计算机应用型人才的培养模式研究
作者：刘钦 湖北师范学院信工0905班 [1**********]15
摘要：本文针对目前计算机专业毕业生就业现状，分析了信息化社会对计算机人才的需求，并由此分析了目前计算机专业教育教学中存在的问题，并提出了计算机应用型人才培养的几点建议，以培养应用型人才为目的，改革教学体系与课程设置，开展校企合作，加强师资队伍建设。
关键词：计算机专业；实用型人才；教学改革；校企合作
随着计算机的应用，尤其是网络应用的普及，计算机科学与技术及其应用在我国有了很大的发展，计算机专业的教育也得到了发展。但现状是大部分计算机专业毕业生缺乏实际应用开发设计能力，不能很好地将计算机科学与技术专业的知识应用到生产生活中。计算机专业就业市场上一方面是企业急需大量的人才，却难以选择到满意的求职者；另一方面是高校培养出来的毕业生难以满足企业的需要，就业率持续走低。在计算机日益普及的今天，信息化的社会需要什么样的计算机人才，高校如何根据信息化社会的发展及时调整计算机专业的培养方向及教学方法，培养符合社会需求的计算机类人才是值得我们关注的一个问题。
一、信息化社会对计算机人才的需求。
对计算机人才的需求是由社会发展大环境决定的，我国的国家信息化进程已经并将继续对计算机人才的需求产生重要的影响。
随着我国信息化进程的深入，计算机专业的就业领域也逐渐扩大，毕业生可在科研、教育、企业、事业、技术和管理论文" target="_blank">行政管理等单位或部门从事计算机教学、软件开发与维护、信息系统建设与维护、计算机相关技术咨询与监理等工作，可从事的职业岗位包括软硬件开发工程师、软件测试工程师、技术支持工程师、信息工程监理工程师、网络集成工程师、系统管理员等专业技术岗位。除此之外，许多非计算机行业的企事业单位也需要大量熟悉计算机专业相关技术的计算机专业工程师。然而，就业选择面如此之广的计算机专业的毕业生，却面临着就业的难题。
在经济全球化背景下，企事业单位有很大的生存压力，一方面企业要努力提高自身在市场的竞争能力；而一方面企业要缩减开支，降低其运营成本。在现在的就业形势和企业竞争条件下，市场出现了某种“供大于求”的现象。因此，企业在招聘员工的时候，有了更多的选择余地，同时也提出了更高的要求。
调查结果显示，企业中不同部门的负责人对应聘者专业技能的要求不同。人力资源主管认为毕业生必须具备的专业技能分别是：编程实践能力、操作系统、数据库，而IT 项目主管认为毕业生必须具备的专业技能则分别是：编程实践能力、数据结构、算法知识，此外依次需要具备数据库、软件工程和操作系统。
分别有87.9%的人力资源主管和81.7%的IT 项目主管在招聘员工时会看重应聘者的实践经验。不少企业会参看毕业生是否参加过项目或实习，以及是否担任过学生干部等条件。57.7%的IT 项目主管表示，会先安排新员工直接进入工作，然后在实践当中根据需要再进行有针对性的培养。
二、计算机专业发展现状及存在问题分析。
计算机专业毕业生“就业难”的根本原因不是人才过剩，而是供需结构性失衡。近年来，虽然国内外高校和学术团体都在积极探索计算机科学与技术专业人才培养模式的改革，但由于受美国“91 教学计划”和本专业理论体系的影响，制订的专业教学计划仍然不能脱离原课程体系的框架，既要兼顾学生具有较完整的理论基础，又要强调培养学生较好的实践能力，一些理论深、难度大的课程在教学计划中仍占有较大的比重，而另一些应用性较强的课程难以全面进入教学计划。对以培养应用型人才为主的高校而言，更存在既不能让学生掌握扎实、完整的专业理论基础，又不能培养学生熟练的应用能力的问题，由此出现了顾此失彼、实际效果差的局面，从而导致了一方面社会对计算机专业人才的需求在不断增加，而另一方面大量的计算机专业毕业生无法找到工作的供需矛盾，反映了计算机科学与技术专业人才培养中存在的实际问题。因此，无论是按照高等教育理论的发展，还是在实际办学过程中，都应该培养学生正确的、基本的实验方式、方法与应用技能，对专业学生应要求具有必要的理论基础和一定的技术开发、应用能力。
当前，计算机科学与技术专业培养人才过程中的主要矛盾是：
按照过去对计算机科学与技术专业人才培养的认识，计算机科学与技术学科是关于算法的学问，培养的人才必须具有开展算法研究与应用的能力。这是一种以专业学术发展和研究为导向的培养模式，在此模式下，学校重视理论知识的系统传授，轻视应用技能的强化培养，培养的人才偏重于学科型、学术型，缺乏独立解决问题的能力；对计算机开发、管理工具和方法的应用不熟、经验不足、缺乏对现实事物的抽象能力。信息化社会需要的是以职业化为导向的培养模式，要求培养的学生不仅具备扎实的基础理论知识，而且具有较强的实践动手能力。企业要求招聘的毕业生经过短时间的岗前培训就能胜任自己的工作，对于计算机类专业的毕业生，要求学生有很强的动手能力，有项目开发的经验、专业基础比较好，能够熟练运用计算机技术或方法来解决日常工作中遇到的一些问题。
综合分析，造成计算机专业毕业生“就业难”的主要因素有如下几个：
1. 专业定位与社会发展脱节。
高等教育在计算机科学理论研究与知识推广方面有比较好的优势，但对于社会需求的应用型人才的培养上却有些单一。
2. 教学方法与内容陈旧。
目前大多数院校的计算机专业课程设置仍然沿照多年前的专业设置方案，未能与计算机科学的发展与计算机应用的发展同步前进。
3. 实习实践环节缺乏。
大多数院校以课程设计、毕业设计作为实习实践的环节，这些实践环节存在着学科片面性、与企业应用脱钩、缺乏系统的、全面的、充分的实习实践环节。
4. 师资建设滞后。
教学一线的教师多属于理论型教师，教学任务繁重，无暇从事应用项目的开发科研工作，缺少实践应用经验，无法在计算机应用上给学生提供更好的指导建议
Computer application-oriented research training mode Abstract: computer science graduates for the current status, analysis of the information society the demand for computer professionals, and thus analysis of the current computer science education and teaching problems, and proposed computer applications Talents Suggestions to develop application-oriented personnel for the purpose of the reform of education system and curriculum, to carry out school-enterprise cooperation, strengthening the teaching staff.
