非谓语动词
一，什么是非谓语？
在英语句子中，动词有两类，一类是谓语动词，另一类是非谓语动词，例如 I work 一句中，work 是谓语动词，如果把句子改成I want to work .句子中的谓语动词则变成了want, 而 to work 就是非谓语动词。
非谓语有三种形式： 动词不定式，分词（现在分词，过去分词），动名词
一。分词：
分为现在分词和过去分词，在句子中作定语，状语，表语和宾语补足语。区别： 在语态上，现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动
在时间上，现在分词表示的动作往往正在进行或者与谓语动词同时发生，过去分词表示的动作已经完成或没有一定的时间性。
如： falling leaves fallen leaves
二，分词的作用：
1，做定语;
1,单个分词作定语，分词前置。
例句; The sleeping boy is my son.
The excited people rushed into the building.
A lost opportunity never returns. He is a retired worker.
2,分词短语作定语，分词后置，分词修饰不定代词 something 等要后置，个别分词如give,left 等作定语也后置。
例句： The girl standing under the tree is my niece.
The building built last year is our library. This is the question given. 3, 过去分词作定语与其修饰的词是被动关系，相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。 例句： Most of the people invited to the party were famous scienists. 应用：
1. The first textbook _________________- for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.
A.have written B.to be written C. Being written D.written
2. What’s the language ________________ in Germany?
A.speaking B.spoken C.be spoken D.to speak
3. Prices of daily goods ____________ through a computer can be lower than store prices.
A.are bought B.bought C.been bought D.buying
4. When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door _______”Sorry to miss you,will call later.
A.read B.reads C.to read D.reading
2.作状语：
现在分词和过去分词在句子中可以作时间，原因，方式，伴随，条件，结果等状语。
Not receiving any letter from him. I gave him a call.
As I didn’t receive any letter from him, I gave him a call.
Given more attention,, the trees could have grown better.
If more attention was given, the trees could have grown better.
应用：
_________ some officials, Napoleon inspected his army.
A.Followed B.Followed by C.Being followed D.Having been followed There was a terrible noise _____________ the sudden burst of light.
A.followed B.following C.to be followed D.being followed ____________, liquids can be changed into gases.
A.Heating, B.To be heating C.Heated D,Heat
难点： 选择现在分词还是选择过去分词，关键看主句的主语，如分词的动作是由主句的主语发出，分词就用现在分词，反之，就用过去分词。
例句： Being used for a long time,the book looks old.
Using the book, I find it useful.
分词做状语时，其逻辑主语必须和主句的主语一致，如果不一致，就用独立主格结构，即在分词前面加上他的逻辑主语，现在分词的完成时主要用于状语。一般不用做定语。
When _____, the museum will be open to the public next year.
A.completed B.completing C.being completed D.to be completed ______ such heavy pollution already, the river becomes dead water.
A.Having suffered B.Suffering C, To suffer D.Suffered
3. 做定语。
现在分词作表语多用于主语具有的特征，过去分词作表语多指主语所处的状态。 The film is touching.
The glass is broken.
4, 做宾语补足语。
分词和不定式一样，在一些感官动词或者使役动词后面做宾语补足语。 I smell something burning.
I heard him singing the song.
I heard my name called.
5. 做插入语。
其结构式固定的，意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。
Generally speaking talking of/ speaking of
Strictly speaking judging from
All things considered taking all things into consideration
重点： 分词的时态：
1.与主语动词同时
例句： Arriving there, they found the boy dead.
The secretary worked late into the night,________ a long speech for the president.
A.to prepare B.preparing C.prepared D.was preparing
2. 先于主语动词：
分词作时间状语，如果先于主动词的动作，且强调先后，要用having done.如： Having finished his homework,he went out for a walk.
After he had finished his homework, he went out for a walk.
—————— a reply,he decided to write again.
A.Not receiving B.Receiving not C.Not having received D.Having not received
分词的语态：
1. 通常情况下，现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动。
He is the man giving giving you the book.
She is the girl who was stopped by the car.
不及物动词的过去分词表示动作已经发生，像 ：gone, fallen, retired, grown-up,escaped, faded, returned.
