严复的“信、达、雅”三字诀(Triple Principle of Translation)
信(faithfulness)：忠实准确
达(expressiveness)：通顺流畅
雅(elegance)：文字古雅
林语堂先生的“忠实(faithfulness)，通顺(smoothness)，美(beautifulness)说”； 傅雷先生的“神似”（resemblance in spirit/spiritual conformity ）；
朱生豪先生的“传神达意说；
钱钟书先生的“化境”（reaching the acme of perfection/ sublimed adaptation ） Alexander Fraser Tytler：Three Principles of Translation
The translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work(译作
应该完全传达原作的思想)；
The style and manner of writing in the translation should be of the same character with
that of the original (译作的风格与笔调应当与原作保持一致)；
The translation should have all the ease of the original composition(译作应当和原作一
样流畅)．
Translation Strategies
Literal translation
Free translation
Foreignization
Domestication
Literal Translation
crocodile tears ( 鳄鱼的眼泪);
be armed to the teeth (武装到牙齿);
chain reaction (连锁反应);
gentlemen’s agreement ( 君子协定)
“三教九流”( the three religions and the nine schools of thought);
“四书五经”(the Four Books and the Five Classics);
“纸老虎”(paper tiger) ;
“一国两制”(one country，two systems)
Free Translation
Adam’s apple
At sixes and sevens
It rains cats and dogs．
Don’t cross the bridge till you get to it.
Do you see any green in my eye?
There’s no pot so ugly it can’t find a lid．
Little fish does not eat big fish．
What the tongue says，the neck pays for.
A gift is the key to open the door closed against you．
I love tiger cat, ... British movies on public television, fluffy blouses, the nuclear family, ... ( Helen Snow, My China Years )
Foreignizing Translation
(异化译法受到译入语文化价值观的民族偏离主义压力，注意到外语文本的语言和文化差异，把读者带入外国情景，体验外国人的阅读感受)
to kill two birds with one stone
All roads lead to Rome
像 汉 语 里 的 “妯 娌” 和 “连 襟”， 就 难 以 直 译 成 英 语， 只 能 意 译 成 women who are married to brothers 以 及 men who are married to sisters。 她 们 是 妯 娌。They are married to brothers
他 们 是 连 襟。They are married to sisters
王 军 是 我 的 连 襟。Wang Jun is my brother-in-law. Wang Jun and I are married to sisters.
著 名 动 画 片《 狮 子 王》（The Lion King）
the lion‘s share（最 大 或 最 好 的 一 份）
beard the lion in his den（ 入 狮 穴 捋 狮 须； 太 岁 头 上 动 土）
a lion in the way（ 拦 路 虎）
the lion‘s mouth （虎 口， 虎 穴）
槁木死灰 withered wood / cold ashes
骨瘦如柴 be lean as a rake
对牛弹琴 cast pearls before swine
滚石不生苔 A rolling stone gathers no moss.
众人拾柴火焰高Many hands make light work.
竹篮打水一场空 Drawing water in a bamboo basket means drawing nothing
好风快扬帆。
Hoist your sail when the wind is fair.
小洞不堵要沉大船。
A small leak will sink a great ship.
没有目标的生活，如同没有罗盘的航行。
Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass.
要识好海员，须凭坏天气。
The good seaman is known in bad weather.
平静的大海练不出好水手。
A smooth sea never made a skillful mariner
胆小如鼠 as timid as a rabbit 吹牛 to talk horse
如鱼得水 like a duck to water 烂醉如泥 drunk as a sailor
一箭之遥 at a stone’s throw 水中捞月 to fish in the air
如履薄冰 to tread upon eggs 天长地久 as long as the hills
多如牛毛 as plentiful as blackberries
石沉大海 remain a dead letter
挥金如土 spend money like water
掌上明珠 the apple of one’s eye
冷若冰霜 as cool as a cucumber
挂羊头卖狗肉 to cry up wine and sell vinegar
山中无老虎，猴子称霸王。 In the land of the blind, the one-eyed man is king. Man proposes, God disposes.
God help those who help themselves.
He that serves God for money will serve the devil for better wages.
跑了和尚跑不了庙。
佛靠金装，人靠衣裳。
放下屠刀，立地成佛。
泥菩萨过河，自身难保。
三个臭皮匠，顶个诸葛亮。
蜀中无大将，廖化作先锋。
鹬蚌相争，鱼翁得利。
塞翁失马，焉知非福。
狗咬吕洞宾，不识好人心。
A sword of Damocles
The Gordian Knot
Judas’s kiss
Pandora’s box
地肥 rich land 水肥 highly-productive water 肥缺a well paid job 日服三次，每次一片 To be taken three times a day, one tablet each time. 你说得有道理，我服了。 What you said is reasonable. I’m convinced. 他不服指导。 He refused to obey directions. 我在那里只住了三天，因为不服水土，又回来了。 I stayed there for only three days before I returned home, because I was not
accustomed to the climate there.
服兵役是每个青年的义务。
It’s the duty of every young man to serve in the army.
那位拳击手还在服刑。
That boxer is still serving a sentence.
Japanese army killed millions of innocent people during the war.
在那场战争中日本军队屠杀了成百上千万无辜的平民。 Three men were killed in the accident. 有三个男子在事故中丧生。 The engine was killed by the flood. 汽车的引擎由于大水而熄了火。 Your joke nearly killed me. 你的笑话真是笑死人。 I’m reading this book just to kill time.
我读这本书只是为了消磨时间。
中国人重整体、偏重综合性思维，英美人重个体、偏重分析性思维
搞得我心乱如麻。 热得我们满身大汗。 黑漆漆的，不知是日是夜。
don’t know whether it is day or night.
接到你的来信，十分高兴。 是我们错了。
气得他说不出话来。He was so angry that he couldn’t speak.
中国人重直觉，英美人重实证
他因感情冲动而误入歧途。 他一阵发怒之后，既不难过，也不后悔。 他一想到回去就害怕。
我突然想起一个主意。
我看到这孩子就会想起他的父母。
我没有想到你会反对。
didn’t occur to me that you would object.
中国人重形象思维，英美人重逻辑思维
花园里面是人间的乐园，有的是吃不了的大米白面，穿不完的绫罗绸缎，花不完的
金银财宝。
他等她等得像热锅上的蚂蚁。
他三天打鱼，两天晒网，因而没有成功。
只有教育才能使中国立于世界之林。
每天晚上我都要躺在床上把白天所学的一切在脑海里过一遍电影。
让世界了解中国，让中国走向世界。
The garden was a paradise on earth, with more food and clothes than could be
consumed and more money than could be spent.
