初中英语课本第4册(1983年版)

初中英语课本第四册

LESSON 1

DRILLS （句型练习）

A: Shall I get some chalk?

change the maps on the wall?

return these books to the library?

B: Yes, please. (No, thanks. Let Li Ping do it)

A: What shall we do in our English class tomorrow?

B: We ’ll go over the new words.

have a test.

talk about some pictures.

A: When shall we have the class meeting?

the English evening?

the talk on the history of the party?

B: Next Wednesday afternoon.

A: Where shall we have it?

B: In the meeting-room.

DIALOGUE （对话）

LET ME HELP YOU

W --- Woman

L ---- Liu mei

P ---- Policeman

H ----Husband

(At a street corner.)

W (Looking very worried): Oh, dear! What shall I do?

(Liu Mei is on her way to see a film, but she stops.)

L: What ’s the matter, Granny? Can I help you?

W: I’m here to see my husband. He’s in hospital. He wrote the name of the

hospital in his letter, but I can’t find the letter now. what shall I do? L: It ’s not in any of your pockets?

W: No.

L: Maybe you put it in your basket.

W (looking in her basket): Ah, yes, here it is! (She shows it to Liu Mei.)

L: Yes, this is it.

W: How can I get there? I don’t know the way.

L: I don’t, either, Granny. I’ll ask the policeman. (Runs to the policeman at

the corner.)

L: Excuse me, which is the way to the East Street Hospital?

P: Go down this street, then turn right at the second crossing. At the end of

the road you’ll find the hospital. It’s about half an hour’s walk. But you can get there by bus.

L: Which bus shall I take?

P: The No.3 bus over there. It’ll take you right there.

L: Thank you. (Runs back to the old woman.) Granny, the hospital is a bit

far from here. Shall we go by bus?

W: All right.

(Twenty minutes later the old woman finds her husband. How happy they are to see each other!)

H: But how did you get here?

W: This little girl brought me.

H: Which girl?

(They look around but Liu Mei is already gone)

W: What a good girl!

(Liu Mei is very late for the film, but she doesn’t mind.)

GRAMMAR （语法）

冠词 ( The Article)

冠词是一种虚词，放在名词的前面，帮助说明名词的含义。冠词分不定冠词（The Indefinite Article）和定冠词（The Definite Article）两种。a(an)是不定冠词，a 用在辅音之前，如a book, a man; an 用在元音之前，如 an old woman, an hour 等。the 是定冠词。

1、不定冠词的用法

1) a (an) 的基本用法。如：

I am a boy.

Pass me an apple, please.

2) 指某人或某物，但不具体说明何人或何物。如：

A boy is waiting for you.

He borrowed a story-book from the library.

3) 表示数量，有“一”的意思，但数的概念没有one 强烈。如：

I have a mouth, a nose and two eyes.

4) 用于某些固定词组中。如： a bit, a few, a little, a lot of, a piece of, a cup

of, a glass of, a pile of等。

2、定冠词的用法

1) the 的基本用法。如：

Beijing is the capital of China.

The book on the desk is mine.（特指桌上的那本书。注意名词book 被

短语 on the desk 所限定。）

2) 指谈话双方都知道的人或事物。如：

Where is the teacher? （双方都知道指的是哪一位教师。）

Open the window, please. （双方都知道指的是哪一扇窗。）

3) 指上文提过的人或事物。如：

There was a chair by the window. On the chair sat a young woman with a

baby in her arms. The baby was thin.

4) 用在世界上独一无二的事物前。如：

The earth is bigger than the moon, but smaller than the sun.

5) 用在序数词和形容词的最高级前。如：

Mr Green taught the first class.

Alice is the tallest in her class.

6) 用在某些专有名词前。如：the Great Wall, the Summer Palace, the

History Museum, the Science Museum, the Capital Stadium, the

Children ’s Palace, the East Street Hospital, the Party 等。

7) 用在一些习惯用语中。如：in the day, in the morning (afternoon, evening),

the day after tomorrow, the day before yesterday, the next morning, by

the way 等。

3、下列情况中一般不用冠词

1) 在专有名词和不可数名词前。如：China, Grade Two, Class Three, science,

chalk, ink, paper, water, tea, milk等。

2) 名词前已有做定语的this, that, my, your, some, any等代词。如：

The letter is in her basket.