Keywords: computer science; practical talents; teaching reform; school-enterprise cooperation
With the application of computers, especially the popularity of network applications, computer science and technology and its applications in China has been greatly developed, computer science education has also been developed. But the status quo is that most computer science graduates lack practical application development and design capabilities, can not be a good computer science and technology knowledge to the production of professional life. Computer science job market on the one hand enterprises need a lot of talent, but it is difficult to choose the job satisfaction; the other hand, trained college graduates can not meet the needs of enterprises, employment continued to decline. Today the growing popularity of computer, information-oriented society and what kind of computer professionals, college how the development of information society to adjust the direction of computer science training and teaching methods, computer training classes meet the needs of the community people are worthy of our attention a problem. First, the information society the demand for computer professionals.
The demand for computer professionals is determined by the environment of social development, China's national information process has been and will continue to demand computer professionals have an important impact. With the deepening of the process of China's information technology, computer science has gradually expanded the area of employment of graduates in scientific research, education, business, career, technical and management papers "target =" _blank "> administrative and other units or departments engaged in computer education , software
development and maintenance, construction and maintenance of information systems, computer-related technical advice and supervision, etc., can be engaged in professional positions, including hardware and software engineers, software test engineers, technical support engineers, information, project supervision engineers, network integration engineer, system administrators and other professional and technical posts. In addition, many non-computer industry enterprises also need a lot of familiar computer science-related computer technology professional engineers, however, face such a wide choice of employment of computer science graduates, are facing the employment problem.
