result
, the distance between fields of specialization has become so vast that specialists in different areas are rarely able to influence each other.【220】
知识的增加促使了人们的专业化。其结果是不同的专业化领域之间的差异变得越来越大以至于各个领域中的专业人员很少能够互相影响了。
34. The best way to learn a new subject or skill is to study small segments or details in great depth rather than to start by trying to develop a sense of the whole.【229】
学习一门新学科活着新技术的最好方法是深入的学习某一个小的部分或者细节，而不是一开始就试图去从整体来把握。
35. Much of the information that people assume is 'factual' actually turns out to be inaccurate. Thus, any piece of information referred to as a 'fact
' should be mistrusted since it may well be proven false in the future.【239】
大多数人们认为是事实的信息结果实际上都是不准确的。因此，任何据称是事实的信息都应该被质疑，因为它在将来很可能会被证明为是错误的。