Go down this street.

3) 复数名词表示一类人或事物时。如：

My father and mother are teachers .

She likes reading stories .

4) 在节日、日期、月份、季节前。如：

Today is New Year’s Day.

It is Sunday (Monday, Tuesday, etc)

March 8 is Women ’s Day.

It is cold in winter.

5) 在称呼语或表示头衔的名词前。如：

What ’s the matter, Granny ?

This is Comrade Wang.

6) 在某些习惯用语中的名词前。如：at moon, at night, at first, at last, by bus,

in bed, in time, in front of, go to school, go to bed等。

7) 在三餐饭和球类运动名称前。如：

He goes to school after breakfast.

We are going to play football.

LESSON 2

DRILLS （句型练习） A

A: Were you at home yesterday evening?

B: Yes. I was doing some cooking.

doing some washing.

Were you doing the same thing at that time?

A: No, I wasn’t. I was doing my homework.

A: What were you doing this time yesterday?

were Tom and Peter

was Jenny

B: We were copying the new text.

They were

She was

TEXT （课文）

THE MONKEY AND THE CROCODILE

One day a little monkey was playing in a tall tree by the river. A crocodile was swimming slowly near the bank with her baby. She looked around for some food. Suddenly she saw the monkey. “Aha, there’s my meal,” she thought. She then turned to her son, “Do you love me, Son?”

“Why, of course, Mum!” the baby crocodile said.

“Well then, you catch that monkey and give me his heart to eat.”

“But how can I?” the baby crocodile asked. “Monkeys can’t swim, and I can ’t climb trees.”

“You needn’t climb the tree,” his mother said. “Use your head, then you’ll find a way.”

The baby crocodile thought hard. The he had an idea. He swam near the tree and shouted, “Hey, Monkey! Would you like some bananas?”

“Bananas! Mm! I love them,” said the monkey. “But where are they?”

“On the other side of the river. There are some banana trees there, and they have lots of bananas on them. I’ll take you there on my back.”

“Good, ” the monkey came down and jumped onto the crocodile’s back. (To be continued)

GRAMMAR （语法）

疑问句 (The Interrogative Sentence)

英语的疑问句有四种：一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句。

1、一般疑问句 (The General Question)

用yes 或no 回到的疑问句，叫做一般疑问句。这种疑问句通常是把动词be 或have ，助动词或情态动词放在主语之前，说时用升调。如：

Is she a worker?

Have you any paper?

Does he study English?

2、特殊疑问句 (The Special Question)

用what ，who ，which 等疑问代词和when ，where ，why ，how 等疑问

副词引起的疑问句，叫做特殊疑问句。这种疑问句不能用yes 或no 回答，说时用降低。如：

What ’s this?

Who ’s the boy over there?

When do you get up?

3、选择疑问句 (The Alternative Question)

提出两种或两种以上的情况，要求对方选择一种，这种疑问句叫做选择疑问句。它的结构是“一般疑问句+ or +一般疑问句”，但常把后面一部分里面和前一部分相同的成分省略。说时 or 前面部分用升调，后面部分用降调。如：

Is her brother a doctor or a teacher?

Do you want a newspaper or a magazine?

Shall we have a meeting this week or next?

4、反意疑问句 (The Disjunctive Question)

在陈述句之后附上一个简短问句，对陈述句所叙述的事实提出相反的疑问，这种疑问句叫做反意疑问句。如前一部分为肯定式，后一部分用否定式。反之，如前一部分为否定式，后一部分就用肯定式。说时，反意疑问句的前一部分用降调，后一部分，在表示疑问时用升调，在表示强调时用降调。如：

He ’s a teacher, isn ’t he? 他是教师，是不是？

She ’s a nurse, isn ’t she? 她是护士，不是吗？

对反意疑问句的回答，不管问题的提法如何，若事实是肯定的，就要用yes ，事实是否定的，就要用no 。这和汉语不一样，应特别注意。如： He isn’t a worker, is he? 他不是工人，是吗？

不，他是工人。

’t.

