考研真题：英语一真题及答案
以下内容由凯程辅导老师收集整理，供考研的同学们参考。更多考研辅导班的详细内容，请咨询凯程老师。
Section I Use of English
Directions:Readthe following text.Choose the best word(s)foreach numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10points)
People are,on the whole,poor at considering background information when making individual decisions.At first glance this might seem like a strength that 1the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 2factors.But Dr.Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 3was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with.4,he theorised that a judge 5of appearing too soft 6crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 7he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.
To 8this idea,he turned to the university-admissions process.In theory,the 9of an applicant should not depend on the few others 10randomly for interview during the same day,but Dr.Simonsohn suspected the truth was 11.
He studied the results of 9,323MBA interviews 12by 31admissions officers.The interviewers had 13applicants on a scale of one to five.This scale 14numerous factors into consideration.The scores were 15used in conjunction with an applicant’s score on the Graduate Management Admission Test,or GMAT,a standardized exam which is 16out of 800points,to make a decision on whether to accept him or her. Dr.Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75points or more higher than that of the one 17that,then the score for the next applicant would 18by an average of 0.075points.This might sound small,but to 19the effects of such a decrease a candidate could need 30more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 20.
1.[A]grants[B]submits[C]transmits[D]delivers
2.[A]minor[B]objective[C]crucial[D]external
3.[A]issue[B]vision[C]picture[D]external
4.[A]Forexample[B]Onaverage[C]Inprinciple[D]Aboveall
5.[A]fond[B]fearful[C]capable[D]thoughtless
6.[A]in[B]on[C]to[D]for
7.[A]if[B]until[C]though[D]unless
8.[A]promote[B]emphasize[C]share[D]test
9.[A]decision[B]quality[C]status[D]success
10.[A]chosen[B]studied[C]found[D]identified
11.[A]exceptional[B]defensible[C]replaceable[D]otherwise
12.[A]inspired[B]expressed[C]conducted[D]secured
13.[A]assigned[B]rated[C]matched[D]arranged
14.[A]put[B]got[C]gave[D]took
15.[A]instead[B]then[C]ever[D]rather
16.[A]selected[B]passed[C]marked[D]introduced
17.[A]before[B]after[C]above[D]below
18.[A]jump[B]float[C]drop[D]fluctuate
19.[A]achieve[B]undo[C]maintain[D]disregard
20.[A]promising[B]possible[C]necessary[D]helpful
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40points)
Text 1
In the 2006film version of The Devil Wears Prada,Miranda Priestly,played by Meryl Streep,scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her,Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’ssweater descended over the years from fashion shows to departments stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.
This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’tbe more out of date or at odds with the feverish would be described in Overdressed,Elizabeth Cline’sthree-year indictment of“fastfashion”.Inthe last decade or so,advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara,H&M,andUniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely.Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory,more frequent release,and more profit.These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable-meant to last only a wash or two,although they don’tadvertise that–andto renew their wardrobe every few weeks.By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices,Cline argues,these brands have hijacked fashion cycles,shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace. The victims of this revolution,of course,are not limited to designers.For H&Mto offer a$5.95knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-pius stores around the world,it must rely on low-wage overseas labor,order in volumes that strain natural resources,and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.
Overdressed is the fashion world’sanswer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan’sThe Omnivore’sDilemma.“Mass-producedclothing,like fast food,fills a hunger and need,yet is non-durable and wasteful,”Cline
argues.Americans,she finds,buy roughly 20billion garments a year–about64items per person–andno matter how much they give away,this excess leads to waste. Towards the end of Overdressed,Cline introduced her ideal,a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont,who since 2008has made all of her own clothes–and
beautifully.But as Cline is the first to note,it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft;her example can’tbe knocked off.
Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment–includingH&M,withits green Conscious Collection line–Clinebelieves lasting change can only be effected by the customer.She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability,be it in food or in energy.Vanity is a constant;people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to.
21.Priestly criticizes her assistant for her
[A]poorbargaining skill.
[B]insensitivityto fashion.
[C]obsessionwith high fashion.
[D]lackof imagination.
22.According to Cline,mass-market labels urge consumers to
[A]combatunnecessary waste.
[B]shutout the feverish fashion world.
[C]resistthe influence of advertisements.
[D]shopfor their garments more frequently.
23.The word“indictment”(Line3,Para.2)is closest in meaning to
[A]accusation.
[B]enthusiasm.
[C]indifference.
[D]tolerance.
24.Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?
[A]Vanityhas more often been found in idealists.
[B]Thefast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.
[C]Peopleare more interested in unaffordable garments.
[D]Pricingis vital to environment-friendly purchasing.
25.What is the subject of the text?
[A]Satireon an extravagant lifestyle.
[B]Challengeto a high-fashion myth.
[C]Criticismof the fast-fashion industry.
