· 14·
国际生殖健康/计划生育杂志2011年1月第30卷第1期J Int Reprod Health ∕ Fam Plan ,January 2011熏Vol. 30熏No. 1
·综述
·
商学军华雪莲综述黄宇烽审校
【摘要】男性迟发性性腺功能减退症(LOH )是一种与年龄相关的、具有典型临床症状和血清睾酮水平低下(低于健康年轻成年男性推荐范围)的综合征,性功能障碍是LOH 患者最常见症状之一。中老年男性性功能障碍的致病因素复杂,而睾酮缺乏是其中的重要因素。血清睾酮水平低下在LOH 的发病机制中具有重要意义,睾酮补充治疗(TST )可在一定程度上改善LOH 患者的性功能障碍症状。
【关键词】男人;年龄因素;性腺功能减退症;性功能障碍,生理性;睾酮;雄激素类
Late 鄄onset Hypogonadism and Sexual Dysfunction SHANG Xue ⁃ jun ,HUA Xue ⁃ lian ,HUANG Yu ⁃ feng.
Department of Andrology ,Nanjing General Hospital of Nanjing Military Region ,Nanjing 210002,China
【Abstract 】Male late ⁃ onset hypogonadism (LOH )is a clinical and biochemical syndrome which is age ⁃
associated with typically clinical symptoms and a deficiency in serum testosterone levels —lower than the recommend extent of healthy young adult males. Testosterone deficiency takes an important role in its pathogenesis. Testosterone deficiency is an significant factor which induces sexual dysfunction. Testosterone supplementary treatment (TST )can improve sexual function of patients with LOH in an extent.
【Key words 】Man ;Age factors ;Hypogonadism ;Sexual dysfunction ,physiological ;Testosterone ;Androgens
( J Int Reprod Health∕Fam Plan , 2011,30:14-17)
睾酮为睾丸Leydig 细胞分泌的雄性激素,是促
进男性生殖器官发育、出现第二性征并产生性欲的最重要的性激素。睾酮也在维持骨矿物质密度、增加肌量和肌肉强度、维持性功能、改善代谢综合征(肥胖、心血管疾病、2型糖尿病)等方面具有重要意义[1-3]。男性30岁左右时Leydig 细胞数量开始减少,即睾丸实质开始衰老,血清睾酮水平在40岁以后逐渐下降。马萨诸塞州男性老龄化研究(Mas ⁃
[4]
sachusetts Male Aging Study, MMAS )及Wu 等[5]对欧洲8个国家3200例40~79岁的男性居民进行了横断面调查研究后均指出,血清总睾酮(TT )、游离睾酮(FT )水平分别以每年0.4%和1.3%的速度下降,同时伴有一系列临床症状和体征,如性功能障碍、瘦体质量(lean body mass )减轻、易疲劳、记忆力和认知能力减退、注意力不集中、烦躁不安、骨质疏松、多汗和过敏等,最终可能导致多个器官或系统功能异常以及生活质量下降,即现代医学所称的迟发性
[6-7]
性腺功能减退症(late ⁃ onset hypogonadism ,LOH )。LOH 是一种与年龄相关的具有典型临床症状和血清睾酮水平低下(低于健康年轻成年男性推荐
作者单位:210002南京军区南京总医院男科
范围)的临床和生化综合征。LOH 的主要发病机制