He waited for her arrival with a frenzied agitation.
He failed for lack of perseverance.
Nothing but education can make China rank among the advanced countries in the
world.
Every night before going to sleep I will recall what I have learned during the day.
Let the other people of the rest of the world know China. Let China make close contact
with the rest of the world.
准确和模糊
我买了十只圆珠笔，（这十只圆珠笔）一共二十元，（我）拿回家一看，都是用过的
了。
不坚持，就会失败。
他来了，我走。 谁都知道那儿是艰苦些。
要提倡顾全大局。
不解决这些人的生活问题，社会就不会稳定。
1） 2） we’ll fail.
don’t hold on,
3） 4) 5） situation into account. 6）There will be no social stability unless they can find enough food and clothes.
1975年，我进入北京工业学院（现在是北京理工大学）时，实际文化程度才是初中一年级，困难是很大的。我必须用三年的时间走完如今一个大学生将近九年的路。
Ref version one:
In 1975 when I had just entered Beijing Industry College (now Beijing Science and
Engineering University), culturally as a matter of fact I was merely with the first year of junior middle school, encountering tremendous difficulties, having to accomplish within three years what it takes an ordinary university student to in nine.
Ref version 2:
In 1975 when I had just entered Beijing Industry College (now Beijing Science and
Engineering University), as a matter of fact I merely had an education of the first year of junior middle school (/my educational level was in fact merely equaled to that of the first year of junior middle school). Therefore I encountered tremendous difficulties as I had to accomplish within three years what it took an ordinary university student to in nine.
头一年，在班上我的成绩是中等偏下，我唯一的资本是自己的毅力。
In the first year my study record was merely fair to middling. My single asset was
perseverance, though.
Fair: quite good, large, etc.; reasonable.
e.g. His knowledge of the language is fair.
Her written work is excellent, but her practical work is only fair-to-middling
我想了这样一个道理：什么叫大学？大学是一种优势，国家是用成千上万的投资维持和创造这种优势的。
I fell to meditating about the reason for the existence of a university. To my mind it
was a kind of social superiority created and supported by the country with umpteen financial investment.
Superiority: the quality of being better, more skillful, more powerful.
Privilege: a special advantage limited to a particular person or group. e.g. Education is
a privilege, not a right in many countries.
这种优势也许会给别人，但现在给了我。要把这种优势化作自己的优势，关键在于刻苦学习。
Ref: This superiority was given to me as to others. Now I had this share, how hard I
must try to turn it to the best possible account, the linchpin lying in my leaning over backwards!
lean over backwards: to make every possible effort to do something
1978年, 我以当时比较好的成绩考上了研究生，同年又考上了出国研究生。
Ref:
In 1978 I passed the examination with comparatively good results and (according to
the requirements of the time) was admitted as a postgraduate student. Later in the
same year I succeeded in another examination for going abroad for further studies.
1979年10月去英国，第一次看到国外的情况, 对比自己的国家，我心里比较难受。我觉得有责任为建设自己的国家出一分力。
Ref:
In October, 1979, I went to England. There I came to see conditions quite new to me;
comparing them with those in my own country I could not help feeling disheartened and that I had the absolute responsibility to make some contribution towards our country’s construction.
我是一个“工农兵”大学生，对能否做出一篇博士论文心里没有底。
Ref: Having been from the worker-peasant-soldier category of students, I had little
self-confidence as to whether I could write a doctorate dissertation.
dissertation: a long usu. written treatment of a subject, esp. one written for higher
university degree
有了研究方向，我便一头扎进图书馆，一呆就是两个月，收集有关的学习文献资料。我吃饭和休息尽可能简化，每天实际工作十四五个小时。
Ref:
Nevertheless, once given the direction of research work, I plunged myself into it and
frequented the library for two months nonstop, browsing books and collecting reference materials. I allowed myself only snacks in order to save time for study and cut the time for rest down to the minimum.
有一年圣诞节前夜，导师格雷教授路过学校看到实验室还亮着灯，第二天对我说：你连昨晚都在工作，使我们深感惭愧。
Ref:
One year, on Christmas Eve my tutor Prof. Gray, happening to pass by the laboratory,
saw the lights inside still on. The next morning he said to me: “Even last night you did not stop working! I must say that compared with you we feel ashamed of ourselves, indeed!”
在英国，我多次参加国际学术会议，我的博士论文被校方评为1982-1983年度最佳物理学博士论文。
Ref:
During my sojourn in England I attended several symposiums on academic subjects.
My doctorate dissertation was appraised by the authorities and considered as the best among others on physics for the year 1982-1983.
1983年底我回国后，感到现在是该我出力的时候了。
Ref: By the end of 1983 I came back to my home country. Now the time had come for
me to work as best as I could.
1984年，我申请了中国科学院科学基金，从事热自燃理论研究。1987年，我开始独立指导研究生。我编出了两本专著、三本教材，有些论文代表了国际上本领域的先进水平。
Ref:
In 1984 I applied for and was awarded a fund from the China Academy of Sciences
Foundation, which enabled me to get started with the research into spontaneous ignition. In 1987 I began to teach postgraduate students on my own while making use of my spare time in compiling two books on specialized subjects and also three textbooks. Some of my theses reflected advanced stages known internationally in the
particular area.
这回我可亲眼看见啦!
This time I’ve actually seen it for myself．
打吧，打不下去；跑吧，跑不了，敌人只好投降。
Unable to fight on or to escape，the enemy was forced to surrender．
你啊，老这样下去可不行!
Look! You can’t go on like this．
这也不能怪他，头一回嘛。
He’s not to blame．After all，it was the first time he’d done it． always 人们不能一直呆在家里不出来。
战士们冒着刺骨的寒风前进。
我们都赞成他的建议。
他们不顾一切困难，挫折，坚持工作。
“来啦！”她转身蹦着跳着地跑了，越过草地，跨上台阶，穿过凉台，进了门
廊。
The soldiers walked on against the piercing wind.
We are all in favor of his suggestion.
They kept on working in spite of all difficulties and setbacks.
“I’m coming!” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the
veranda, and into the porch.
虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。
男女老少都参加了战斗。
他不来，我不走。
姐姐在等我，我得走了。
Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind.
Men and women, old and young, all joined in the battle.
I shall not go until he comes.
My sister is expecting me, so I must be off now.
文章翻译完了。 全市到处在兴建新工厂。 现在正下着毛毛雨。 累得我站不起来了。 他有个女儿，( )在北京工作，( )已经打电话去了，( )听说明天就能回来。 The article has been translated． New factories are being built all over the city． It's drizzling at the moment． I’m so exhausted that I can’t stand up． He has a daughter，who works in Beijing．Someone has phoned her and it is said that
she will be back tomorrow．
天高云淡。
他出国留学去了。
我介绍他加入协会。
这项合同经理要签名。
The sky is high and the clouds are pale．
He has gone abroad for further studies．
I recommended him for membership of the association，
This contract should be signed by the manager．
晒衣服 to sun one's clothes 救国to save the nation
晒太阳 to bask in the sun 救火to fight a fire
补充人力 to replenish manpower
补充缺额 to fill a vacancy
恢复健康 to recover one's health
恢复疲劳 to get refreshed
打扫房间 to clean a room
打扫卫生 to do some cleaning
吃苹果 to eat an apple
吃大碗 to eat with a big bowl
接着，他继续设想，鸡又生鸡，用鸡卖钱，钱买母牛，母牛繁殖，卖牛得钱，用钱放债，这么一连串的发财计划，当然也不能算是生产的计划。(马南邮：《燕山夜话》)
He went on indulging in wishful thinking，Chickens would breed more chickens. Selling
them would bring him money．With this he could buy cows. The cows would breed too and selling oxen would make more money for him．With the money，he could become a money lender．Such a succession of steps for getting rich，of course， had nothing at all to do with production．
过了一些时候，从远方传来了消息：在小铜球坠落的当天，确实发生了地震。这一
切终于得到了澄清。
为什么如此众多的美国人不能如想象中那样幸福呢?我认为原因有二，而两者之间又
有深浅之分。
本节内容如有更改，均见本书末附录。
All was cleared up some time later when news came from a distant place that an
earthquake was felt the very day the little copper ball fell．
When I try to understand what it is that prevents so many Americans from being as
happy as one might expect，it seems to me that there are two causes，of which one goes much deeper than the other．
Change of information，if any，concerning the contents of this section will be found in
the appendix at the end of this book.
人不犯我，我不犯人。
说是说了，没有结果。
抓住了主要矛盾，一切问题就可以迎刃而解。
他不来，我不去。
聪明一世，糊涂一时。
有饭大家吃。
不到黄河心不死。
不进则退。
物极必反。
We will not attack unless we are attacked．
I've made proposals，but they proved futile． Once the principal contradiction is grasped，all problems can be readily solved． If he won't come here，I'll not go there． Smart as a rule，but this time a fool． Let everybody share the food If there is any． Until all is over，ambition never dies． He who does not advance falls backward．／Move forward，or you'll fall behind． Once a certain limit is reached，a change in the opposite direction is inevitable．
In the door way lay at least twelve umbrellas of all sizes and colors．
There are many wonderful stories to tell about the places I visited and the people I met． Can you answer a question which I want to ask and which is puzzling me?
If the man who was seen to take an umbrella from the City Church last Sunday evening does not wish to get into trouble，he will return the umbrella to No．10 Broad Street．He is well known.
门口放着一堆雨伞，少说也有十二把，五颜六色，大小不一。
我访问了一些地方，也遇到了一些人。要谈起来，奇妙的事儿可多着哩。 我有一个问题弄不懂，想请教你，你能回答吗?
上星期日傍晚，有人曾见某君在市教堂取走雨伞一把。取伞者如不愿卷入纠纷，还
是将伞送至布劳德街十号为妙。此君为谁，尽人皆知。
以其人之道，还治其人之身。
不经一事，不长一智。
优先发展科技教育。
要促进人和自然的协调与和谐。
如果从水中除去足够的热量，就可以把水变成冰。
没有共产党就没有新中国，没有新中国就没有我们今天的幸福生活。
地下埋藏着大量的金银铜铅锌。
Deal with the man as he deals with you. / Pay sb back in his own coin.
You can’t gain knowledge without practice. (A fall into a pit, a gain in your wit.)
Priority will be given to the development of science, technology and education. It is necessary to enhance balance and harmony between man and nature.
The removal of enough heat from water may turn it into ice.
Without the Communist Party, there would be no New China; without New China,
there would be no today’s happy life.
Hidden underground is a wealth of gold, silver, copper, lead and zinc.
Notional Passives
Pattern: receptor subject (受事主语) + verb ( + agent).
一匹马骑两个人。
这锅饭能吃十个人。
昨晚我盖了两条被子。
爸爸，你想死我们了!(琼瑶：《哑妻》)
困难克服了，工作完成了，问题也解决了
Two persons rode one horse.
A pot of rice like this can feed 10 people.
Last night I was covered up with two quilts.
Daddy, we miss you very much!
The difficulties have been overcome, the work has been finished and the problem
solved.
Subjectless or Subject-omitted Sentences
要制造飞机，就必须仔细考虑空气阻力问题。
为什么总把这些麻烦事推给我呢?
注意看看信的地址是否写对了。
Air resistance must be given careful consideration when the aircraft is to be manufactured.
Why should all the unpleasant jobs be pushed onto me?
Care should be taken to see whether the letter is properly addressed.
Using Generic Persons as Subjects
人们普遍认为……
有人听见呼救的声音。
众所周知，中国人在两千多年前就发明了指南针。
It is generally considered that...
Voices were heard calling for help.
It is well known that the compass was invented in China more than two thousand years ago.
Using “Executive Form”
凡是做功，都是把能从一种形式转换成另一种形式。
1964年10月，中国爆炸了第一颗原子弹，这把基辛格吓了一跳。
Whenever work is being done, energy is being converted from one form into another. Kissinger was alarmed by China’s first atomic blast in October, 1964. 位太太。
They contained no actual complaints, nor was there any of past occurrences, or any 简的信并没有写什么真正埋怨的话，事，或者诉说目前的痛苦。
He waited for her arrival with a frenzied agitation.
I marveled at the relentless determination of the rain. (N. Rigg)
He had surfaced with less visibility in the policy decisions. (B. Barnhart)
She wondered whether her outspokenness might be a liability to Franklin.