[D]Exposureof a mass-market secret.
Text 2
An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is,no one knows which half.In the internet age,at least in theory,this fraction can be much reduced.By watching what people search for,click on and say online,companies can aim“behavioural”adsat those most likely to buy.
In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information:Shouldadvertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads?Or should they have explicit permission? In December 2010America's Federal Trade Commission(FTC)proposedadding a"do not track"(DNT)optionto internet browsers,so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed.Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari
both offer DNT;Google's Chrome is due to do so this year.In February the FTC and Digital Advertising Alliance(DAA)agreedthat the industry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests.
On May 31st Microsoft Set off the row:Itsaid that Internet Explorer 10,the version due to appear windows 8,would have DNT as a default.
It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond.Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking,although some companies have promised to do so.Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’sdefault,some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.
Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone.After all,it has an ad business too,which it says will comply with DNT requests,though it is still working out how.If it is trying to upset Google,which relies almost wholly on default will become the norm.DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8-though the firm has compared some of its other products favourably with Google's on that count before.Brendon Lynch,Microsoft's chief privacy officer,blogged:"webelieve consumers should have more control."Could it really be that simple?
26.It is suggested in paragraph 1that“behavioural”adshelp advertisers to:
[A]easecompetition among themselves
[B]lowertheir operational costs
[C]avoidcomplaints from consumers
[D]providebetter online services
27.“Theindustry”(Line6,Para.3)refers to:
[A]onlineadvertisers
[B]e-commerceconductors
[C]digitalinformation analysis
[D]internetbrowser developers
28.Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default
[A]manycut the number of junk ads
[B]failsto affect the ad industry
[C]willnot benefit consumers
[D]goesagainst human nature
29.Which of the following is true according to Paragraph.6?
[A]DNTmay not serve its intended purpose
[B]Advertisersare willing to implement DNT
[C]DNTis losing its popularity among consumers
[D]Advertisersare obliged to offer behavioural ads
30.The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:
[A]indulgence
[B]understanding
[C]appreciation
[D]skepticism
Text 3
Up until a few decades ago,our visions of the future were largely-though by no means uniformly-glowingly positive.Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity,leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.
Now utopia has grown unfashionable,as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us,from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change.You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.
But such gloominess is misplaced.The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years-so why shouldn't we?Take a broader look at our species'place in the universe,and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens,if not hundreds,of thousands of years.Look up Homo sapiens in the"Red List"of threatened species of the International Union for the
Conversation of Nature(IUCN),andyou will read:"Listedas Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed,adaptable,currently increasing,and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline."
So what does our deep future hold?A growing number of researchers and organizations are now thinking seriously about that question.For example,the Long Now Foundation has its flagship project a medical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence.
Perhaps willfully,it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future.The potential evolution of today's technology,and its social consequences,is dazzlingly complicated,and it's perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can
envisage.That's one reason why we have launched Arc,a new publication dedicated to the near future.
But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance.As so often,the past holds the key to the future:wehave now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet,and our species,to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.
This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad.To be sure,the future is not all rosy.But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans,and to improve the lot of those to come.
31.Our vision of the future used to be inspired by
[A]ourdesire for lives of fulfillment
[B]ourfaith in science and technology
[C]ourawareness of potential risks
[D]ourbelief in equal opportunity
32.The IUCN’s“RedList”suggestthat human being are
[A]asustained species
[B]athreaten to the environment
[C]theworld’sdominant power
[D]amisplaced race
33.Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?
[A]Archelps limit the scope of futurological studies.
[B]Technologyoffers solutions to social problem.
[C]Theinterest in science fiction is on the rise.
[D]OurImmediate future is hard to conceive.
34.To ensure the future of mankind,it is crucial to
[A]exploreour planet’sabundant resources
[B]adoptan optimistic view of the world
[C]drawon our experience from the past
[D]curbour ambition to reshape history
35.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
[A]Uncertaintyabout Our Future
[B]Evolutionof the Human Species
[C]TheEver-bright Prospects of Mankind
[D]Science,Technologyand Humanity
Text 4
On a five to three vote,the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona’simmigration law Monday-a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration.But on the more important matter of the Constitution,the decision was an 8-0defeat for the
Administration’s effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states.
In Arizona v.United States,the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona’scontroversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law.The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to“establisha uniform Rule of Naturalization”andthat federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial.Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.
Justice Anthony Kennedy,joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court’sliberals,ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun.On the overturned provisions the majority held the congress had deliberately“occupiedthe field”and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal’sprivileged powers.
However,the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement.That’sbecause Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.
Two of the three objecting Justice-Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas-agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute.The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia,who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the Alien and
Sedition Acts.
The 8-0objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as“ashocking assertion of federal executive power”.TheWhite House argued that Arizona’slaws conflicted with its enforcement priorities,even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter.In effect,the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with.
Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government,and control of
citizenship and the borders is among them.But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status,it could.It never did so.The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn’twant to carry out Congress’simmigration wishes,no state should be allowed to do so either.Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.
36.Three provisions of Arizona’splan were overturned because they
[A]deprivedthe federal police of Constitutional powers.
[B]disturbedthe power balance between different states.
[C]oversteppedthe authority of federal immigration law.
[D]contradictedboth the federal and state policies.
37.On which of the following did the Justices agree,according to Paragraph4?
[A]Federalofficers’dutyto withhold immigrants‘information.
[B]States’independencefrom federal immigration law.
[C]States’legitimaterole in immigration enforcement.
[D]Congress’sintervention in immigration enforcement.
38.It can be inferred from Paragraph 5that the Alien and Sedition Acts
[A]violatedthe Constitution.
[B]underminedthe states’interests.
[C]supportedthe federal statute.
[D]stoodin favor of the states.
39.The White House claims that its power of enforcement
[A]outweighsthat held by the states.
[B]isdependent on the states’support.
[C]isestablished by federal statutes.
[D]rarelygoes against state laws.
40.What can be learned from the last paragraph?
[A]Immigrationissues are usually decided by Congress.
[B]Justicesintended to check the power of the Administration.
[C]Justiceswanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.
[D]TheAdministration is dominant over immigration issues.
Part B
Directions:
In the following article,some sentences have been removed.For Questions
41-45,choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered
blank.There are two extra choices,which do not fit in any of the gaps.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10points)
The social sciences are flourishing.As of 2005,there were almost half a million professional social scientists from all fields in the world,working both inside and outside academia.According to the World Social Science Report 2010,the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11%everyyear since 2000. Yet this enormous resource in not contributing enough to today’sglobal challenges including climate change,security,sustainable development and
health.(41)______Humanityhas the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger,from genetically engineered crops to artificial fertilizers.Here,too,the problems are social:theorganization and distribution of food,wealth and prosperity.
(42)____Thisis a shame—thecommunity should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in the real world.To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter:thereis no radical innovation without creative destruction.
Today,the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates,rather than on topics with external impact.
Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords“environmentalchanged”or“climatechange”haveincreased rapidly since 2004,(43)____
When social scientists do tackle practical issues,their scope is often local:Belgiumis interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium for example.And whether the community’swork contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.
The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding(44)____thisis an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction.Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today’seconomic climate. The trick is to direct these funds better.The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists.This year,it was proposed that system be changed:Horizon2020,a new program to be enacted in 2014,would not have such a category,This has resulted in protests from social scientists.But the intention is not to neglect social science;rather,the complete opposite.(45)____Thatshould create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.
[A]Itcould be that we are evolving two communities of social scientists:onethat is discipline-oriented and publishing in highly specialized journals,and one that is problem-oriented and publishing elsewhere,such as policy briefs.
[B]However,thenumbers are still small:in2010,about 1,600of the 100,000social-sciences papers published globally included one of these Keywords.
[C]theidea is to force social to integrate their work with other
categories,including health and demographic change food security,marine research and the bio-economy,clear,efficient energy;and inclusive,innovative and secure societies.
[D]thesolution is to change the mindset of the academic community,and what it considers to be its main goal.Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists,especially the young ones.
[E]Theseissues all have root causes in human behavior.All require behavioral change and social innovations,as well as technological development.Stemming climate change,for example,is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.
[F]Despitethese factors,many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems.And in Europe,some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development.
[G]Duringthe late 1990s,national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds-including government,higher education,non-profit and corporate-varied from around 4%to25%;inmost European nations,it is about 15%.
Section III Translation
46.Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10points) It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic need in the individuals who made them:theneed for creative expression.There is no doubt that gardens evidence an impossible urge to create,express,fashion,and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge;(46)Yetwhen one looks at the photographs of the garden created by the homeless,it strikes one that,for all their diversity of styles,these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges,beyond that of decoration and creative expression.
One of these urges had to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence,a“stillpoint of the turning world,”toborrow a phrase from
T.S.Eliot.(47)Asacred place of peace,however crude it may be,is a distinctly human need,as opposed to shelter,which is a distinctly animal need.This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking,as it is for these unlikely gardens,the former becomes all the more urgent.Composure is a state of mind made possible by the structuring of one’srelation to one’senvironment.(48)Thegardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless gardens introduce from into an urban
environment where it either didn’texist or was not discernible as such.In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand.
Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to,or to arise from is so intrinsic that we are barely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us.When we are deprived of green,of plants,of trees,(49)mostof us give into a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions,until one day we find ourselves in garden and feel the expression vanish as if by magic.In most of
the homeless gardens of New York City the actual cultivation of plants is
unfeasible,yet even so the compositions often seem to represent attempts to call arrangement of materials,an institution of colors,small pool of water,and a frequent presence of petals or leaves as well as of stuffed animals.On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference,at some basic level,seems to be the natural world.(50)Itis this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of word garden though in a“liberated”sense,todescribe these synthetic constructions.In them we can see biophilia-a yearning for contact with nonhuman life －assuminguncanny representational forms.
Section IV Writing
Part A
51.Directions:
Write an e-mail of about 100words to a foreign teacher in your college,inviting him/herto be a judge for the upcoming English speech contest.
You should include the details you think necessary.
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET 2.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the e-mail,Use"Li Ming"instead. Do not write the address.(10points)
Part B
52.Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200words based on the following drawing.In your essay you should
1)describe the drawing briefly
2)explain its intended meaning,and
3)give your comments
You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(20points)
参考答案
Section I Use of English
1.A.grants
2.D.external
3.C.picture
4.A.For example
5.B.fearful
6.B.on
7.A.if
8.D.test
9.D.success
10.A.chosen
11.D.otherwise
12.C.conducted
13.B.rated
14.D.took
15.B.then
16.C.marked
17.A.before
18.C.drop
19.B.undo
20.C.necessary
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Text 1(Inthe 2006)
21.B.insensitivity to fashion
22.D.shop for their garment more frequently
23.A.accusation
24.D.pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing
25.C.criticism of the fast-fashion industry
Text 2(Anold saying)
26.B.lower their operational costs
27.D.internet browser developers
28.C.will not benefit consumers
29.A.DNT may not serve its intended purpose
30.D.skepticism
Text 3(Nowutopia)
31.B.our faith in science and technology
32.A.sustained species
33.D.our immediate future is hard to conceive
34.C.draw on our experience from the past
35.C.the ever-bright prospects of mankind
Text 4(Ona five to three)
36.C.overstepped the authority of federal immigration
37.C.states’legitimaterole in immigration enforcement
38.D.stood in favor of the states
39.A.outweighs that held by the states
40.D.The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.
Part B
41.E.These issues all have root causes in human behavior...
42.F.Despite these factors...
43.B.However,the numbers are still small...
44.G.During the late 1990s...
45.C.The idea is to force social to integrate...
Section III Translation
46.然而，看着无家可归者绘制出的花园图片时，人们会突然意识到，尽管这些花园风格多样，它们都显示了人类除了装饰和创造性表达之外的其他各种基本诉求47.一块神圣的和平之地，不管它有多么粗糙，它都是一种人类本能的需求，和庇护所相反，那只是动物的本能
需求。
47.无论地方多么简陋不堪，寻求一片静谧圣土是人类特有的需求，而动物需要的仅是仅是避难栖息之地。
48.无家可归者描绘的花园实质上是无所依附的，这些花园把一种形式引入城市环境中，而这样的城市环境中，形式要么根本不存在，要么就完全不是以这种明显的方式存在。
49.我们大多数人会深陷于精神萎靡的状态，并常常将此归咎为一些心理原因，直到某天我们发现自己置身花园中，感到如魔法般烦闷尽消。
50.正是对自然的这种或隐晦含蓄或清晰直白的提及，充分证实了用“花园”一词来描述这些虚拟建筑是合乎情理的，即使是从毫无拘泥的意义来讲的。
Section IV Writing
51.【参考范文】
Dear Prof.Smith,
On behalf of Students’Union,Iam writing this letter to invite you to be a judge for the speech contest which will be held in Students’UnionHall on Monday,January 21.
As an internationally acclaimed scholar in English language and culture,your participation will bring us the pleasure.What’smore,since you have been teaching for a long time and you enjoy a great popularity among all teachers and students,we firmly believe that you can offer us valuable suggestions on improving our students’oral and writing abilities.
It would be a great honor if you could accept this invitation.We are looking forward to your favorable early reply.
Sincerely yours,
Li Ming
52.【参考范文】
As is shown above,this simple picture represents a vigorous situation that nearly every graduate student will face:huntingfor a job,further studying,starting a business or going aboard.Which one should they choose?Without exception,everyone has to make choices in life,no matter concerning school,career,or love.While some choices are easy,one cannot avoid the task of making difficult decisions.
There is sufficient evidence showing that choices are often directly related to one’s happiness.University students,face a hard and crucial decision upon
graduating.Many students have difficulty in deciding whether to continue studying or begin a career.As is known to all,every individual is different,and one must take the factors of one’spersonal life into consideration.In addition to an awareness of specific circumstances,however,making the right choice also depends on correct appraisal of oneself.
It is without doubt that in order to choose correctly,therefore,one must be both realistic and self-aware.Furthermore,there is other aspect to be taken into
consideration.Once having made a decision,one should seriously accept and pursue the path one has chosen,and strive towards the realization of one’s goal with spirit.
