文献检索作业二 —— Group work
我们小组为第六组，共7人，分别是姚佳（20081831）、叶玉胜（20081832）、应力文（20081833）、赵兰（20081834）、赵鑫（20081835）、郑玉（20081836）、朱孟驹（20081837），共同承担此项数据库检索小组作业。
关键字：电池模型、计算、模拟；model 、simulation 、battery
检索步骤：
确定检索词
结果输出 二次检索 编写检索式 分析判断检索结果 选择数据库 设立检索课题
检索过程分析：
经共同讨论分析，我们在检索过程中实行的是分类讨论的方法，首先确定已知课题的主题，分析课题，提取概念。①提取主要概念(关键词) ，区分
出辅助概念、禁用词；②扩展
主要概念；③构建检索策略。
例如我们可以把battery 作为
主关键词，剩余的model 和
simulation 作为辅助概念词。SCI 检索界面
根据前面确定的检索词在检索条中编写检索式，当检索结果不理想时，需调整检索策略时因
初始的检索策略而异，即注意初始检索状态而定，扩大或缩小检索范围，同时进行二次检索。
根据练习琢磨可得在编写检索词时要尽可能的减少同义词，注意增加检索词的限定范围，检索字段可以采取如下的方式：
①全文→主题→文摘→篇名的顺序加以填写；②以主题→文摘→篇名；③文摘→篇名的顺序加以填写，可以有效的帮组我们获得更多的信息。若初次检索获得的范围太大，那就必须继续增加限定词，或者改变控制文献发表的年代等条件，缩小范围，从而找到符合要求的精准信息。最后输出自己需要的文献。
检索结果：
1. A simulation model to predict battery life based on projected load profile
Author ：Krahe.R.P （检索于EI ）
powered detection sensors and actuators often present non-uniform, pulsed, periodic load characteristics to their battery sources. However, published
battery life data is generally available only for uniform load current or resistance. This battery life data cannot be used directly to determine battery life under typical specific battery load profiles. Furthermore, it is desirable to predict battery life early in the
product design process, before the exact final load profile is known, when actual testing would be impossible without true-to-life loads. A simulation model is presented to predict battery life for a given load profile. Input to the model is the estimated load characteristics. Output from the model is battery voltage versus time and projected battery life. The model itself is based on extensive battery testing under various periodic load conditions, The model was implemented on a 486PC using C++
programming language. To run the simulation , the load profile is described in a script file. Load resistance or load current can be specified. Wave shape is described as a piecewise combination of linear, exponential, and trigonometric segments. The output voltage is displayed graphically, and can also be given at any point in time. The life is displayed numerically. Multiple simulations can be run by changing the script file. The validity of the model is demonstrated by comparing the projected output voltage profile and battery life with actual sample data.
通过阅读此篇论文，我们发现通常检测传感器与执行器通常呈现不均匀状态。然而，出厂的电池寿命数据通测定的是均匀负载电流和电阻。这种电池寿命数据不能直接用于确定描述电池在典型的特定的负荷特性中的寿命。此外, 它是理想的预测电池寿命，早期在产品设计过程中, 准确的决赛之前, 当载荷剖面测试成为可能地负载，给出了仿真模型来预测电池寿命对于一个给定的负荷。输入模型估计的负荷特点，从这个模型的输出电压随时间来描述电池寿命。该模型本身是基于广泛的电池测试各种周期性负荷条件下而产生的, 对该模型进行了486Pc 的试用，利用c++程序设计语言加以控制。运行仿真、负载剖面中描述一个脚本文件。负载端电阻负载电流可以被指定或被描述为一个波形分段组合的线性、指数、三角片段。图形显示的输出电压, 也可以在任何时候。多个模拟实验可以通过改变脚本文件。该模型的有效性是比较反映输出电压轮廓和电池寿命与实际样本的数据。
从中我们可知想预知电池的寿命可以通过在假设的特定环境中模拟来测取，测定的往往是它的最大值，实际的往往要小于测定的寿命数值。
2. Battery management system based on battery nonlinear dynamics modeling
Author: Szumanowski, A; Chang, YH （检索于SCI ） This paper proposes a method to determine the voltage and the battery internal resistance as function of time, it was successfully able to describe the state (SOC), since the SOC = f (t). The model is based on the battery discharge characteristics under different constant and the current experiment carried out. This further method to determine the battery SOC based battery modeling results. Temperature on battery performance is analyzed and, based on laboratory-tested formula for calculating the theoretical background. SOC battery SOC algorithm is described in detail the signs. Algorithm battery "network" effect of temperature SOC logo can be applied to practical microprocessor. Characterization of a nickel-metal hydride batteries used in the modeling method. In fact, this method can also be used for different types of modern batteries, and lithium batteries, if the test data required are available.