In the context of economic globalization, enterprises have great pressure to survive, while enterprises should strive to improve their competitiveness in the market; while on the one hand enterprises to cut costs, reduce their operating costs. In the present employment situation and the competitive conditions, the market has some kind of "oversupply" of the phenomenon. Therefore, when companies in the recruitment of staff, have more choice, but also put forward higher requirements.
Survey, companies in charge of different departments of the candidates who require different professional skills. Human resources director that graduates must have the professional skills are: ability to practice programming, operating systems, databases, and IT project managers that the graduates must have the professional skills you are: programming ability in practice, data structures, algorithms, knowledge, in addition in turn requires a database, software engineering and operating systems. Respectively 87.9% and 81.7% of the human resources director of IT project manager in the recruitment of employees will value the candidate's experience. Many companies will see graduates participated in the project or internship, and whether other conditions served as student leaders. 57.7% of the IT project manager, said new employees will be arranged directly into the work, and in practice need to be targeted according to the training.
Second, the computer professional development status and problems of analysis. Computer science graduates, "Employment" is not the root cause of excess personnel, but the structural imbalance between supply and demand. In recent years, despite domestic and foreign universities and academic institutions are actively exploring computer science and technology professionals to develop patterns of reform, but because the U.S. "91 teaching program" and the impact of the theoretical system of the profession, the professional development of teaching programs is still not out original curriculum framework, we must take into account students with a more complete theoretical basis, but also emphasizes the practical ability of students better, some theoretical deep and difficult courses in the teaching program is still a large proportion, while others applied a strong full access to the teaching curriculum is difficult to plan. Applied for in order to cultivate talent-based colleges, allows students to master the more there is neither a solid, complete theoretical basis of professional, skilled students can not question the ability of the application, which appeared in trade-off, the actual situation of poor , resulting in one hand, society's demand for computer professionals is increasing, while the other hand, a large number of computer science graduates are unable to find a job supply and demand, reflecting the professional computer science and technology training in practical problems. Therefore, whether the theory is in accordance with the
development of higher education, or in the actual educational process, students should be correct, the basic experimental approach, methods and application of skills, the students should be required to have the necessary theoretical basis and some technology development , application capabilities.
Currently, computer science and technology professional personnel training process is the main contradiction is: In accordance with the past, computer science and technology professionals to develop understanding of computer science and technical disciplines of knowledge about algorithms, trained people to carry out algorithm must have the ability to research and application. This is a professional academic development and research-oriented training model, in this mode, the emphasis on theoretical knowledge of the school system to teach, to strengthen the contempt application skills training, emphasis on discipline and training of personnel-based, academic-type, lack of independent solutions problems; of computer development, application management tools and methods unfamiliar, inexperienced, lack of ability to abstract the real thing. Information needs of the community is driven into the professional training model, requires training students not only have a solid foundation of theoretical knowledge, but also has a strong practical ability. Graduate recruitment company requires pre-service training through short-term can do their work for a computer class graduates, require students to have a strong practical ability, experience in project development, professional basis is better able to skillfully the use of computer technology or method to solve everyday problems encountered in the work. Comprehensive analysis, resulting in computer science graduates, "Employment" has the following main factors:
1 professional orientation and social development of touch. Higher education in computer science theory and knowledge have a better advantage of the promotion, but for the social needs of the application-oriented talents, but on some single.
(2) teaching methods and content of the old. Most institutions are still along the computer science curriculum set according to years of professional program, not with the development of computer science and computer applications go hand in hand.
3. Practice, practice areas lack.
Most institutions in curriculum design, graduate design as part of practice, practice, practice areas of these disciplines there are one-sided, separated with enterprise applications, the lack of systematic, comprehensive, full training practice session.