考研真题：英语一真题及答案
以下内容由凯程辅导老师收集整理，供考研的同学们参考。更多考研辅导班的详细内容，请咨询凯程老师。
Section I Use of English
Directions:Readthe following text.Choose the best word(s)foreach numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10points)
People are,on the whole,poor at considering background information when making individual decisions.At first glance this might seem like a strength that 1the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 2factors.But Dr.Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 3was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with.4,he theorised that a judge 5of appearing too soft 6crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 7he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.
To 8this idea,he turned to the university-admissions process.In theory,the 9of an applicant should not depend on the few others 10randomly for interview during the same day,but Dr.Simonsohn suspected the truth was 11.
He studied the results of 9,323MBA interviews 12by 31admissions officers.The interviewers had 13applicants on a scale of one to five.This scale 14numerous factors into consideration.The scores were 15used in conjunction with an applicant’s score on the Graduate Management Admission Test,or GMAT,a standardized exam which is 16out of 800points,to make a decision on whether to accept him or her. Dr.Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75points or more higher than that of the one 17that,then the score for the next applicant would 18by an average of 0.075points.This might sound small,but to 19the effects of such a decrease a candidate could need 30more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 20.
1.[A]grants[B]submits[C]transmits[D]delivers
2.[A]minor[B]objective[C]crucial[D]external
3.[A]issue[B]vision[C]picture[D]external
4.[A]Forexample[B]Onaverage[C]Inprinciple[D]Aboveall
5.[A]fond[B]fearful[C]capable[D]thoughtless
6.[A]in[B]on[C]to[D]for
7.[A]if[B]until[C]though[D]unless
8.[A]promote[B]emphasize[C]share[D]test
9.[A]decision[B]quality[C]status[D]success
10.[A]chosen[B]studied[C]found[D]identified
11.[A]exceptional[B]defensible[C]replaceable[D]otherwise
12.[A]inspired[B]expressed[C]conducted[D]secured
13.[A]assigned[B]rated[C]matched[D]arranged
14.[A]put[B]got[C]gave[D]took
15.[A]instead[B]then[C]ever[D]rather
16.[A]selected[B]passed[C]marked[D]introduced
17.[A]before[B]after[C]above[D]below
18.[A]jump[B]float[C]drop[D]fluctuate
19.[A]achieve[B]undo[C]maintain[D]disregard
20.[A]promising[B]possible[C]necessary[D]helpful
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40points)
Text 1
In the 2006film version of The Devil Wears Prada,Miranda Priestly,played by Meryl Streep,scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her,Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’ssweater descended over the years from fashion shows to departments stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.
This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’tbe more out of date or at odds with the feverish would be described in Overdressed,Elizabeth Cline’sthree-year indictment of“fastfashion”.Inthe last decade or so,advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara,H&M,andUniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely.Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory,more frequent release,and more profit.These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable-meant to last only a wash or two,although they don’tadvertise that–andto renew their wardrobe every few weeks.By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices,Cline argues,these brands have hijacked fashion cycles,shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace. The victims of this revolution,of course,are not limited to designers.For H&Mto offer a$5.95knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-pius stores around the world,it must rely on low-wage overseas labor,order in volumes that strain natural resources,and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.
Overdressed is the fashion world’sanswer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan’sThe Omnivore’sDilemma.“Mass-producedclothing,like fast food,fills a hunger and need,yet is non-durable and wasteful,”Cline
argues.Americans,she finds,buy roughly 20billion garments a year–about64items per person–andno matter how much they give away,this excess leads to waste. Towards the end of Overdressed,Cline introduced her ideal,a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont,who since 2008has made all of her own clothes–and
beautifully.But as Cline is the first to note,it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft;her example can’tbe knocked off.
Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment–includingH&M,withits green Conscious Collection line–Clinebelieves lasting change can only be effected by the customer.She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability,be it in food or in energy.Vanity is a constant;people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to.
21.Priestly criticizes her assistant for her
[A]poorbargaining skill.
[B]insensitivityto fashion.
[C]obsessionwith high fashion.
[D]lackof imagination.
22.According to Cline,mass-market labels urge consumers to
[A]combatunnecessary waste.
[B]shutout the feverish fashion world.
[C]resistthe influence of advertisements.
[D]shopfor their garments more frequently.
23.The word“indictment”(Line3,Para.2)is closest in meaning to
[A]accusation.
[B]enthusiasm.
[C]indifference.
[D]tolerance.
24.Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?
[A]Vanityhas more often been found in idealists.
[B]Thefast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.
[C]Peopleare more interested in unaffordable garments.
[D]Pricingis vital to environment-friendly purchasing.
25.What is the subject of the text?
[A]Satireon an extravagant lifestyle.
[B]Challengeto a high-fashion myth.
[C]Criticismof the fast-fashion industry.