When young he quitted his home and traveled to the capital city, which he reached in a
state of almost utter destitution.
他等着她来，急得像热锅上的蚂蚁。
雨无情地下个不停，我感到惊异。
在决策过程中，他已经不那么抛头露面了。
她怀疑自己那么心直口快，是否会成为弗兰克林的包袱。
年青时代，他背井离乡，徒步来到首都，几乎身无分文。
At first, I was poor. Then I became needy. Later I was underprivileged. Now I'm
disadvantaged. I still don't have a cent to my name, but I sure have a great vocabulary. 起初，我贫困，后来我拮据，再来我受到不公正待遇，现在我机遇不佳。我依然一
文不名，词汇却学了一大堆。 To my no small astonishment, I found the house on fire. It serves no little purpose to continue public discussion of this issue. I couldn't feel better. One could not be too careful in a new neighborhood. (J. Galsworthy)
我发现房子着了火，这使我大吃一惊。
继续公开讨论这一问题是大有用处的。
我觉得身体好极了。
在一个陌生的地方，越小心越好。
贵姓your name 拜访call on
贵国your country 奉告inform
令尊your father 请教ask for advice
高见your opinion 小女my daughter
惠顾your patronage 拙著my writing
光临your presence 愚见my opinion
贱姓李，请问尊客贵姓?
I’m Li. Could I have your name?
不知高见以为何如?
I wonder if you would be kind enough to enlighten me on this matter. / May I have
your advice?
我拜读了您的大作。
I had the pleasure of perusing your work.
不想误触犯了官人，望乞恕罪，高抬贵手!(施耐庵：《水浒》)
We had no thought of intruding upon your attention and hope you will overlook our
offence.
不懂就是不懂，不要装懂。
We must not pretend to know when we do not know.
他说他的，我干我的。
Let him say what he likes; I'll just get on with my work.
我们一些旧衣服和旧家具，当的当了，卖的卖了。
Our old clothes and few sticks of furniture have been pawned or sold.
想喝就喝，想吃就吃，别客气了。
Drink or eat as you like. Please make yourself at home.
人有失误，马有失蹄。
人多力量大，柴多火焰高。
画虎画皮难画骨，知人知面不知心。
沉鱼落雁之容，闭月羞花之貌 。
用点画成线，用线画咸平面，用平面画成立体。
It is a good horse that never stumbles,
There is strength in numbers；more logs make a bigger fire.
In drawing a tiger, you show its skin, but not its bones: while watching a man, you can
see his face, but not his inmost feelings.
be lovely enough to outshine the moon and put the flowers to shame/The beauty
would put the flowers to shame.
With points you can make a line: with lines, planes: with planes, solids.
总之，几年的实践证明，我们搞改革、开放的路子是走对了。
Of course, our achievements in the last few years have proved the correctness of our policies of reform and opening to the outside world.
社会主义中国应该用实践向世界表明，中国反对霸权主义、强权政治，永不称霸。
Socialist China should show the world through its actions that it is opposed to hegemonism and power politics and will never seek hegemony.
这是中国从向十年的建设中得出的经验。That is what we have learned from decades of development.
改革、开放是一个新事物，没有现成的经验可搬，一切都要从我国的实际情况来进行。 Reform and opening up are new undertakings, so we have no precedent to go by; all we can do it to proceed in the light of the specific conditions in our country.
宁 波
至迟在公元前 5000 年前,宁波地区就有人烟。1973年,考古学家在余姚河姆
渡发现了高度发达的人类文化遗迹。有专家称,华夏文明的发祥地也可能在河南以东,而不限于黄河流域。河姆渡人已有高超的骨雕工艺,这可以从保存完好、至今可以演奏的骨笛得到证明。
Ningbo
The Ningbo area (主位1 ) has been inhabited at least since 5000 B. C. In the village of
Hemudu in Yuyao (主位2 ) in 1973, archeologists found evidence of a highly-advanced culture. With this evidence (主位3), some scholars now claim the cradle of Chinese civilization was farther east than Henan and not confined to the Yellow River. The 7000-year-old bone-flute found in Hemudu (主位4) is still playable, which proves bone-carving skills were known then.
,,与东南亚各国通商。为五口通商口岸之一。解放 30 年后的 1979 年,宁波再次对外开放。如今宁波这个不冻港为全国十五个沿海开放城市之一。
now one of the 15 Open Coastal Cities.
宁波大学概况
宁波大学是一所包括文、经、法、理、工、农、师范等多学科的综合性大学,受国家
教委和省、市政府的共同领导。邓小平为学校亲笔题写了校名,江泽民为学校题了辞。在创建和发展过程中得到了爱国侨胞的大量捐助和广泛支持。1996年 3 月,宁波大学、宁波师范学院、浙江水产学院宁波分院三校联合办学,实行统一领导,统一规划,统一建设。宁波大学是 1986 年由以故香港环球航运集团名誉主席包玉刚先生率先捐资创建的。宁波师范学院创办于 1956 年,受到邵氏兄弟(香港)有限公司主席邵逸夫先生的多项捐助;浙江水产学院创办于 1958 年,1986 年在宁波设立分院。三校合并以后,学校规模成倍扩大,办学实力显著增强。
A Brief Introduction to Ningbo University
Ningbo University is a comprehensive university offering academic courses in
liberal art, economics, law, science, agronomy and education. It is under the
coleadership of the State Education Commission and the provincial and municipal governments.
Ningbo University has its name celebrated by Deng Xiaoping’s autograph and Jiang
Zeming’s inscription. Throughout its establishment and development, the University has been upheld by considerable donations and generous support from patriotic overseas Chinese. In March 1996, Ningbo University was combined with Ningbo Teachers’ College and the Ningbo Branch Campus of Zhejiang Marine Products College, and the combination brings the three under unified administration, management and construction.
Of these three institutions, the original Ningbo University owed its foundation to the
initial donation of Sir Pao Yuh-gang, late honorary chairman of Globe Navigation Group, Hong Kong. Ningbo Teachers’ College was established in 1956 and benefited from repeated donations from Mr. Shauh Yi-fu, chairman of Shauh & Brothers Co. Ltd. (Hong Kong). Zhejiang Marine Products College originated in 1958 and started its Ningbo Branch Campus in 1986. With the combination of the three institutions, the present Ningbo University has multiple dimensions and a greater educational scope.