4. Teachers lagged behind. Front-line teachers are teaching more theory-oriented teachers, teaching is arduous, time to engage in applied research and project development work, the lack of practical application experience, not a computer application to provide better guidance to the students suggested
计算机应用型人才的培养模式研究
作者：刘钦 湖北师范学院信工0905班 [1**********]15
摘要：本文针对目前计算机专业毕业生就业现状，分析了信息化社会对计算机人才的需求，并由此分析了目前计算机专业教育教学中存在的问题，并提出了计算机应用型人才培养的几点建议，以培养应用型人才为目的，改革教学体系与课程设置，开展校企合作，加强师资队伍建设。
关键词：计算机专业；实用型人才；教学改革；校企合作
随着计算机的应用，尤其是网络应用的普及，计算机科学与技术及其应用在我国有了很大的发展，计算机专业的教育也得到了发展。但现状是大部分计算机专业毕业生缺乏实际应用开发设计能力，不能很好地将计算机科学与技术专业的知识应用到生产生活中。计算机专业就业市场上一方面是企业急需大量的人才，却难以选择到满意的求职者；另一方面是高校培养出来的毕业生难以满足企业的需要，就业率持续走低。在计算机日益普及的今天，信息化的社会需要什么样的计算机人才，高校如何根据信息化社会的发展及时调整计算机专业的培养方向及教学方法，培养符合社会需求的计算机类人才是值得我们关注的一个问题。
一、信息化社会对计算机人才的需求。
对计算机人才的需求是由社会发展大环境决定的，我国的国家信息化进程已经并将继续对计算机人才的需求产生重要的影响。
随着我国信息化进程的深入，计算机专业的就业领域也逐渐扩大，毕业生可在科研、教育、企业、事业、技术和管理论文" target="_blank">行政管理等单位或部门从事计算机教学、软件开发与维护、信息系统建设与维护、计算机相关技术咨询与监理等工作，可从事的职业岗位包括软硬件开发工程师、软件测试工程师、技术支持工程师、信息工程监理工程师、网络集成工程师、系统管理员等专业技术岗位。除此之外，许多非计算机行业的企事业单位也需要大量熟悉计算机专业相关技术的计算机专业工程师。然而，就业选择面如此之广的计算机专业的毕业生，却面临着就业的难题。
在经济全球化背景下，企事业单位有很大的生存压力，一方面企业要努力提高自身在市场的竞争能力；而一方面企业要缩减开支，降低其运营成本。在现在的就业形势和企业竞争条件下，市场出现了某种“供大于求”的现象。因此，企业在招聘员工的时候，有了更多的选择余地，同时也提出了更高的要求。
调查结果显示，企业中不同部门的负责人对应聘者专业技能的要求不同。人力资源主管认为毕业生必须具备的专业技能分别是：编程实践能力、操作系统、数据库，而IT 项目主管认为毕业生必须具备的专业技能则分别是：编程实践能力、数据结构、算法知识，此外依次需要具备数据库、软件工程和操作系统。
分别有87.9%的人力资源主管和81.7%的IT 项目主管在招聘员工时会看重应聘者的实践经验。不少企业会参看毕业生是否参加过项目或实习，以及是否担任过学生干部等条件。57.7%的IT 项目主管表示，会先安排新员工直接进入工作，然后在实践当中根据需要再进行有针对性的培养。
二、计算机专业发展现状及存在问题分析。
计算机专业毕业生“就业难”的根本原因不是人才过剩，而是供需结构性失衡。近年来，虽然国内外高校和学术团体都在积极探索计算机科学与技术专业人才培养模式的改革，但由于受美国“91 教学计划”和本专业理论体系的影响，制订的专业教学计划仍然不能脱离原课程体系的框架，既要兼顾学生具有较完整的理论基础，又要强调培养学生较好的实践能力，一些理论深、难度大的课程在教学计划中仍占有较大的比重，而另一些应用性较强的课程难以全面进入教学计划。对以培养应用型人才为主的高校而言，更存在既不能让学生掌握扎实、完整的专业理论基础，又不能培养学生熟练的应用能力的问题，由此出现了顾此失彼、实际效果差的局面，从而导致了一方面社会对计算机专业人才的需求在不断增加，而另一方面大量的计算机专业毕业生无法找到工作的供需矛盾，反映了计算机科学与技术专业人才培养中存在的实际问题。因此，无论是按照高等教育理论的发展，还是在实际办学过程中，都应该培养学生正确的、基本的实验方式、方法与应用技能，对专业学生应要求具有必要的理论基础和一定的技术开发、应用能力。
当前，计算机科学与技术专业培养人才过程中的主要矛盾是：
按照过去对计算机科学与技术专业人才培养的认识，计算机科学与技术学科是关于算法的学问，培养的人才必须具有开展算法研究与应用的能力。这是一种以专业学术发展和研究为导向的培养模式，在此模式下，学校重视理论知识的系统传授，轻视应用技能的强化培养，培养的人才偏重于学科型、学术型，缺乏独立解决问题的能力；对计算机开发、管理工具和方法的应用不熟、经验不足、缺乏对现实事物的抽象能力。信息化社会需要的是以职业化为导向的培养模式，要求培养的学生不仅具备扎实的基础理论知识，而且具有较强的实践动手能力。企业要求招聘的毕业生经过短时间的岗前培训就能胜任自己的工作，对于计算机类专业的毕业生，要求学生有很强的动手能力，有项目开发的经验、专业基础比较好，能够熟练运用计算机技术或方法来解决日常工作中遇到的一些问题。
综合分析，造成计算机专业毕业生“就业难”的主要因素有如下几个：
1. 专业定位与社会发展脱节。
高等教育在计算机科学理论研究与知识推广方面有比较好的优势，但对于社会需求的应用型人才的培养上却有些单一。
2. 教学方法与内容陈旧。
目前大多数院校的计算机专业课程设置仍然沿照多年前的专业设置方案，未能与计算机科学的发展与计算机应用的发展同步前进。
3. 实习实践环节缺乏。
大多数院校以课程设计、毕业设计作为实习实践的环节，这些实践环节存在着学科片面性、与企业应用脱钩、缺乏系统的、全面的、充分的实习实践环节。
4. 师资建设滞后。
教学一线的教师多属于理论型教师，教学任务繁重，无暇从事应用项目的开发科研工作，缺少实践应用经验，无法在计算机应用上给学生提供更好的指导建议