是随着年龄增加导致的雄激素部分缺乏(主要指睾酮缺乏),其生理机制主要为随着年龄老化,下丘脑-垂体-性腺(HPT )轴功能失常,下丘脑脉冲式分泌促性腺激素释放激素(GnRH )变得迟钝,不管垂体促性腺细胞的反应性是否完整,其产生的黄体生成激素(LH )和卵泡刺激素(FSH )受GnRH 影响而减少,进而导致Leydig 细胞表面受体接受的LH 信号减少,雄激素分泌减少[8]。年龄、HPT 轴异常、肥胖、吸烟和酗酒等危险因素导致睾酮浓度下降到一定阈值以下时,中老年男性机体多个器官、系统产生明显损害,出现许多临床表现,形成LOH 。中国患LOH 的中老年男性的性功能障碍症状比较突出,而抑郁症、潮热和阵汗等症状相对不常见。LOH 患者睾酮缺乏导致的性功能障碍已成为目前的研究热点。随着年龄增长,中老年男性血管内皮功能下降和睾酮分泌减少。部分中老年男性还伴发糖尿病、高血压和高脂血症等影响性功能的疾病,使其性功能呈下降趋势。
LOH 与性功能障碍
睾酮在男性性欲、勃起和射精功能等方面具有
国际生殖健康/计划生育杂志2011年1月第30卷第1期J Int Reprod Health ∕ Fam Plan ,January 2011熏Vol. 30熏No. 1
· 15·
重要作用[9-13]。LOH 患者睾酮缺乏导致的性功能障碍不同于青少年原发性性功能障碍,很少有性腺、神经系统等的器质性发育不良或损伤,多数为内分泌紊乱直接影响性腺及其功能,或通过影响中枢和外周神经系统的调控间接影响睾丸的相关功能,导致睾酮缺乏。对LOH 患者进行睾酮补充治疗(testosterone supplementary treatment ,TST )有助于改善其性欲低下、勃起和射精功能障碍[14]。早在20世纪70年代末已有研究显示,LOH 患者口服十一酸睾酮治疗后,性欲和性活动明显增加[15]。
一、LOH 与性欲低下
睾酮通过中枢神经系统的作用调节性欲,对男性的性欲起决定性作用[9]。Travison 等[9]和Corona 等[16]指出,睾酮水平与性欲呈正相关,即在一定范围内,血清睾酮浓度越高,产生性欲的能力越强,且两者都受控于雄激素受体(AR )。性欲低下的主要机制为睾酮缺乏,无法维持中脑边缘、黑质纹状体和下丘脑的多巴胺(DA )受体系统接收刺激信号后分别产生的对刺激的注意、对刺激的反应以及自主传出的信号来控制部分组织交感神经活性,导致脊髓性兴奋中枢和性刺激感受区及传导神经组成的神经系统接受的唤醒性欲的信号减少,同时性腺血流不足,最终导致性欲低下。还有研究指出,睾酮水平降低也可能影响情绪而间接降低性欲[17]。
尽管有研究认为TST 并未明显提高性欲[18],但用TST 使睾酮缺乏患者的睾酮浓度达到或者略低于正常青壮年男性的睾酮水平后,男性性欲低下状
况可在一定程度上获得改善[6-7,19]
。LOH 青年男性使用睾酮治疗能增加性欲和性生活频率,睾酮治疗可提高性欲低下老年男性的性欲[20]。
二、LOH 与勃起功能障碍(E D )
ED 主要指阴茎勃起功能受损,膨胀体积和硬度不足。在正常男性中,生物有效性睾酮(Bio ⁃ T )与夜间阴茎胀大的频率、持续时间和程度有关[21]。文献指出,LOH 相关的睾酮缺乏会产生明显的ED 症状,尤以夜间勃起障碍多见[6-8]。在LOH 男性中,外源性睾酮治疗可改善睡眠相关的勃起及其相关功能[22]。导致ED 的原因有多种,尽管因睾酮缺乏产生ED 的情况在年轻男性比较少见,但却是中老年LOH 男性产生ED 的常见因素。其机制主要为以下几点
。
睾酮通过作用
于中枢神经系统的各种AR 调控性欲和性唤醒等间接作用使阴茎勃起。睾酮浓度减低在一定程度上导致性欲、性唤醒障碍,也影响勃起
功能。
睾酮通过一
氧化氮合酶(NOS )催化产物NO 调节循环系统中鸟苷酸环化酶,鸟苷酸环化酶催化GTP 为cGMP ,作为细胞内第二信使,通过蛋白激酶G (PKG )途径引起细胞内钙离子浓度降低,平滑肌舒张[23],促进阴茎勃起。与NOS 介导平滑肌的舒张作用相反,RhoA/Rho激酶信号传导通路对海绵体平滑肌的收缩有重要调控作用[24],睾酮缺乏时,RhoA/Rho激酶上调。Wingard 等[25]对去势大鼠分组处理后发现,补充睾酮后尽管实验组睾酮未达到正常水平,但其海绵体组织RhoA/Rho激酶有所降低,阴茎的强烈收缩减轻。另外,睾酮能调控磷酸二酯酶5(PDE-5)活性,体内PDE-5能水解cAMP 或cGMP ,使细胞内第二信使的活性降低,平滑肌收缩导致阴茎疲软,不易勃起[26]。这可为LOH 患者生殖道中高浓度的PDE-5提供合理的解释,还可解释为何单独使用NOS 或PDE-5抑制剂对ED 治疗效果不佳,而联合使用NOS 和PDE-5抑制剂效果较好。总之,睾酮缺乏可通过海绵体平滑肌舒张减弱而收缩增强导致ED 的