LESSON 3

DRILLS （句型练习） A

A: You saw the boys in the classroom just now, didn’t you?

B: Yes, I did.

A: What were they doing?

B: They were

doing maths exercises when I left.

drawing a map of the world

A: Did you see your teacher in the office?

B: Yes, I did.

A: Was she having a meeting?

B: No, she wasn’t.

when I saw her.

TEXT （课文）

THE MONKEY AND THE CROCODILE

(Continued)

Soon they were in the middle of the river. Suddenly the crocodile went down under the water. When he came up again, the monkey was all wet. “Don’t do that!” the monkey cried. “Don ’t do that again! I can ’t swim, you know. ”

“I know, but I have to,” answered the crocodile. “My mother wants to eat your heart.”

The little monkey was clever. “Why didn’t you tell me earlier?” he asked. “My heart isn’t here with me. I left it in that tree over there.”

“Then we’ll have to go back for it. Mother doesn’t want you without your heart. ” The crocodile turned and swam back to the bank.

Soon they reached the bank. The monkey jumped off the crocodile at once, picked up a big stone and quickly climbed up the tree. The crocodile waited and waited. As he was waiting, he suddenly heard a voice from above:

“Hey, Crocodile!”

The crocodile looked up. The monkey was hanging from the tree by his tail and laughing.

“Here ’s my heart. Come up and get it. Don’t keep your mother waiting … You can’t come up? Well, catch!”

With these words, he threw the big stone at the crocodile.

GRAMMAR （语法）

过去进行时 (The Past Continuous Tense)

1、过去进行时由“was (were) + 现在分词”构成。

2、过去进行时的用法：表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作。这一特定的过去时间，除有上下文暗示以外，一般用时间状语来表示。如：

1）this time yesterday? 2）yesterday evening.

3）when I saw her.

3、一般过去时与过去进行时用法比较：一般过去时表示在过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，而过去进行时则表示过去某个时间正在进行的动作。如：

last night.

玛丽昨晚给她的朋友写了封信。（信写完了）

last night.

玛丽昨晚一直在给她的朋友写信。（信不一定写完）

LESSON 4

DRILLS （句型练习）

A: Was it raining yesterday? when school was over

B: Yes, it was. It was raining hard. （No, it wasn’t. But the ground was quite wet）

A: Where did your brother study before he became an artist?

before he went to college?

before he joined the army?

B: He studied at the No. 2 Middle School.

A: When did you go to bed last night?

B: I went to bed at about ten after I did my homework.

after I wrote a letter to my grandfather.

after the TV play was over

TEXT （课文）

IT ’S UNFAIR

Jenny was a good girl, but she had one shortcoming. She was often late for school. One morning when she came in late, Mr Black, her teacher, got angry.

“I’ll write to your father if you aren’t here on time tomorrow,” he told her. Jenny didn ’t want him to do that because her parents were very strict with her.

The next day she got up very early and went to school without breakfast. When the bell rang, she was waiting in her seat. The door opened and the teacher came in. But it wasn’t Mr Black. It was Miss Green. Mr Black was ill, so she was taking his class instead. How disappointed Jenny was!

The next morning Jenny got up even earlier. After a quick breakfast she hurried to school. Just before she got to school gate, she stopped. There was a wallet lying on the ground.

She picked it up. “Whose is this?” she wondered.

As she stood there, she heard the first bell. “What shall I do?” she asked herself. “I’ll turn it in first,” she decided. And so she did.

When she hurried into her classroom, Mr Black was already beginning his lesson.

“Jenny White,” he said as soon as he saw her. “Didn ’t I tell you to be here on time?”

(To be continued)

GRAMMAR （语法）

句子的类型 (Types of Sentences)

1、简单句 (The Simple Sentence)

由一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）构成的句子叫简单

句。如：

I get up at six in the morning.

My sister and I go to school together.