这篇文章提出了一种确定电动势和电池内部阻力随着时间的功能, 它是被描绘成功能的状态(SOC)负责, 因为SOC = f(t)。该模型基于电池放电条件下不同常数和特点进行了电流实验。本文进一步提出的方法来确定电池SOC 根据电池建模结果。温度对电池的性能进行了分析, 并根据laboratory-tested 的理论背景资料计算公式。SOC 电池SOC 的算法描述的迹象是细节。算法的电池的“网络”标志SOC 影响的温度可推广应用于实践的微处理器。一个镍氢电池用于刻画的建模方法。事实上, 这个方法也可用于不同类型的现代电池, 以及锂电池, 如果测试所需的资料是可用的。
在此我们发现要推算一些复杂的物理变化，如该文中确定电动势和电池内部阻力随着时间变化的功能，我们可以大胆的采取建模的思维，必要的理想化，从而推断与实际值相接近的结果。
3. A Generic Battery Model for the Dynamic Simulation of Hybrid Electric Vehicles （检索于EI ）
This paper presents an easy-to-use battery model applied to dynamic
simulation software. The simulation model uses only the battery State-Of-Charge
(SOC) as a state variable in order to avoid the algebraic loop problem. It is shown that this model, composed of a controlled voltage source in series with a resistance, can accurately represent four types of battery chemistries. The model's parameters can easily be extracted from the manufacturer's discharge curve, which allows for an easy use of the model. A method is described to extract the model's parameters and to approximate the internal resistance. The model is validated by superimposing the
results with the manufacturer's discharge curves. Finally, the battery model is included in the SimPowerSystems (SPS) simulation software and is used in the Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) demo. The results for the battery and for the DC-DC converter are analysed and they show that the model can accurately represent the general
behaviour of the battery.
本文提出了一种易于使用的电池型号适用于动态模拟软件。仿真模型仅使用电池的状态充电（SOC ）的作为状态变量，以避免代数
循环问题。结果表明，该模型中，一个与一
个电阻控制电压源组成，能准确代表四种电
池化学类型。该模型的参数可以很容易地提
取从制造商的放电曲线，这为利用该模型提
供便捷。本文介绍了一种方法来提取模型的
参数和近似的内部阻力。该模型是由叠加验
证与制造商的放电曲线的结果表明。最后，电池型号包括在SimPowerSystems 的（SPS ）
的模拟软件，并在混合动力电动汽车
（HEV ）演示使用。为电池结果和在DC -
DC 转换器进行了分析，它们表明，该模
型能准确地反映电池的一般行为。
经讨论，该文提出的思维模式也是要
培养建立模型的方法来处理实际问题，对于电池内部复杂的物理和化学反映动态的测量，建立模型是最佳的方案。
4. From Li-ion ingle cell model to battery pack simulation (检索于SCI) A universal modeling and simulation approach for rechargeable lithium batteries is presented in this paper to introduce a practical method to conduct battery pack simulation from accurate cell models that can account for cell imbalance. We used a model based on an equivalent circuit technique commonly used in
electrochemical impedance characterizations. Our approach uses parameters
deduced directly from cell testing, which promise a convenient integration with live cell monitoring and control circuitry. Such integration accompanied with the generic nature of the model offers the universality in this modeling approach. We began with the explanation of a single cell model which is validated against experimental data to demonstrate its validity of high accuracy. A highly accurate single cell model is
essential for the derivation of reliable statistical confidence interval to accurately
account for the intrinsic imbalance of the cells in the pack. We then demonstrated that a high fidelity pack simulation can be achieved when such imbalance was accounted for.