严复的“信、达、雅”三字诀(Triple Principle of Translation)
信(faithfulness)：忠实准确
达(expressiveness)：通顺流畅
雅(elegance)：文字古雅
林语堂先生的“忠实(faithfulness)，通顺(smoothness)，美(beautifulness)说”； 傅雷先生的“神似”（resemblance in spirit/spiritual conformity ）；
朱生豪先生的“传神达意说；
钱钟书先生的“化境”（reaching the acme of perfection/ sublimed adaptation ） Alexander Fraser Tytler：Three Principles of Translation
The translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work(译作
应该完全传达原作的思想)；
The style and manner of writing in the translation should be of the same character with
that of the original (译作的风格与笔调应当与原作保持一致)；
The translation should have all the ease of the original composition(译作应当和原作一
样流畅)．
Translation Strategies
Literal translation
Free translation
Foreignization
Domestication
Literal Translation
crocodile tears ( 鳄鱼的眼泪);
be armed to the teeth (武装到牙齿);
chain reaction (连锁反应);
gentlemen’s agreement ( 君子协定)
“三教九流”( the three religions and the nine schools of thought);
“四书五经”(the Four Books and the Five Classics);
“纸老虎”(paper tiger) ;
“一国两制”(one country，two systems)
Free Translation
Adam’s apple
At sixes and sevens
It rains cats and dogs．
Don’t cross the bridge till you get to it.
Do you see any green in my eye?
There’s no pot so ugly it can’t find a lid．
Little fish does not eat big fish．
What the tongue says，the neck pays for.
A gift is the key to open the door closed against you．
I love tiger cat, ... British movies on public television, fluffy blouses, the nuclear family, ... ( Helen Snow, My China Years )
Foreignizing Translation
(异化译法受到译入语文化价值观的民族偏离主义压力，注意到外语文本的语言和文化差异，把读者带入外国情景，体验外国人的阅读感受)
to kill two birds with one stone
All roads lead to Rome
像 汉 语 里 的 “妯 娌” 和 “连 襟”， 就 难 以 直 译 成 英 语， 只 能 意 译 成 women who are married to brothers 以 及 men who are married to sisters。 她 们 是 妯 娌。They are married to brothers
他 们 是 连 襟。They are married to sisters
王 军 是 我 的 连 襟。Wang Jun is my brother-in-law. Wang Jun and I are married to sisters.
著 名 动 画 片《 狮 子 王》（The Lion King）
the lion‘s share（最 大 或 最 好 的 一 份）
beard the lion in his den（ 入 狮 穴 捋 狮 须； 太 岁 头 上 动 土）
a lion in the way（ 拦 路 虎）
the lion‘s mouth （虎 口， 虎 穴）
槁木死灰 withered wood / cold ashes
骨瘦如柴 be lean as a rake
对牛弹琴 cast pearls before swine
滚石不生苔 A rolling stone gathers no moss.
众人拾柴火焰高Many hands make light work.
竹篮打水一场空 Drawing water in a bamboo basket means drawing nothing
好风快扬帆。
Hoist your sail when the wind is fair.
小洞不堵要沉大船。
A small leak will sink a great ship.
没有目标的生活，如同没有罗盘的航行。
Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass.
要识好海员，须凭坏天气。
The good seaman is known in bad weather.
平静的大海练不出好水手。
A smooth sea never made a skillful mariner
胆小如鼠 as timid as a rabbit 吹牛 to talk horse
如鱼得水 like a duck to water 烂醉如泥 drunk as a sailor
一箭之遥 at a stone’s throw 水中捞月 to fish in the air
如履薄冰 to tread upon eggs 天长地久 as long as the hills
多如牛毛 as plentiful as blackberries
石沉大海 remain a dead letter
挥金如土 spend money like water
掌上明珠 the apple of one’s eye
冷若冰霜 as cool as a cucumber
挂羊头卖狗肉 to cry up wine and sell vinegar
山中无老虎，猴子称霸王。 In the land of the blind, the one-eyed man is king. Man proposes, God disposes.
God help those who help themselves.
He that serves God for money will serve the devil for better wages.
跑了和尚跑不了庙。
佛靠金装，人靠衣裳。
放下屠刀，立地成佛。
泥菩萨过河，自身难保。
三个臭皮匠，顶个诸葛亮。
蜀中无大将，廖化作先锋。
鹬蚌相争，鱼翁得利。
塞翁失马，焉知非福。
狗咬吕洞宾，不识好人心。
A sword of Damocles
The Gordian Knot
Judas’s kiss
Pandora’s box
地肥 rich land 水肥 highly-productive water 肥缺a well paid job 日服三次，每次一片 To be taken three times a day, one tablet each time. 你说得有道理，我服了。 What you said is reasonable. I’m convinced. 他不服指导。 He refused to obey directions. 我在那里只住了三天，因为不服水土，又回来了。 I stayed there for only three days before I returned home, because I was not
accustomed to the climate there.
服兵役是每个青年的义务。
It’s the duty of every young man to serve in the army.
那位拳击手还在服刑。
That boxer is still serving a sentence.
Japanese army killed millions of innocent people during the war.
在那场战争中日本军队屠杀了成百上千万无辜的平民。 Three men were killed in the accident. 有三个男子在事故中丧生。 The engine was killed by the flood. 汽车的引擎由于大水而熄了火。 Your joke nearly killed me. 你的笑话真是笑死人。 I’m reading this book just to kill time.
我读这本书只是为了消磨时间。
中国人重整体、偏重综合性思维，英美人重个体、偏重分析性思维
搞得我心乱如麻。 热得我们满身大汗。 黑漆漆的，不知是日是夜。
don’t know whether it is day or night.
接到你的来信，十分高兴。 是我们错了。
气得他说不出话来。He was so angry that he couldn’t speak.
中国人重直觉，英美人重实证
他因感情冲动而误入歧途。 他一阵发怒之后，既不难过，也不后悔。 他一想到回去就害怕。
我突然想起一个主意。
我看到这孩子就会想起他的父母。
我没有想到你会反对。
didn’t occur to me that you would object.
中国人重形象思维，英美人重逻辑思维
花园里面是人间的乐园，有的是吃不了的大米白面，穿不完的绫罗绸缎，花不完的
金银财宝。
他等她等得像热锅上的蚂蚁。
他三天打鱼，两天晒网，因而没有成功。
只有教育才能使中国立于世界之林。
每天晚上我都要躺在床上把白天所学的一切在脑海里过一遍电影。
让世界了解中国，让中国走向世界。
The garden was a paradise on earth, with more food and clothes than could be
consumed and more money than could be spent.