2、并列句 (The Compound Sentence)

由并列连词(如 and, so, but, yet, or 等) 把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起而构成的句子叫并列句。如：

I help him and he helps me.

Mr Black was ill, so she was taking his class instead.

Zhang Ying likes English, but he needs help.

You can draw a good horse in five minutes, yet you kept me waiting for a year.

3、复合句 (The Complex Sentence)

由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子叫复合句。例如： I’ll tell him as soon as I see him. (状语从句)

When the crocodile came up again, the monkey was all wet. (状语从句) I’ll go to see you if I have time. (状语从句)

I think you can find him at home. (宾语从句)

LESSON 5

DRILLS （句型练习）

A: Will you please give this note to Tom?

B: Certainly. I’ll give it to him as soon as I see him.

(Sorry, I won’t be able to see him today.)

A: Will you go with me to the cinema this afternoon?

B: Yes, I will if I’m fine.

if my mother lets me.

if we don’t have any homework.

A: Will the swimming pool be open today?

B: No, it won’t.

A: Why not?

B: Because they ’re cleaning the pool.

they ’re changing the water.

they ’re making repairs.

TEXT （课文）

IT ’S UNFAIR

(Continued)

“I’m sorry, sir,” Jenny tried to explain. “I was late because I had to …. ” “I will not listen to any excuse,” Mr Black stopped her. “If you can’t get here on time, I’ll have to write to your father.”

“But Mr Black, that’s … that’s unfair!”

“Unfair! How dare you say that?” Mr Black said angrily. “I ’ll report you to the headmaster!”

“I was only trying to do a good deed,” Jenny thought, “and now …. ” She couldn ’t keep back her tears.

As soon as the bell rang for the break, the door opened and in came Mr Smith, the headmaster. He was holding a wallet in his hand. “Excuse me, Mr Black, ” he said, “but is this wallet yours?”

“Why, yes. It is mine.” Mr Black was surprised. “I didn’t know I lost it.” “One of our girls found it and turned it in just before school started,” Mr Smith said.

“Oh? Who was it?” Mr Black asked. “I must thank her.”

“It was Jenny White.”

Mr Black ’s face slowly turned red. He looked at Jenny and said, “I’m very sorry, Jenny. I take back what I said.”

“And I’m sorry, Mr Black. I’ll try not be late again,” Jenny said.

GRAMMAR （语法）

状语从句 (The Adverbial Clause)

在复合句中修饰主句中的动词、形容词或副词等的从句叫做状语从句。状语从句根据它表达的意思的不同可分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、让步、比较（或：方式）和条件等类。

1、时间状语从句由when, before, after, as soon as, as等连词引导。

Was it raining when you came to school yesterday?

Where did your brother study before he joined the army?

I went to bed after the TV play was over.

I’ll give the note to him as soon as I see him.

As the crocodile was waiting, he suddenly heard a voice from above.

2、条件状语从句由if 等连词引导

I’ll go with you to the cinema this afternoon if I’m free.

3、原因状语从句由because 等连词引导。

The swimming pool won’t be open today because they’re changing the water.

4、比较（或：方式）状语从句由than, as … as, not as(so) … as等引导。

The earth is bigger than the moon (is).

This story is as interesting as that one (is).

Betty is not as tall as Rose (is).

LESSON 6

TEXT （课文）

THE RAILS SING

This story is about a bright boy in a small village in Europe. He worked in a town far away. Every day he went there by train.

In those days, trains ran very slowly. Few people liked taking trains. But this boy didn’t mind because he enjoyed listening to the click, click of the rails.

One evening after work, the boy was going home on the train. He sat in his seat quietly. He was listening to the click of the rails. Suddenly there was a break in the singing of the rails.

“Something is wrong,” said the boy to himself.

He stood up. “Stop the train!” he cried.

“Something is wrong with that boy,” someone said.

One man shouted at the boy, “Be quiet, boy! What’s the matter with you? ”

Another man said, “Don ’t be foolish, boy!”

But the boy would not be quiet. “Stop the train! Stop the train! There’s danger ahead!” he cried.

He went to look for the conductor of the train.