Computer application-oriented research training mode Abstract: computer science graduates for the current status, analysis of the information society the demand for computer professionals, and thus analysis of the current computer science education and teaching problems, and proposed computer applications Talents Suggestions to develop application-oriented personnel for the purpose of the reform of education system and curriculum, to carry out school-enterprise cooperation, strengthening the teaching staff.
Keywords: computer science; practical talents; teaching reform; school-enterprise cooperation
With the application of computers, especially the popularity of network applications, computer science and technology and its applications in China has been greatly developed, computer science education has also been developed. But the status quo is that most computer science graduates lack practical application development and design capabilities, can not be a good computer science and technology knowledge to the production of professional life. Computer science job market on the one hand enterprises need a lot of talent, but it is difficult to choose the job satisfaction; the other hand, trained college graduates can not meet the needs of enterprises, employment continued to decline. Today the growing popularity of computer, information-oriented society and what kind of computer professionals, college how the development of information society to adjust the direction of computer science training and teaching methods, computer training classes meet the needs of the community people are worthy of our attention a problem. First, the information society the demand for computer professionals.
The demand for computer professionals is determined by the environment of social development, China's national information process has been and will continue to demand computer professionals have an important impact. With the deepening of the process of China's information technology, computer science has gradually expanded the area of employment of graduates in scientific research, education, business, career, technical and management papers "target =" _blank "> administrative and other units or departments engaged in computer education , software
development and maintenance, construction and maintenance of information systems, computer-related technical advice and supervision, etc., can be engaged in professional positions, including hardware and software engineers, software test engineers, technical support engineers, information, project supervision engineers, network integration engineer, system administrators and other professional and technical posts. In addition, many non-computer industry enterprises also need a lot of familiar computer science-related computer technology professional engineers, however, face such a wide choice of employment of computer science graduates, are facing the employment problem.