小组讨论分析：
这里向我们介绍了一种普遍的建模与仿真方法可充电锂电池的切实可行的方法进行精确的电池模型，从而可以为失衡电池模拟。我们使用一个等效电路上常用的电化学阻抗特征的技术为基础的模式。我们的方法使用推断从单电极测试，能使电池的监测和控制电路集成方便的参数。这种方法整合了该模型的一般性质的陪同下提供本建模方法的普遍性。我们开始测试一个单极电池模型，对实验数据进行验证，以证明其有效性的解释精度高。一个高度精确的单极电池模型是可靠的统计置信区间的推导必须准确地解释了在包装电池内在的不平衡。然后，我们证明了一种高保真模拟可以解决这种不平衡。
5. From Li-ion single cell model to battery pack simulation （从锂离子单细胞模型来
模拟电池）
Author affiliation: Hawaii Natural Energy Institute, SOEST, United States
作者单位：夏威夷自然能源研究所，苏斯特，美国 A universal modeling and simulation approach for rechargeable lithium batteries is presented in this paper to introduce a practical method to conduct battery pack simulation from accurate cell models that can account for cell imbalance. We used a model based on an equivalent circuit technique commonly used in electrochemical impedance characterizations. Our approach uses parameters deduced directly from cell testing, which promise a convenient integration with live cell monitoring and control circuitry. Such integration accompanied with the generic nature of the model offers the universality in this modeling approach. We began with the explanation of a single cell model which is validated against experimental data to demonstrate its validity of high accuracy. A highly accurate single cell model is essential for the derivation of reliable statistical confidence interval to accurately account for the intrinsic imbalance of the cells in the pack. We then demonstrated that a high fidelity pack simulation can be achieved when such imbalance was accounted for.
小组讨论分析：
通用建模与仿真方法可用于充电锂电池，本文提出介绍一种切实可行的方法，进行构建精确的细胞模型，从可以进行细胞失衡电池的模拟。我们用等效电路上常用的电化学阻抗特征使用的技术为基础来构建模型。我们的方法是使用直接推导出电池测试参数，并假象活细胞的监测和控制电路能够方便集成。这种集成模型在一般性质的情况下，具有普遍性和代表性。
这篇文献主要通过生物的方法，运用细胞技术来模拟电池，我们知道生物氧化还原产生的能量是非常巨大的，若能构建一种模型来仿真生物产能运用到电池生产中，市场前景可谓巨大。
小组总结：
我们小组7人就所布置的关键词battery 、simulation 、model 在《美国化学文摘》（ACS ）、《美国工程索引》（EI ）、《美国科学引文索引》（SCI ）三个权威的外文数据库进行了搜索，摘取了以上5篇学术论文，通过小组的集体阅读这几篇论文和讨论分析，我们感触最深的是要解决一些复杂的诸如电池内部的电池的寿命、电动势、电池内阻的计算需要我们大胆的
展开设想，建立模型，通过具体的实际模型来模拟复杂的物理、化学和生物变化情况。通过模型所取得的理论值来模拟实际情况，再进行误差分析。
通过这一次大家集体参与数据库检索并进行分析讨论，不仅体会到团队力量的强大，同时也让我们每个人的不同的分歧得到了探讨，我们觉得这是一种很好的学习研究方式，经过讨论可以使得我们思考问题的方面更加广泛，对某些问题得到充分的认识，共同学习，共同进步。
以上作业由第6小组成员共同完成，若有纰漏恳请指正 谢谢。
姚佳（20081831）、叶玉胜（20081832）、应力文（20081833）、
赵兰（20081834）、赵鑫（20081835）、郑玉（20081836）、
朱孟驹（20081837）
2010.09
文献检索作业二 —— Group work
我们小组为第六组，共7人，分别是姚佳（20081831）、叶玉胜（20081832）、应力文（20081833）、赵兰（20081834）、赵鑫（20081835）、郑玉（20081836）、朱孟驹（20081837），共同承担此项数据库检索小组作业。
关键字：电池模型、计算、模拟；model 、simulation 、battery
检索步骤：
确定检索词
结果输出 二次检索 编写检索式 分析判断检索结果 选择数据库 设立检索课题
检索过程分析：
经共同讨论分析，我们在检索过程中实行的是分类讨论的方法，首先确定已知课题的主题，分析课题，提取概念。①提取主要概念(关键词) ，区分
出辅助概念、禁用词；②扩展
主要概念；③构建检索策略。
例如我们可以把battery 作为
主关键词，剩余的model 和
simulation 作为辅助概念词。SCI 检索界面
根据前面确定的检索词在检索条中编写检索式，当检索结果不理想时，需调整检索策略时因
初始的检索策略而异，即注意初始检索状态而定，扩大或缩小检索范围，同时进行二次检索。
根据练习琢磨可得在编写检索词时要尽可能的减少同义词，注意增加检索词的限定范围，检索字段可以采取如下的方式：
①全文→主题→文摘→篇名的顺序加以填写；②以主题→文摘→篇名；③文摘→篇名的顺序加以填写，可以有效的帮组我们获得更多的信息。若初次检索获得的范围太大，那就必须继续增加限定词，或者改变控制文献发表的年代等条件，缩小范围，从而找到符合要求的精准信息。最后输出自己需要的文献。
检索结果：
1. A simulation model to predict battery life based on projected load profile