“Conductor, ” he said when he found the man. “Please listen to the click of the rails. Something is wrong.”

The conductor listened. Then he said, “You ’re quite right, boy. We must stop the train.”

The train stopped. The conductor got off and checked the rails.

When he got on the train again, he said to the others, “The boy was right. There ’s something wrong with one of the rails about thirty metres ahead. He saved our lives.”

This boy later became a musician. Many people like his music. When you listen to one of his pieces, you can hear click, click, click. It sounds like the singing of rails.

LESSON 8

DRILLS （句型练习）

A: When are you going to renew the book? post the photos? visit the farm? B: I ’ve already renew the book.

post the photos.

visited the farm.

A: Have you returned the book?

borrowed any English magazines?

B: Yes, I have. I’ve just returned it.

borrowed one.

bought one.

A: Has Peter seen the doctor?

Has Jenny

Have they

B: No, he hasn’t. he ’s going to see him this afternoon. she hasn’t. she ’s

’ they ’re

DIALOGUE （对话）

WHAT ’S WRONG WITH TOM?

Tom was very quiet this morning. He said he feel sick. “Oh, ooh! I feel terrible, ” he said. “Mum, I can’t go to school today.” So his mother took him to see the doctor.

(At the doctor’s )

Mother: Good morning, Doctor.

Doctor: Good morning, Mrs Brown. Good morning, Tom. What’s your trouble,

young man?

Tom: I … I’ve got a headache and … (Begins to cough.)

M: Why, Tom, you’re coughing too!

T: Ooh … I feel terrible!

D: Have you taken his temperature?

M: Yes. I have. He hasn’t got a fever.

D: Tom, open your mouth and say “ahh ”.

T: Ahh!

D(to Tom’s mother): How long has he been like this?

M: Ever since this morning.

D: Has he had anything to eat?

M: He ’s had some bread, two eggs, a glass of milk and an orange.

D: Did you give him any medicine?

M: No. He hasn’t had any medicine.

D: Mmm. How are you feeling now, young man?

T: Very bad, Doctor. In fact, I feel even worse, Ooh! Ooh! I think I’m going

to die.

D: Die! You won’t die, Tom. You’ll be all right soon.

M: So it’s nothing serious, Doctor?

D: No. Your son will be all right by supper time. Tom ’s trouble is very

common to boys these days. It comes and goes very quickly.

M: But I don’t understand, Doctor.

D: This afternoon, the biggest football game of the year will be on TV . If

your song feels well enough to watch TV by then, he’ll be fine after the game. You wait and see.

M: Oh, I see! Thank you very much, Doctor. Come along, Tom.

D: Goodbye!

LESSON 9

DRILLS （句型练习）

A: What are you doing?

B: I ’m reading Snow-white and Rose-red.

doing my geography exercises.

A: How many pages have you read?

exercises done?

B: Five.

A: the plane arrived?

the ship left?

the train gone?

B: Yes, it has.

A: When did it arrive?

leave?

go?

B: Half an hour ago.

TEXT （课文）

I HAVE SUNG ALREADY

Once a rich woman invited Martin Brown, a famous singer, to her house. She wanted him to sing for her friends. But she didn ’t invite him to have dinner with them. She told him to eat downstairs with the servants.

The singer was surprised. But he said nothing and went downstairs. After the meal he stood up and said to the servants:

“Now, my good friends, I shall sing for you.”

Of course, the servants were quite pleased. He sang them several songs. There was no piano in the room, but he didn ’t mind. When they asked for more, he sang more.

At nine o ’clock the rich woman asked the singer to come up to the sitting-room. When he came in the guests were all seated and waiting for the concert.

“We are ready now, Mr Brown,” said the woman, “you may begin.”

“Ready for what?” asked the singer.

“For your songs of course,” she answered.

“But I have sung already,” said Mr Brown, “and I can’t sing twice in one evening. ”

“You have sung already!” said the rich woman in surprise. “But when? And where did you sing?”

“Just now, downstairs.”

“Impossible! ” she cried.