例句; a retired person a fallen ball
A burnt-out match
二，动名词
动名词具有动词和名词的特征，在句子中作主语，表语，宾语和定语。
1. 做主语：
谓语动词用单数，It代替动名词作主语，常用于如下结构:
It is no using doing
例句; It’s no good waiting here.
Seeing is believing.
2. 作宾语：
I enjoy listening to music.
只能接动名词作宾语的动词：
Admit advise risk appreciate, envy, avoid, consider, delay, deny, enjoy, escape, finish, forgive, understand, give up, imagine, keep, mind, miss, practice, put off, resist, suggest
Can’t help can’t stand, devote to, look forward to, stick to, be used to, object to, be busy, feel like be surprised at, be proud of, succeed in, be afraid of, give up 只能接不定式作宾语的动词;
Happen, offer, promise, agree, refuse, decide, determine, pretend, fail, learn, wish, hope, expect, afford.
接动名词和不定式均可的:
接动名词和不定式意义不一样的：
In some parts of London, missing a bus means _______ for another hour.
A.waiting B.to waiting C.wait D.to be waiting
Need ,require, want 作需要讲， deserve 值得， 其后用动名词的主动式表示被动，be worth 也有类似用法。
3， 作表语;
此时的动名词可以和主语调换位置。
My hobby is collecting stamps.
Her job is washing, cleaning and taking care of the child.
3. 作定语;
动名词作定语，一般表示用途， 如a waiting room, an operating room,
难点： 现在分词作定语表示动作，它与所修饰的名词之间存在逻辑上的主胃关系，
可改为一个定语从句。
如果是单数，放在被修饰名词之前，为短语，放在名词之后。
A sleeping boy ==== a boy who is sleeping
A developing country ==== a country which is developing
动名词作定语通常表示它所修饰的名词的用途或性质，可改写成一个for 的短语，两者不存在逻辑上主谓关系。
动名词的动作发生在谓语动词所表示之前，通常要用完成时，否则都用一般式，如; We are interested in playing chess.
He was praised for having finished the work ahead of time.
非谓语动词
一，什么是非谓语？
在英语句子中，动词有两类，一类是谓语动词，另一类是非谓语动词，例如 I work 一句中，work 是谓语动词，如果把句子改成I want to work .句子中的谓语动词则变成了want, 而 to work 就是非谓语动词。
非谓语有三种形式： 动词不定式，分词（现在分词，过去分词），动名词
一。分词：
分为现在分词和过去分词，在句子中作定语，状语，表语和宾语补足语。区别： 在语态上，现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动
在时间上，现在分词表示的动作往往正在进行或者与谓语动词同时发生，过去分词表示的动作已经完成或没有一定的时间性。
如： falling leaves fallen leaves
二，分词的作用：
1，做定语;
1,单个分词作定语，分词前置。
例句; The sleeping boy is my son.
The excited people rushed into the building.
A lost opportunity never returns. He is a retired worker.
2,分词短语作定语，分词后置，分词修饰不定代词 something 等要后置，个别分词如give,left 等作定语也后置。
例句： The girl standing under the tree is my niece.
The building built last year is our library. This is the question given. 3, 过去分词作定语与其修饰的词是被动关系，相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。 例句： Most of the people invited to the party were famous scienists. 应用：
1. The first textbook _________________- for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.
A.have written B.to be written C. Being written D.written
2. What’s the language ________________ in Germany?
A.speaking B.spoken C.be spoken D.to speak
3. Prices of daily goods ____________ through a computer can be lower than store prices.
A.are bought B.bought C.been bought D.buying
4. When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door _______”Sorry to miss you,will call later.
A.read B.reads C.to read D.reading
2.作状语：
现在分词和过去分词在句子中可以作时间，原因，方式，伴随，条件，结果等状语。
Not receiving any letter from him. I gave him a call.
As I didn’t receive any letter from him, I gave him a call.
Given more attention,, the trees could have grown better.
If more attention was given, the trees could have grown better.
应用：
_________ some officials, Napoleon inspected his army.
A.Followed B.Followed by C.Being followed D.Having been followed There was a terrible noise _____________ the sudden burst of light.