Author ：Krahe.R.P （检索于EI ）
powered detection sensors and actuators often present non-uniform, pulsed, periodic load characteristics to their battery sources. However, published
battery life data is generally available only for uniform load current or resistance. This battery life data cannot be used directly to determine battery life under typical specific battery load profiles. Furthermore, it is desirable to predict battery life early in the
product design process, before the exact final load profile is known, when actual testing would be impossible without true-to-life loads. A simulation model is presented to predict battery life for a given load profile. Input to the model is the estimated load characteristics. Output from the model is battery voltage versus time and projected battery life. The model itself is based on extensive battery testing under various periodic load conditions, The model was implemented on a 486PC using C++
programming language. To run the simulation , the load profile is described in a script file. Load resistance or load current can be specified. Wave shape is described as a piecewise combination of linear, exponential, and trigonometric segments. The output voltage is displayed graphically, and can also be given at any point in time. The life is displayed numerically. Multiple simulations can be run by changing the script file. The validity of the model is demonstrated by comparing the projected output voltage profile and battery life with actual sample data.
通过阅读此篇论文，我们发现通常检测传感器与执行器通常呈现不均匀状态。然而，出厂的电池寿命数据通测定的是均匀负载电流和电阻。这种电池寿命数据不能直接用于确定描述电池在典型的特定的负荷特性中的寿命。此外, 它是理想的预测电池寿命，早期在产品设计过程中, 准确的决赛之前, 当载荷剖面测试成为可能地负载，给出了仿真模型来预测电池寿命对于一个给定的负荷。输入模型估计的负荷特点，从这个模型的输出电压随时间来描述电池寿命。该模型本身是基于广泛的电池测试各种周期性负荷条件下而产生的, 对该模型进行了486Pc 的试用，利用c++程序设计语言加以控制。运行仿真、负载剖面中描述一个脚本文件。负载端电阻负载电流可以被指定或被描述为一个波形分段组合的线性、指数、三角片段。图形显示的输出电压, 也可以在任何时候。多个模拟实验可以通过改变脚本文件。该模型的有效性是比较反映输出电压轮廓和电池寿命与实际样本的数据。
从中我们可知想预知电池的寿命可以通过在假设的特定环境中模拟来测取，测定的往往是它的最大值，实际的往往要小于测定的寿命数值。
2. Battery management system based on battery nonlinear dynamics modeling
Author: Szumanowski, A; Chang, YH （检索于SCI ） This paper proposes a method to determine the voltage and the battery internal resistance as function of time, it was successfully able to describe the state (SOC), since the SOC = f (t). The model is based on the battery discharge characteristics under different constant and the current experiment carried out. This further method to determine the battery SOC based battery modeling results. Temperature on battery performance is analyzed and, based on laboratory-tested formula for calculating the theoretical background. SOC battery SOC algorithm is described in detail the signs. Algorithm battery "network" effect of temperature SOC logo can be applied to practical microprocessor. Characterization of a nickel-metal hydride batteries used in the modeling method. In fact, this method can also be used for different types of modern batteries, and lithium batteries, if the test data required are available.