[D]Exposureof a mass-market secret.
Text 2
An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is,no one knows which half.In the internet age,at least in theory,this fraction can be much reduced.By watching what people search for,click on and say online,companies can aim“behavioural”adsat those most likely to buy.
In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information:Shouldadvertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads?Or should they have explicit permission? In December 2010America's Federal Trade Commission(FTC)proposedadding a"do not track"(DNT)optionto internet browsers,so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed.Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari
both offer DNT;Google's Chrome is due to do so this year.In February the FTC and Digital Advertising Alliance(DAA)agreedthat the industry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests.
On May 31st Microsoft Set off the row:Itsaid that Internet Explorer 10,the version due to appear windows 8,would have DNT as a default.
It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond.Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking,although some companies have promised to do so.Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’sdefault,some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.
Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone.After all,it has an ad business too,which it says will comply with DNT requests,though it is still working out how.If it is trying to upset Google,which relies almost wholly on default will become the norm.DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8-though the firm has compared some of its other products favourably with Google's on that count before.Brendon Lynch,Microsoft's chief privacy officer,blogged:"webelieve consumers should have more control."Could it really be that simple?
26.It is suggested in paragraph 1that“behavioural”adshelp advertisers to:
[A]easecompetition among themselves
[B]lowertheir operational costs
[C]avoidcomplaints from consumers
[D]providebetter online services
27.“Theindustry”(Line6,Para.3)refers to:
[A]onlineadvertisers
[B]e-commerceconductors
[C]digitalinformation analysis
[D]internetbrowser developers
28.Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default
[A]manycut the number of junk ads
[B]failsto affect the ad industry
[C]willnot benefit consumers
[D]goesagainst human nature
29.Which of the following is true according to Paragraph.6?
[A]DNTmay not serve its intended purpose
[B]Advertisersare willing to implement DNT
[C]DNTis losing its popularity among consumers
[D]Advertisersare obliged to offer behavioural ads
30.The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:
[A]indulgence
[B]understanding
[C]appreciation
[D]skepticism
Text 3
Up until a few decades ago,our visions of the future were largely-though by no means uniformly-glowingly positive.Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity,leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.
Now utopia has grown unfashionable,as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us,from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change.You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.
But such gloominess is misplaced.The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years-so why shouldn't we?Take a broader look at our species'place in the universe,and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens,if not hundreds,of thousands of years.Look up Homo sapiens in the"Red List"of threatened species of the International Union for the
Conversation of Nature(IUCN),andyou will read:"Listedas Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed,adaptable,currently increasing,and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline."
So what does our deep future hold?A growing number of researchers and organizations are now thinking seriously about that question.For example,the Long Now Foundation has its flagship project a medical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence.
Perhaps willfully,it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future.The potential evolution of today's technology,and its social consequences,is dazzlingly complicated,and it's perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can
envisage.That's one reason why we have launched Arc,a new publication dedicated to the near future.
But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance.As so often,the past holds the key to the future:wehave now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet,and our species,to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.
This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad.To be sure,the future is not all rosy.But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans,and to improve the lot of those to come.
31.Our vision of the future used to be inspired by
[A]ourdesire for lives of fulfillment
[B]ourfaith in science and technology
[C]ourawareness of potential risks
[D]ourbelief in equal opportunity
32.The IUCN’s“RedList”suggestthat human being are
[A]asustained species
[B]athreaten to the environment
[C]theworld’sdominant power
[D]amisplaced race
33.Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?
[A]Archelps limit the scope of futurological studies.
[B]Technologyoffers solutions to social problem.
[C]Theinterest in science fiction is on the rise.
[D]OurImmediate future is hard to conceive.
34.To ensure the future of mankind,it is crucial to
[A]exploreour planet’sabundant resources
[B]adoptan optimistic view of the world
[C]drawon our experience from the past
[D]curbour ambition to reshape history
35.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
[A]Uncertaintyabout Our Future
[B]Evolutionof the Human Species
[C]TheEver-bright Prospects of Mankind
[D]Science,Technologyand Humanity
Text 4
On a five to three vote,the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona’simmigration law Monday-a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration.But on the more important matter of the Constitution,the decision was an 8-0defeat for the
Administration’s effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states.
In Arizona v.United States,the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona’scontroversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law.The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to“establisha uniform Rule of Naturalization”andthat federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial.Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.
Justice Anthony Kennedy,joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court’sliberals,ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun.On the overturned provisions the majority held the congress had deliberately“occupiedthe field”and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal’sprivileged powers.
However,the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement.That’sbecause Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.
Two of the three objecting Justice-Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas-agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute.The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia,who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the Alien and
Sedition Acts.
The 8-0objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as“ashocking assertion of federal executive power”.TheWhite House argued that Arizona’slaws conflicted with its enforcement priorities,even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter.In effect,the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with.
Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government,and control of
citizenship and the borders is among them.But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status,it could.It never did so.The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn’twant to carry out Congress’simmigration wishes,no state should be allowed to do so either.Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.
36.Three provisions of Arizona’splan were overturned because they
[A]deprivedthe federal police of Constitutional powers.
[B]disturbedthe power balance between different states.
[C]oversteppedthe authority of federal immigration law.
[D]contradictedboth the federal and state policies.
37.On which of the following did the Justices agree,according to Paragraph4?
[A]Federalofficers’dutyto withhold immigrants‘information.
[B]States’independencefrom federal immigration law.
[C]States’legitimaterole in immigration enforcement.
[D]Congress’sintervention in immigration enforcement.
38.It can be inferred from Paragraph 5that the Alien and Sedition Acts
[A]violatedthe Constitution.
[B]underminedthe states’interests.
[C]supportedthe federal statute.
[D]stoodin favor of the states.
39.The White House claims that its power of enforcement
[A]outweighsthat held by the states.
[B]isdependent on the states’support.
[C]isestablished by federal statutes.
[D]rarelygoes against state laws.
40.What can be learned from the last paragraph?
[A]Immigrationissues are usually decided by Congress.
[B]Justicesintended to check the power of the Administration.
[C]Justiceswanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.
[D]TheAdministration is dominant over immigration issues.
Part B
Directions:
In the following article,some sentences have been removed.For Questions
41-45,choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered
blank.There are two extra choices,which do not fit in any of the gaps.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10points)
The social sciences are flourishing.As of 2005,there were almost half a million professional social scientists from all fields in the world,working both inside and outside academia.According to the World Social Science Report 2010,the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11%everyyear since 2000. Yet this enormous resource in not contributing enough to today’sglobal challenges including climate change,security,sustainable development and
health.(41)______Humanityhas the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger,from genetically engineered crops to artificial fertilizers.Here,too,the problems are social:theorganization and distribution of food,wealth and prosperity.
(42)____Thisis a shame—thecommunity should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in the real world.To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter:thereis no radical innovation without creative destruction.
Today,the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates,rather than on topics with external impact.
Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords“environmentalchanged”or“climatechange”haveincreased rapidly since 2004,(43)____
When social scientists do tackle practical issues,their scope is often local:Belgiumis interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium for example.And whether the community’swork contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.
The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding(44)____thisis an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction.Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today’seconomic climate. The trick is to direct these funds better.The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists.This year,it was proposed that system be changed:Horizon2020,a new program to be enacted in 2014,would not have such a category,This has resulted in protests from social scientists.But the intention is not to neglect social science;rather,the complete opposite.(45)____Thatshould create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.
[A]Itcould be that we are evolving two communities of social scientists:onethat is discipline-oriented and publishing in highly specialized journals,and one that is problem-oriented and publishing elsewhere,such as policy briefs.
[B]However,thenumbers are still small:in2010,about 1,600of the 100,000social-sciences papers published globally included one of these Keywords.
[C]theidea is to force social to integrate their work with other
categories,including health and demographic change food security,marine research and the bio-economy,clear,efficient energy;and inclusive,innovative and secure societies.
[D]thesolution is to change the mindset of the academic community,and what it considers to be its main goal.Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists,especially the young ones.
[E]Theseissues all have root causes in human behavior.All require behavioral change and social innovations,as well as technological development.Stemming climate change,for example,is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.
[F]Despitethese factors,many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems.And in Europe,some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development.
[G]Duringthe late 1990s,national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds-including government,higher education,non-profit and corporate-varied from around 4%to25%;inmost European nations,it is about 15%.
Section III Translation
46.Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10points) It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic need in the individuals who made them:theneed for creative expression.There is no doubt that gardens evidence an impossible urge to create,express,fashion,and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge;(46)Yetwhen one looks at the photographs of the garden created by the homeless,it strikes one that,for all their diversity of styles,these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges,beyond that of decoration and creative expression.
One of these urges had to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence,a“stillpoint of the turning world,”toborrow a phrase from
T.S.Eliot.(47)Asacred place of peace,however crude it may be,is a distinctly human need,as opposed to shelter,which is a distinctly animal need.This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking,as it is for these unlikely gardens,the former becomes all the more urgent.Composure is a state of mind made possible by the structuring of one’srelation to one’senvironment.(48)Thegardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless gardens introduce from into an urban
environment where it either didn’texist or was not discernible as such.In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand.
Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to,or to arise from is so intrinsic that we are barely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us.When we are deprived of green,of plants,of trees,(49)mostof us give into a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions,until one day we find ourselves in garden and feel the expression vanish as if by magic.In most of
the homeless gardens of New York City the actual cultivation of plants is
unfeasible,yet even so the compositions often seem to represent attempts to call arrangement of materials,an institution of colors,small pool of water,and a frequent presence of petals or leaves as well as of stuffed animals.On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference,at some basic level,seems to be the natural world.(50)Itis this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of word garden though in a“liberated”sense,todescribe these synthetic constructions.In them we can see biophilia-a yearning for contact with nonhuman life －assuminguncanny representational forms.
Section IV Writing
Part A
51.Directions:
Write an e-mail of about 100words to a foreign teacher in your college,inviting him/herto be a judge for the upcoming English speech contest.
You should include the details you think necessary.
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET 2.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the e-mail,Use"Li Ming"instead. Do not write the address.(10points)
Part B
52.Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200words based on the following drawing.In your essay you should
1)describe the drawing briefly
2)explain its intended meaning,and
3)give your comments
You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(20points)
参考答案
Section I Use of English
1.A.grants
2.D.external
3.C.picture
4.A.For example
5.B.fearful
6.B.on
7.A.if
8.D.test
9.D.success
10.A.chosen
11.D.otherwise
12.C.conducted
13.B.rated
14.D.took
15.B.then
16.C.marked
17.A.before
18.C.drop
19.B.undo
20.C.necessary
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Text 1(Inthe 2006)
21.B.insensitivity to fashion
22.D.shop for their garment more frequently
23.A.accusation
24.D.pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing
25.C.criticism of the fast-fashion industry
Text 2(Anold saying)
26.B.lower their operational costs
27.D.internet browser developers
28.C.will not benefit consumers
29.A.DNT may not serve its intended purpose
30.D.skepticism
Text 3(Nowutopia)
31.B.our faith in science and technology
32.A.sustained species
33.D.our immediate future is hard to conceive
34.C.draw on our experience from the past
35.C.the ever-bright prospects of mankind
Text 4(Ona five to three)
36.C.overstepped the authority of federal immigration
37.C.states’legitimaterole in immigration enforcement
38.D.stood in favor of the states
39.A.outweighs that held by the states
40.D.The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.
Part B
41.E.These issues all have root causes in human behavior...
42.F.Despite these factors...
43.B.However,the numbers are still small...
44.G.During the late 1990s...
45.C.The idea is to force social to integrate...
Section III Translation
46.然而，看着无家可归者绘制出的花园图片时，人们会突然意识到，尽管这些花园风格多样，它们都显示了人类除了装饰和创造性表达之外的其他各种基本诉求47.一块神圣的和平之地，不管它有多么粗糙，它都是一种人类本能的需求，和庇护所相反，那只是动物的本能
需求。
47.无论地方多么简陋不堪，寻求一片静谧圣土是人类特有的需求，而动物需要的仅是仅是避难栖息之地。
48.无家可归者描绘的花园实质上是无所依附的，这些花园把一种形式引入城市环境中，而这样的城市环境中，形式要么根本不存在，要么就完全不是以这种明显的方式存在。
49.我们大多数人会深陷于精神萎靡的状态，并常常将此归咎为一些心理原因，直到某天我们发现自己置身花园中，感到如魔法般烦闷尽消。
50.正是对自然的这种或隐晦含蓄或清晰直白的提及，充分证实了用“花园”一词来描述这些虚拟建筑是合乎情理的，即使是从毫无拘泥的意义来讲的。
Section IV Writing
51.【参考范文】
Dear Prof.Smith,
On behalf of Students’Union,Iam writing this letter to invite you to be a judge for the speech contest which will be held in Students’UnionHall on Monday,January 21.
As an internationally acclaimed scholar in English language and culture,your participation will bring us the pleasure.What’smore,since you have been teaching for a long time and you enjoy a great popularity among all teachers and students,we firmly believe that you can offer us valuable suggestions on improving our students’oral and writing abilities.
It would be a great honor if you could accept this invitation.We are looking forward to your favorable early reply.
Sincerely yours,
Li Ming
52.【参考范文】
As is shown above,this simple picture represents a vigorous situation that nearly every graduate student will face:huntingfor a job,further studying,starting a business or going aboard.Which one should they choose?Without exception,everyone has to make choices in life,no matter concerning school,career,or love.While some choices are easy,one cannot avoid the task of making difficult decisions.
There is sufficient evidence showing that choices are often directly related to one’s happiness.University students,face a hard and crucial decision upon
graduating.Many students have difficulty in deciding whether to continue studying or begin a career.As is known to all,every individual is different,and one must take the factors of one’spersonal life into consideration.In addition to an awareness of specific circumstances,however,making the right choice also depends on correct appraisal of oneself.
It is without doubt that in order to choose correctly,therefore,one must be both realistic and self-aware.Furthermore,there is other aspect to be taken into
consideration.Once having made a decision,one should seriously accept and pursue the path one has chosen,and strive towards the realization of one’s goal with spirit.