“But it’s quite true, madam,” said the singer. “I sang for the people after I had supper with them, you know.”

And with a polite “Good night”, he left the rich woman’s house.

LESSON 10

DRILLS （句型练习） A

A: When did you get to know Jack? begin to learn English? B: The year before last.

A: Then you’ve for about two years.

learned English

been here

B: That ’s right.

A: How long has your uncle taught in that village?

lived in that street?

worked on that farm?

B: He ’s taught there since 1965

lived he came to this city.

worked he left the army.

TEXT （课文）

AN AUSTRALIAN BOY IN BEIJING

809 West Chang’an Street

Beijing, China

December 21st, 1983

Dear Peter,

I’ve been here in Beijing for half a year now. Beijing is in the north of China, so it’s quite cold in winter. It has just snowed twice here. I’m going to have the first “White Christmas” in my life! It’s hard to believe, isn’t it ---- so warm in Australia and so cold here?

Thank you for the wonderful stamp! I’ve collected over three hundred Chinese stamps since I came here. I’m sending some Monkey King stamps to you. I think you will like them.

Now to answer some of your questions. Y es, I’m learning Chinese. Chinese is quite a difficult language for me. Last time Mum asked for some that. I’ve learned about five hundred Chinese words. I can even write a little Chinese now. Have you looked at the words on the Christmas card? I wrote

them myself!

No, I’m not swimming. Instead, I’m learning to skate on real ice! I’ve had so many falls that I’m black and blue all over. But I’m learning fast.

I’ve traveled to several places in South China with Mum and Dad since we came to China. I’ve seen a lot of interesting things. I’ve made quite a few good friends, too.

I have to finish this letter now. Ask Uncle John and Aunt Alice to bring you, too, when they come in August. We’ll have a good time together then.

Yours,

Mike

GRAMMAR （语法）

现在完成时 (The Present Perfect Tence) (Ⅰ)

1、现在完成时的构成

助动词have (has) + 过去分词

(规则动词的过去分词的构成与动词过去式相同。不规则动词的过去分词见本书末《不规则动词表》

2、现在完成时的基本概念和用法

1）表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，如：

I have already posted the photos.

我已经把照片邮寄了。（“邮寄”是过去发生的动作，对现在造成的结果是“照片不在我这里”。）

2）表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态，往往和表示一段时间的状语连用，如：

3）和现在完成时连用的时间状语

现在完成时属于现在时态范围，因而不能喝表示过去时间的状语连用，如yesterday ，last week，three years ago，in 1960等，但可以和already ，never （从来没有），ever ，just ，yet 等状语连用，如：

He has done his exercises.

I haven’t learned the word 现在完成时还可以和表示从过去某时刻延续到现在（包括“现在”在内）的一段时间的状语连用，象today ，these days，since …，for a long time等。例如：

Have you seen her these days?

We have lived in that street for a long time.

He has taught at this school since 1965.

LESSON 11

DRILLS （句型练习） A

A: a solider, isn ’t he?

in Guangzhou,

in England,

B: Yes, he is.

A: how long has he been a solider?

a League member?

there?

B: For about two months.

A: the Great Wall?

Xi ’an?

England?

B: No, never. What about you?

A: Yes, I have.

B: How many times have you been there?

A: Only once.

TEXT （课文）

THE PIANO CONCERT

A young woman in a small German town was going to give a piano concert. Her posters said she was a pupil of Franz Liszt, the great Hungarian pianist.

This was not true.

One day the woman learned that Liszt himself was in town. Now people would find out and she would never be able to give a concert again. What should she do?

Finally she went to see the famous man himself. She told him everything. Her parents were dead and she was alone. She had to make a living. She decided to give piano lessons to rich children. But who would send their children to an unknown young woman? So she told people Franz Liszt was her teacher.

“I believe you, ” Liszt said. “You ’ve done wrong, but I can see you are

truly sorry about it. That’s enough. Now let me hear you play.”

The young woman was shy at first. But then she saw Liszt smiling. It made her feel better. Now she wasn’t afraid any more. She started playing. She put her heart into it and she played wonderfully. Liszt was quite pleased.