这篇文章提出了一种确定电动势和电池内部阻力随着时间的功能, 它是被描绘成功能的状态(SOC)负责, 因为SOC = f(t)。该模型基于电池放电条件下不同常数和特点进行了电流实验。本文进一步提出的方法来确定电池SOC 根据电池建模结果。温度对电池的性能进行了分析, 并根据laboratory-tested 的理论背景资料计算公式。SOC 电池SOC 的算法描述的迹象是细节。算法的电池的“网络”标志SOC 影响的温度可推广应用于实践的微处理器。一个镍氢电池用于刻画的建模方法。事实上, 这个方法也可用于不同类型的现代电池, 以及锂电池, 如果测试所需的资料是可用的。
在此我们发现要推算一些复杂的物理变化，如该文中确定电动势和电池内部阻力随着时间变化的功能，我们可以大胆的采取建模的思维，必要的理想化，从而推断与实际值相接近的结果。
3. A Generic Battery Model for the Dynamic Simulation of Hybrid Electric Vehicles （检索于EI ）
This paper presents an easy-to-use battery model applied to dynamic
simulation software. The simulation model uses only the battery State-Of-Charge
(SOC) as a state variable in order to avoid the algebraic loop problem. It is shown that this model, composed of a controlled voltage source in series with a resistance, can accurately represent four types of battery chemistries. The model's parameters can easily be extracted from the manufacturer's discharge curve, which allows for an easy use of the model. A method is described to extract the model's parameters and to approximate the internal resistance. The model is validated by superimposing the
results with the manufacturer's discharge curves. Finally, the battery model is included in the SimPowerSystems (SPS) simulation software and is used in the Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) demo. The results for the battery and for the DC-DC converter are analysed and they show that the model can accurately represent the general
behaviour of the battery.
本文提出了一种易于使用的电池型号适用于动态模拟软件。仿真模型仅使用电池的状态充电（SOC ）的作为状态变量，以避免代数
循环问题。结果表明，该模型中，一个与一
个电阻控制电压源组成，能准确代表四种电
池化学类型。该模型的参数可以很容易地提
取从制造商的放电曲线，这为利用该模型提
供便捷。本文介绍了一种方法来提取模型的
参数和近似的内部阻力。该模型是由叠加验
证与制造商的放电曲线的结果表明。最后，电池型号包括在SimPowerSystems 的（SPS ）
的模拟软件，并在混合动力电动汽车
（HEV ）演示使用。为电池结果和在DC -
DC 转换器进行了分析，它们表明，该模
型能准确地反映电池的一般行为。
经讨论，该文提出的思维模式也是要
培养建立模型的方法来处理实际问题，对于电池内部复杂的物理和化学反映动态的测量，建立模型是最佳的方案。
4. From Li-ion ingle cell model to battery pack simulation (检索于SCI) A universal modeling and simulation approach for rechargeable lithium batteries is presented in this paper to introduce a practical method to conduct battery pack simulation from accurate cell models that can account for cell imbalance. We used a model based on an equivalent circuit technique commonly used in
electrochemical impedance characterizations. Our approach uses parameters
deduced directly from cell testing, which promise a convenient integration with live cell monitoring and control circuitry. Such integration accompanied with the generic nature of the model offers the universality in this modeling approach. We began with the explanation of a single cell model which is validated against experimental data to demonstrate its validity of high accuracy. A highly accurate single cell model is
essential for the derivation of reliable statistical confidence interval to accurately
account for the intrinsic imbalance of the cells in the pack. We then demonstrated that a high fidelity pack simulation can be achieved when such imbalance was accounted for.