He waited for her arrival with a frenzied agitation.
He failed for lack of perseverance.
Nothing but education can make China rank among the advanced countries in the
world.
Every night before going to sleep I will recall what I have learned during the day.
Let the other people of the rest of the world know China. Let China make close contact
with the rest of the world.
准确和模糊
我买了十只圆珠笔，（这十只圆珠笔）一共二十元，（我）拿回家一看，都是用过的
了。
不坚持，就会失败。
他来了，我走。 谁都知道那儿是艰苦些。
要提倡顾全大局。
不解决这些人的生活问题，社会就不会稳定。
1） 2） we’ll fail.
don’t hold on,
3） 4) 5） situation into account. 6）There will be no social stability unless they can find enough food and clothes.
1975年，我进入北京工业学院（现在是北京理工大学）时，实际文化程度才是初中一年级，困难是很大的。我必须用三年的时间走完如今一个大学生将近九年的路。
Ref version one:
In 1975 when I had just entered Beijing Industry College (now Beijing Science and
Engineering University), culturally as a matter of fact I was merely with the first year of junior middle school, encountering tremendous difficulties, having to accomplish within three years what it takes an ordinary university student to in nine.
Ref version 2:
In 1975 when I had just entered Beijing Industry College (now Beijing Science and
Engineering University), as a matter of fact I merely had an education of the first year of junior middle school (/my educational level was in fact merely equaled to that of the first year of junior middle school). Therefore I encountered tremendous difficulties as I had to accomplish within three years what it took an ordinary university student to in nine.
头一年，在班上我的成绩是中等偏下，我唯一的资本是自己的毅力。
In the first year my study record was merely fair to middling. My single asset was
perseverance, though.
Fair: quite good, large, etc.; reasonable.
e.g. His knowledge of the language is fair.
Her written work is excellent, but her practical work is only fair-to-middling
我想了这样一个道理：什么叫大学？大学是一种优势，国家是用成千上万的投资维持和创造这种优势的。
I fell to meditating about the reason for the existence of a university. To my mind it
was a kind of social superiority created and supported by the country with umpteen financial investment.
Superiority: the quality of being better, more skillful, more powerful.
Privilege: a special advantage limited to a particular person or group. e.g. Education is
a privilege, not a right in many countries.
这种优势也许会给别人，但现在给了我。要把这种优势化作自己的优势，关键在于刻苦学习。
Ref: This superiority was given to me as to others. Now I had this share, how hard I
must try to turn it to the best possible account, the linchpin lying in my leaning over backwards!
lean over backwards: to make every possible effort to do something
1978年, 我以当时比较好的成绩考上了研究生，同年又考上了出国研究生。
Ref:
In 1978 I passed the examination with comparatively good results and (according to
the requirements of the time) was admitted as a postgraduate student. Later in the
same year I succeeded in another examination for going abroad for further studies.
1979年10月去英国，第一次看到国外的情况, 对比自己的国家，我心里比较难受。我觉得有责任为建设自己的国家出一分力。
Ref:
In October, 1979, I went to England. There I came to see conditions quite new to me;
comparing them with those in my own country I could not help feeling disheartened and that I had the absolute responsibility to make some contribution towards our country’s construction.
我是一个“工农兵”大学生，对能否做出一篇博士论文心里没有底。
Ref: Having been from the worker-peasant-soldier category of students, I had little
self-confidence as to whether I could write a doctorate dissertation.
dissertation: a long usu. written treatment of a subject, esp. one written for higher
university degree
有了研究方向，我便一头扎进图书馆，一呆就是两个月，收集有关的学习文献资料。我吃饭和休息尽可能简化，每天实际工作十四五个小时。
Ref:
Nevertheless, once given the direction of research work, I plunged myself into it and
frequented the library for two months nonstop, browsing books and collecting reference materials. I allowed myself only snacks in order to save time for study and cut the time for rest down to the minimum.
有一年圣诞节前夜，导师格雷教授路过学校看到实验室还亮着灯，第二天对我说：你连昨晚都在工作，使我们深感惭愧。
Ref:
One year, on Christmas Eve my tutor Prof. Gray, happening to pass by the laboratory,
saw the lights inside still on. The next morning he said to me: “Even last night you did not stop working! I must say that compared with you we feel ashamed of ourselves, indeed!”
在英国，我多次参加国际学术会议，我的博士论文被校方评为1982-1983年度最佳物理学博士论文。
Ref:
During my sojourn in England I attended several symposiums on academic subjects.
My doctorate dissertation was appraised by the authorities and considered as the best among others on physics for the year 1982-1983.
1983年底我回国后，感到现在是该我出力的时候了。
Ref: By the end of 1983 I came back to my home country. Now the time had come for
me to work as best as I could.
1984年，我申请了中国科学院科学基金，从事热自燃理论研究。1987年，我开始独立指导研究生。我编出了两本专著、三本教材，有些论文代表了国际上本领域的先进水平。
Ref:
In 1984 I applied for and was awarded a fund from the China Academy of Sciences
Foundation, which enabled me to get started with the research into spontaneous ignition. In 1987 I began to teach postgraduate students on my own while making use of my spare time in compiling two books on specialized subjects and also three textbooks. Some of my theses reflected advanced stages known internationally in the
particular area.
这回我可亲眼看见啦!
This time I’ve actually seen it for myself．
打吧，打不下去；跑吧，跑不了，敌人只好投降。
Unable to fight on or to escape，the enemy was forced to surrender．
你啊，老这样下去可不行!
Look! You can’t go on like this．
这也不能怪他，头一回嘛。
He’s not to blame．After all，it was the first time he’d done it． always 人们不能一直呆在家里不出来。
战士们冒着刺骨的寒风前进。
我们都赞成他的建议。
他们不顾一切困难，挫折，坚持工作。
“来啦！”她转身蹦着跳着地跑了，越过草地，跨上台阶，穿过凉台，进了门
廊。
The soldiers walked on against the piercing wind.
We are all in favor of his suggestion.
They kept on working in spite of all difficulties and setbacks.
“I’m coming!” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the
veranda, and into the porch.
虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。
男女老少都参加了战斗。
他不来，我不走。
姐姐在等我，我得走了。
Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind.
Men and women, old and young, all joined in the battle.
I shall not go until he comes.
My sister is expecting me, so I must be off now.
文章翻译完了。 全市到处在兴建新工厂。 现在正下着毛毛雨。 累得我站不起来了。 他有个女儿，( )在北京工作，( )已经打电话去了，( )听说明天就能回来。 The article has been translated． New factories are being built all over the city． It's drizzling at the moment． I’m so exhausted that I can’t stand up． He has a daughter，who works in Beijing．Someone has phoned her and it is said that
she will be back tomorrow．
天高云淡。
他出国留学去了。
我介绍他加入协会。
这项合同经理要签名。
The sky is high and the clouds are pale．
He has gone abroad for further studies．
I recommended him for membership of the association，
This contract should be signed by the manager．
晒衣服 to sun one's clothes 救国to save the nation
晒太阳 to bask in the sun 救火to fight a fire
补充人力 to replenish manpower
补充缺额 to fill a vacancy
恢复健康 to recover one's health
恢复疲劳 to get refreshed
打扫房间 to clean a room
打扫卫生 to do some cleaning
吃苹果 to eat an apple
吃大碗 to eat with a big bowl
接着，他继续设想，鸡又生鸡，用鸡卖钱，钱买母牛，母牛繁殖，卖牛得钱，用钱放债，这么一连串的发财计划，当然也不能算是生产的计划。(马南邮：《燕山夜话》)
He went on indulging in wishful thinking，Chickens would breed more chickens. Selling
them would bring him money．With this he could buy cows. The cows would breed too and selling oxen would make more money for him．With the money，he could become a money lender．Such a succession of steps for getting rich，of course， had nothing at all to do with production．
过了一些时候，从远方传来了消息：在小铜球坠落的当天，确实发生了地震。这一
切终于得到了澄清。
为什么如此众多的美国人不能如想象中那样幸福呢?我认为原因有二，而两者之间又
有深浅之分。
本节内容如有更改，均见本书末附录。
All was cleared up some time later when news came from a distant place that an
earthquake was felt the very day the little copper ball fell．
When I try to understand what it is that prevents so many Americans from being as
happy as one might expect，it seems to me that there are two causes，of which one goes much deeper than the other．
Change of information，if any，concerning the contents of this section will be found in
the appendix at the end of this book.
人不犯我，我不犯人。
说是说了，没有结果。
抓住了主要矛盾，一切问题就可以迎刃而解。
他不来，我不去。
聪明一世，糊涂一时。
有饭大家吃。
不到黄河心不死。
不进则退。
物极必反。
We will not attack unless we are attacked．
I've made proposals，but they proved futile． Once the principal contradiction is grasped，all problems can be readily solved． If he won't come here，I'll not go there． Smart as a rule，but this time a fool． Let everybody share the food If there is any． Until all is over，ambition never dies． He who does not advance falls backward．／Move forward，or you'll fall behind． Once a certain limit is reached，a change in the opposite direction is inevitable．
In the door way lay at least twelve umbrellas of all sizes and colors．
There are many wonderful stories to tell about the places I visited and the people I met． Can you answer a question which I want to ask and which is puzzling me?
If the man who was seen to take an umbrella from the City Church last Sunday evening does not wish to get into trouble，he will return the umbrella to No．10 Broad Street．He is well known.
门口放着一堆雨伞，少说也有十二把，五颜六色，大小不一。
我访问了一些地方，也遇到了一些人。要谈起来，奇妙的事儿可多着哩。 我有一个问题弄不懂，想请教你，你能回答吗?
上星期日傍晚，有人曾见某君在市教堂取走雨伞一把。取伞者如不愿卷入纠纷，还
是将伞送至布劳德街十号为妙。此君为谁，尽人皆知。
以其人之道，还治其人之身。
不经一事，不长一智。
优先发展科技教育。
要促进人和自然的协调与和谐。
如果从水中除去足够的热量，就可以把水变成冰。
没有共产党就没有新中国，没有新中国就没有我们今天的幸福生活。
地下埋藏着大量的金银铜铅锌。
Deal with the man as he deals with you. / Pay sb back in his own coin.
You can’t gain knowledge without practice. (A fall into a pit, a gain in your wit.)
Priority will be given to the development of science, technology and education. It is necessary to enhance balance and harmony between man and nature.
The removal of enough heat from water may turn it into ice.
Without the Communist Party, there would be no New China; without New China,
there would be no today’s happy life.
Hidden underground is a wealth of gold, silver, copper, lead and zinc.
Notional Passives
Pattern: receptor subject (受事主语) + verb ( + agent).
一匹马骑两个人。
这锅饭能吃十个人。
昨晚我盖了两条被子。
爸爸，你想死我们了!(琼瑶：《哑妻》)
困难克服了，工作完成了，问题也解决了
Two persons rode one horse.
A pot of rice like this can feed 10 people.
Last night I was covered up with two quilts.
Daddy, we miss you very much!
The difficulties have been overcome, the work has been finished and the problem
solved.
Subjectless or Subject-omitted Sentences
要制造飞机，就必须仔细考虑空气阻力问题。
为什么总把这些麻烦事推给我呢?
注意看看信的地址是否写对了。
Air resistance must be given careful consideration when the aircraft is to be manufactured.
Why should all the unpleasant jobs be pushed onto me?
Care should be taken to see whether the letter is properly addressed.
Using Generic Persons as Subjects
人们普遍认为……
有人听见呼救的声音。
众所周知，中国人在两千多年前就发明了指南针。
It is generally considered that...
Voices were heard calling for help.
It is well known that the compass was invented in China more than two thousand years ago.
Using “Executive Form”
凡是做功，都是把能从一种形式转换成另一种形式。
1964年10月，中国爆炸了第一颗原子弹，这把基辛格吓了一跳。
Whenever work is being done, energy is being converted from one form into another. Kissinger was alarmed by China’s first atomic blast in October, 1964. 位太太。
They contained no actual complaints, nor was there any of past occurrences, or any 简的信并没有写什么真正埋怨的话，事，或者诉说目前的痛苦。
He waited for her arrival with a frenzied agitation.
I marveled at the relentless determination of the rain. (N. Rigg)
He had surfaced with less visibility in the policy decisions. (B. Barnhart)
She wondered whether her outspokenness might be a liability to Franklin.