When she finished, she turned to look at Liszt. There was a smile on his face. She could see he was pleased. Then Liszt gave her some advice. After he finished, he said, “Now you really are my pupil. Go ahead with your concert. And you can add a note to the posters. Say that your teacher himself will be there. He will play the last piece.”

LESSON 12

DRILLS （句型练习）

A: Where have you been?

B: I ’ve just been to the library. Did anybody ask for me?

the League office.

A: Yes, Li Ping did. He wanted his book back.

A: Where ’s Wei Fang?

B: She ’the shop.

the post office.

the playground.

A: B: All right. I’ll do that.

TEXT （课文）

THE UNIVERSE AND MAN-MADE SATELLITES

When we talk about the universe, we mean not only the earth, the sun, the moon and the stars, but also all the things too far away to see.

In the past fifty years or so, scientists have been able to “see ” farther and farther into the sky. They have found many “new ” stars. Those stars are not really new. They have been there millions of years.

Of all the stars the sun is the nearest to the earth. Millions of other stars are even bigger and brighter than the sun. they look small only because they are much farther away. You can’t see them in the daytime. But if you go out at night, you’ll be able to see thousands of them.

The earth is one of the sun’s planets, and the moon is our satellite. It is our nearest neighbour in space, and men have visited it already. No man has traveled farther than the moon, but spaceships without people have reached other planets.

Many countries have sent up man-made satellites to circle the earth. With their help, people have done much research in many fields of science.

Our country sometimes uses man-made satellites to send and receive TV programmes. This has helped the people of China and other countries to understand each other better.

GRAMMAR （语法）

现在完成时 (The Present Perfect Tence) (Ⅱ)

4）现在完成时和一般过去时的区别：

现在完成时表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，强调的是现在的情况，所以它不能和表示过去时间的状语连用。而一般过去时只单纯表示过去的动作或状态，和现在不发生关系，它可以和表示过去时间的状语连用。如：

I have seen the film.

我看过这个电影。（我了解这个电影的内容）

I saw the film last week.

我上星期看了这个电影。（只说明上星期看了这个电影，不涉及现在的情况）

He has lived here since 1972.

1972年以来他一直住在这里。（他现在还在这里住。）

He lived here in 1972.

1972年他住在这里。（不涉及他现在是否还住在这里。）

5）“have (has) been” 和 “have (has) gone” 的区别

表示“曾到过某地”要用“have (has) been”，不能用“have (has) gone”。比较下面的句子：

Where has he been?

他刚才到哪儿去了？（他已回来。）

Where has he gone?

他上哪儿去了？（他现在不在这里。）

She has been to Shanghai.

她到过上海。（她现在已不在上海了。）

She has gone to Shanghai.

她到上海去了。（她可能在去上海的路上，或者已到上海，总之，现在不在这里。）

LESSON 13

TEXT （课文）

MISS EVANS

Have you ever heard the story about Miss Evans? It is a true story. Maybe many people have read about it.

One afternoon in April 1912, a new ship set off from England to America on its first trip. It was one of the largest and finest ships at that time and on it were over 2,200 people.

It was cold, but the trip was pleasant and people were enjoying themselves. The next day was even colder. People could see icebergs here and there.

It was night. Suddenly the man on watch shouted, “Look out! Iceberg! Iceberg ahead!”

It was too late. The ship hit the iceberg and came to a stop. There was a very big hole in the ship and water began to come inside. Slowly the ship started to go down.

People had to leave the ship. Women and children were the first to get into the lifeboats. Suddenly a woman shouted, “Please make room for me. My children are in that boat. I must go with them! Please!”

“There ’s no more room here,” someone shouted back. The children heard their mother and began to cry.

A young woman was sitting near the poor children. She stood up. “Here, ” she shouted. “Take my place! I’m not married and I have no children.”

She got out and the thankful mother joined her children in the lifeboat. Soon after that, the ship went down. More than 1,500 people lost their lives. Among those was the young woman.

Who was she? Her name was Miss Evans and she was going home to Boston. But nobody knew more about her than that.