小组讨论分析：
这里向我们介绍了一种普遍的建模与仿真方法可充电锂电池的切实可行的方法进行精确的电池模型，从而可以为失衡电池模拟。我们使用一个等效电路上常用的电化学阻抗特征的技术为基础的模式。我们的方法使用推断从单电极测试，能使电池的监测和控制电路集成方便的参数。这种方法整合了该模型的一般性质的陪同下提供本建模方法的普遍性。我们开始测试一个单极电池模型，对实验数据进行验证，以证明其有效性的解释精度高。一个高度精确的单极电池模型是可靠的统计置信区间的推导必须准确地解释了在包装电池内在的不平衡。然后，我们证明了一种高保真模拟可以解决这种不平衡。
5. From Li-ion single cell model to battery pack simulation （从锂离子单细胞模型来
模拟电池）
Author affiliation: Hawaii Natural Energy Institute, SOEST, United States
作者单位：夏威夷自然能源研究所，苏斯特，美国 A universal modeling and simulation approach for rechargeable lithium batteries is presented in this paper to introduce a practical method to conduct battery pack simulation from accurate cell models that can account for cell imbalance. We used a model based on an equivalent circuit technique commonly used in electrochemical impedance characterizations. Our approach uses parameters deduced directly from cell testing, which promise a convenient integration with live cell monitoring and control circuitry. Such integration accompanied with the generic nature of the model offers the universality in this modeling approach. We began with the explanation of a single cell model which is validated against experimental data to demonstrate its validity of high accuracy. A highly accurate single cell model is essential for the derivation of reliable statistical confidence interval to accurately account for the intrinsic imbalance of the cells in the pack. We then demonstrated that a high fidelity pack simulation can be achieved when such imbalance was accounted for.
小组讨论分析：
通用建模与仿真方法可用于充电锂电池，本文提出介绍一种切实可行的方法，进行构建精确的细胞模型，从可以进行细胞失衡电池的模拟。我们用等效电路上常用的电化学阻抗特征使用的技术为基础来构建模型。我们的方法是使用直接推导出电池测试参数，并假象活细胞的监测和控制电路能够方便集成。这种集成模型在一般性质的情况下，具有普遍性和代表性。
这篇文献主要通过生物的方法，运用细胞技术来模拟电池，我们知道生物氧化还原产生的能量是非常巨大的，若能构建一种模型来仿真生物产能运用到电池生产中，市场前景可谓巨大。
小组总结：
我们小组7人就所布置的关键词battery 、simulation 、model 在《美国化学文摘》（ACS ）、《美国工程索引》（EI ）、《美国科学引文索引》（SCI ）三个权威的外文数据库进行了搜索，摘取了以上5篇学术论文，通过小组的集体阅读这几篇论文和讨论分析，我们感触最深的是要解决一些复杂的诸如电池内部的电池的寿命、电动势、电池内阻的计算需要我们大胆的
展开设想，建立模型，通过具体的实际模型来模拟复杂的物理、化学和生物变化情况。通过模型所取得的理论值来模拟实际情况，再进行误差分析。
通过这一次大家集体参与数据库检索并进行分析讨论，不仅体会到团队力量的强大，同时也让我们每个人的不同的分歧得到了探讨，我们觉得这是一种很好的学习研究方式，经过讨论可以使得我们思考问题的方面更加广泛，对某些问题得到充分的认识，共同学习，共同进步。
以上作业由第6小组成员共同完成，若有纰漏恳请指正 谢谢。
姚佳（20081831）、叶玉胜（20081832）、应力文（20081833）、
赵兰（20081834）、赵鑫（20081835）、郑玉（20081836）、
朱孟驹（20081837）
2010.09