In the context of economic globalization, enterprises have great pressure to survive, while enterprises should strive to improve their competitiveness in the market; while on the one hand enterprises to cut costs, reduce their operating costs. In the present employment situation and the competitive conditions, the market has some kind of "oversupply" of the phenomenon. Therefore, when companies in the recruitment of staff, have more choice, but also put forward higher requirements.
Survey, companies in charge of different departments of the candidates who require different professional skills. Human resources director that graduates must have the professional skills are: ability to practice programming, operating systems, databases, and IT project managers that the graduates must have the professional skills you are: programming ability in practice, data structures, algorithms, knowledge, in addition in turn requires a database, software engineering and operating systems. Respectively 87.9% and 81.7% of the human resources director of IT project manager in the recruitment of employees will value the candidate's experience. Many companies will see graduates participated in the project or internship, and whether other conditions served as student leaders. 57.7% of the IT project manager, said new employees will be arranged directly into the work, and in practice need to be targeted according to the training.
Second, the computer professional development status and problems of analysis. Computer science graduates, "Employment" is not the root cause of excess personnel, but the structural imbalance between supply and demand. In recent years, despite domestic and foreign universities and academic institutions are actively exploring computer science and technology professionals to develop patterns of reform, but because the U.S. "91 teaching program" and the impact of the theoretical system of the profession, the professional development of teaching programs is still not out original curriculum framework, we must take into account students with a more complete theoretical basis, but also emphasizes the practical ability of students better, some theoretical deep and difficult courses in the teaching program is still a large proportion, while others applied a strong full access to the teaching curriculum is difficult to plan. Applied for in order to cultivate talent-based colleges, allows students to master the more there is neither a solid, complete theoretical basis of professional, skilled students can not question the ability of the application, which appeared in trade-off, the actual situation of poor , resulting in one hand, society's demand for computer professionals is increasing, while the other hand, a large number of computer science graduates are unable to find a job supply and demand, reflecting the professional computer science and technology training in practical problems. Therefore, whether the theory is in accordance with the
development of higher education, or in the actual educational process, students should be correct, the basic experimental approach, methods and application of skills, the students should be required to have the necessary theoretical basis and some technology development , application capabilities.
Currently, computer science and technology professional personnel training process is the main contradiction is: In accordance with the past, computer science and technology professionals to develop understanding of computer science and technical disciplines of knowledge about algorithms, trained people to carry out algorithm must have the ability to research and application. This is a professional academic development and research-oriented training model, in this mode, the emphasis on theoretical knowledge of the school system to teach, to strengthen the contempt application skills training, emphasis on discipline and training of personnel-based, academic-type, lack of independent solutions problems; of computer development, application management tools and methods unfamiliar, inexperienced, lack of ability to abstract the real thing. Information needs of the community is driven into the professional training model, requires training students not only have a solid foundation of theoretical knowledge, but also has a strong practical ability. Graduate recruitment company requires pre-service training through short-term can do their work for a computer class graduates, require students to have a strong practical ability, experience in project development, professional basis is better able to skillfully the use of computer technology or method to solve everyday problems encountered in the work. Comprehensive analysis, resulting in computer science graduates, "Employment" has the following main factors:
1 professional orientation and social development of touch. Higher education in computer science theory and knowledge have a better advantage of the promotion, but for the social needs of the application-oriented talents, but on some single.
(2) teaching methods and content of the old. Most institutions are still along the computer science curriculum set according to years of professional program, not with the development of computer science and computer applications go hand in hand.
3. Practice, practice areas lack.
Most institutions in curriculum design, graduate design as part of practice, practice, practice areas of these disciplines there are one-sided, separated with enterprise applications, the lack of systematic, comprehensive, full training practice session.
4. Teachers lagged behind. Front-line teachers are teaching more theory-oriented teachers, teaching is arduous, time to engage in applied research and project development work, the lack of practical application experience, not a computer application to provide better guidance to the students suggested