When young he quitted his home and traveled to the capital city, which he reached in a
state of almost utter destitution.
他等着她来，急得像热锅上的蚂蚁。
雨无情地下个不停，我感到惊异。
在决策过程中，他已经不那么抛头露面了。
她怀疑自己那么心直口快，是否会成为弗兰克林的包袱。
年青时代，他背井离乡，徒步来到首都，几乎身无分文。
At first, I was poor. Then I became needy. Later I was underprivileged. Now I'm
disadvantaged. I still don't have a cent to my name, but I sure have a great vocabulary. 起初，我贫困，后来我拮据，再来我受到不公正待遇，现在我机遇不佳。我依然一
文不名，词汇却学了一大堆。 To my no small astonishment, I found the house on fire. It serves no little purpose to continue public discussion of this issue. I couldn't feel better. One could not be too careful in a new neighborhood. (J. Galsworthy)
我发现房子着了火，这使我大吃一惊。
继续公开讨论这一问题是大有用处的。
我觉得身体好极了。
在一个陌生的地方，越小心越好。
贵姓your name 拜访call on
贵国your country 奉告inform
令尊your father 请教ask for advice
高见your opinion 小女my daughter
惠顾your patronage 拙著my writing
光临your presence 愚见my opinion
贱姓李，请问尊客贵姓?
I’m Li. Could I have your name?
不知高见以为何如?
I wonder if you would be kind enough to enlighten me on this matter. / May I have
your advice?
我拜读了您的大作。
I had the pleasure of perusing your work.
不想误触犯了官人，望乞恕罪，高抬贵手!(施耐庵：《水浒》)
We had no thought of intruding upon your attention and hope you will overlook our
offence.
不懂就是不懂，不要装懂。
We must not pretend to know when we do not know.
他说他的，我干我的。
Let him say what he likes; I'll just get on with my work.
我们一些旧衣服和旧家具，当的当了，卖的卖了。
Our old clothes and few sticks of furniture have been pawned or sold.
想喝就喝，想吃就吃，别客气了。
Drink or eat as you like. Please make yourself at home.
人有失误，马有失蹄。
人多力量大，柴多火焰高。
画虎画皮难画骨，知人知面不知心。
沉鱼落雁之容，闭月羞花之貌 。
用点画成线，用线画咸平面，用平面画成立体。
It is a good horse that never stumbles,
There is strength in numbers；more logs make a bigger fire.
In drawing a tiger, you show its skin, but not its bones: while watching a man, you can
see his face, but not his inmost feelings.
be lovely enough to outshine the moon and put the flowers to shame/The beauty
would put the flowers to shame.
With points you can make a line: with lines, planes: with planes, solids.
总之，几年的实践证明，我们搞改革、开放的路子是走对了。
Of course, our achievements in the last few years have proved the correctness of our policies of reform and opening to the outside world.
社会主义中国应该用实践向世界表明，中国反对霸权主义、强权政治，永不称霸。
Socialist China should show the world through its actions that it is opposed to hegemonism and power politics and will never seek hegemony.
这是中国从向十年的建设中得出的经验。That is what we have learned from decades of development.
改革、开放是一个新事物，没有现成的经验可搬，一切都要从我国的实际情况来进行。 Reform and opening up are new undertakings, so we have no precedent to go by; all we can do it to proceed in the light of the specific conditions in our country.
宁 波
至迟在公元前 5000 年前,宁波地区就有人烟。1973年,考古学家在余姚河姆
渡发现了高度发达的人类文化遗迹。有专家称,华夏文明的发祥地也可能在河南以东,而不限于黄河流域。河姆渡人已有高超的骨雕工艺,这可以从保存完好、至今可以演奏的骨笛得到证明。
Ningbo
The Ningbo area (主位1 ) has been inhabited at least since 5000 B. C. In the village of
Hemudu in Yuyao (主位2 ) in 1973, archeologists found evidence of a highly-advanced culture. With this evidence (主位3), some scholars now claim the cradle of Chinese civilization was farther east than Henan and not confined to the Yellow River. The 7000-year-old bone-flute found in Hemudu (主位4) is still playable, which proves bone-carving skills were known then.
,,与东南亚各国通商。为五口通商口岸之一。解放 30 年后的 1979 年,宁波再次对外开放。如今宁波这个不冻港为全国十五个沿海开放城市之一。
now one of the 15 Open Coastal Cities.
宁波大学概况
宁波大学是一所包括文、经、法、理、工、农、师范等多学科的综合性大学,受国家
教委和省、市政府的共同领导。邓小平为学校亲笔题写了校名,江泽民为学校题了辞。在创建和发展过程中得到了爱国侨胞的大量捐助和广泛支持。1996年 3 月,宁波大学、宁波师范学院、浙江水产学院宁波分院三校联合办学,实行统一领导,统一规划,统一建设。宁波大学是 1986 年由以故香港环球航运集团名誉主席包玉刚先生率先捐资创建的。宁波师范学院创办于 1956 年,受到邵氏兄弟(香港)有限公司主席邵逸夫先生的多项捐助;浙江水产学院创办于 1958 年,1986 年在宁波设立分院。三校合并以后,学校规模成倍扩大,办学实力显著增强。
A Brief Introduction to Ningbo University
Ningbo University is a comprehensive university offering academic courses in
liberal art, economics, law, science, agronomy and education. It is under the
coleadership of the State Education Commission and the provincial and municipal governments.
Ningbo University has its name celebrated by Deng Xiaoping’s autograph and Jiang
Zeming’s inscription. Throughout its establishment and development, the University has been upheld by considerable donations and generous support from patriotic overseas Chinese. In March 1996, Ningbo University was combined with Ningbo Teachers’ College and the Ningbo Branch Campus of Zhejiang Marine Products College, and the combination brings the three under unified administration, management and construction.
Of these three institutions, the original Ningbo University owed its foundation to the
initial donation of Sir Pao Yuh-gang, late honorary chairman of Globe Navigation Group, Hong Kong. Ningbo Teachers’ College was established in 1956 and benefited from repeated donations from Mr. Shauh Yi-fu, chairman of Shauh & Brothers Co. Ltd. (Hong Kong). Zhejiang Marine Products College originated in 1958 and started its Ningbo Branch Campus in 1986. With the combination of the three institutions, the present Ningbo University has multiple dimensions and a greater educational scope.