A.followed B.following C.to be followed D.being followed ____________, liquids can be changed into gases.
A.Heating, B.To be heating C.Heated D,Heat
难点： 选择现在分词还是选择过去分词，关键看主句的主语，如分词的动作是由主句的主语发出，分词就用现在分词，反之，就用过去分词。
例句： Being used for a long time,the book looks old.
Using the book, I find it useful.
分词做状语时，其逻辑主语必须和主句的主语一致，如果不一致，就用独立主格结构，即在分词前面加上他的逻辑主语，现在分词的完成时主要用于状语。一般不用做定语。
When _____, the museum will be open to the public next year.
A.completed B.completing C.being completed D.to be completed ______ such heavy pollution already, the river becomes dead water.
A.Having suffered B.Suffering C, To suffer D.Suffered
3. 做定语。
现在分词作表语多用于主语具有的特征，过去分词作表语多指主语所处的状态。 The film is touching.
The glass is broken.
4, 做宾语补足语。
分词和不定式一样，在一些感官动词或者使役动词后面做宾语补足语。 I smell something burning.
I heard him singing the song.
I heard my name called.
5. 做插入语。
其结构式固定的，意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。
Generally speaking talking of/ speaking of
Strictly speaking judging from
All things considered taking all things into consideration
重点： 分词的时态：
1.与主语动词同时
例句： Arriving there, they found the boy dead.
The secretary worked late into the night,________ a long speech for the president.
A.to prepare B.preparing C.prepared D.was preparing
2. 先于主语动词：
分词作时间状语，如果先于主动词的动作，且强调先后，要用having done.如： Having finished his homework,he went out for a walk.
After he had finished his homework, he went out for a walk.
—————— a reply,he decided to write again.
A.Not receiving B.Receiving not C.Not having received D.Having not received
分词的语态：
1. 通常情况下，现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动。
He is the man giving giving you the book.
She is the girl who was stopped by the car.
不及物动词的过去分词表示动作已经发生，像 ：gone, fallen, retired, grown-up,escaped, faded, returned.
例句; a retired person a fallen ball
A burnt-out match
二，动名词
动名词具有动词和名词的特征，在句子中作主语，表语，宾语和定语。
1. 做主语：
谓语动词用单数，It代替动名词作主语，常用于如下结构:
It is no using doing
例句; It’s no good waiting here.
Seeing is believing.
2. 作宾语：
I enjoy listening to music.
只能接动名词作宾语的动词：
Admit advise risk appreciate, envy, avoid, consider, delay, deny, enjoy, escape, finish, forgive, understand, give up, imagine, keep, mind, miss, practice, put off, resist, suggest
Can’t help can’t stand, devote to, look forward to, stick to, be used to, object to, be busy, feel like be surprised at, be proud of, succeed in, be afraid of, give up 只能接不定式作宾语的动词;
Happen, offer, promise, agree, refuse, decide, determine, pretend, fail, learn, wish, hope, expect, afford.
接动名词和不定式均可的:
接动名词和不定式意义不一样的：
In some parts of London, missing a bus means _______ for another hour.
A.waiting B.to waiting C.wait D.to be waiting
Need ,require, want 作需要讲， deserve 值得， 其后用动名词的主动式表示被动，be worth 也有类似用法。
3， 作表语;
此时的动名词可以和主语调换位置。
My hobby is collecting stamps.
Her job is washing, cleaning and taking care of the child.
3. 作定语;
动名词作定语，一般表示用途， 如a waiting room, an operating room,
难点： 现在分词作定语表示动作，它与所修饰的名词之间存在逻辑上的主胃关系，
可改为一个定语从句。
如果是单数，放在被修饰名词之前，为短语，放在名词之后。
A sleeping boy ==== a boy who is sleeping
A developing country ==== a country which is developing
动名词作定语通常表示它所修饰的名词的用途或性质，可改写成一个for 的短语，两者不存在逻辑上主谓关系。
动名词的动作发生在谓语动词所表示之前，通常要用完成时，否则都用一般式，如; We are interested in playing chess.
He was praised for having finished the work ahead of time.