发生。
首先,睾酮缺乏
影响海绵体平滑肌细胞数量,ED 患者海绵体平滑肌细胞数量甚至减少至13%,而动脉性ED 平滑肌数量减少较静脉性ED 更显著[27]。海绵体平滑肌数目减少或其结构损害,平滑肌舒张功能障碍,海绵窦不扩张或扩张不充分,海绵体平滑肌、海绵窦的顺应性及弹性减退,均可导致勃起时静脉闭塞功能不全而发生ED [12]。Traish 等[28]和Shen 等[29]的动物实验显示,动物去势后,海绵体平滑肌细胞数量明显减少。补充睾酮能在一定程度上维持去势后动物的平滑肌细胞相对含量;其次,睾酮缺乏可导致海绵体细胞外基质(ECM )沉积。ECM 是海绵体中各类细胞的生存场所,并通过细胞的黏附、细胞信号传导系统影响细胞的形状、代谢、功能、迁移、增殖和分化[12]。其中Ⅰ型和Ⅲ型胶原为主要成分,且其高张力强度在阴茎的勃起及疲软过程中发挥重要作用,静脉性ED 与ECM 沉积有关[30]。此外,睾酮缺乏可能通过影响平滑肌细胞分化而导致白膜下脂肪细胞沉积和结缔组织增加而引起ED [12]。
以上因素均会导致海绵体弹性减退、顺应性降低,动脉充盈时海绵窦不能充分扩张,无法充分压迫白膜下静脉丛及引流静脉,出现静脉瘘、海绵体内压力的增加幅度降低,阴茎无法达到充分勃起,即产生ED [12]。Isidori 等[18]研究指出,TST 对LOH 相关
· 16·
国际生殖健康/计划生育杂志2011年1月第30卷第1期J Int Reprod Health ∕ Fam Plan ,January 2011熏Vol. 30熏No. 1
的勃起功能有明显作用。Hong 等[31]研究发现,LOH 患者口服十一酸睾酮治疗后,国际勃起功能指数(IIEF )评分和血清TT 水平均显著升高。Yassin 等[32]的研究也发现,睾酮可通过恢复静脉闭塞功能而改善LOH 患者的勃起功能。此外,对于一些罹患LOH 和ED 并对PDE-5抑制剂治疗无效的患者,TST 可提高患者对PDE-5抑制剂的反应性[33-35]。因此,对任何一种单独治疗无效的ED 伴LOH 患者,可以考虑进行联合治疗[36]。
LOH 与射精功能障碍
射精功能障碍指机体一个或几个生殖相关系统缺陷,导致精液射出异常,也与血中性激素水平和性器官功能及充盈程度有关。内分泌紊乱导致的射精功能障碍,一般不会单独存在,常与性欲减退、ED 共同出现[7-11]。前列腺、精囊等附属性腺均为雄激素依赖性器官,睾酮参与调节附属性腺的合成与分泌功能,睾酮缺乏是导致射精功能障碍的机制之一。
睾酮通过中枢和外周神经系统调控机制参与射精反射[21]。射精中枢在强烈性刺激作用下,以雄激素为动力,获得由阴茎感觉神经、阴部神经、骶神经根和脊髓传入的冲动信号,部分冲动信号激活大脑皮质。当大脑皮质兴奋时,发放信号至脑干和上端脊髓前外侧索,在胸9~腰10节段间传出后加入交感神经链,支配射精前的活动。阴茎受到有效而持续的性刺激,通过冲动信号传入脊髓射精中枢,再经传出神经纤维使附睾、输精管、射精管、精囊和前列腺的平滑肌相继出现节律性收缩,使前列腺液、精囊液和精子等涌向后尿道。当后尿道内精液蓄积到足够量时,产生压力并刺激脊髓中枢,导致膀胱括约肌关闭。同时,骶部中枢反射性的传出冲动,兴奋阴部内神经,传至阴茎基部坐骨海绵体肌和球海绵体肌纤维,引发以上肌群强烈的节律性收缩,完成射精,达到性高潮[37]。睾酮缺乏,导致勃起不佳,尽管可完成性交的前段过程,却无法完成射精及满足性快感。
此外,睾酮缺乏导致多巴胺系统接收信号后的敏感性、反应性和调控性能力下降,交感和副交感神经传导的冲动信号不足,无法成功引起输精管、精囊平滑肌和海绵体根部横纹肌收缩,进而导致早泄、射精延迟等射精障碍现象。研究指出,低剂量的TST 对于维持男性的正常射精功能有明显
效果[9,38]
。
结语与展望
综上所述,雄激素部分缺乏(主要是睾酮缺乏)
是LOH 和性功能障碍的内分泌方面的重要原因。对于睾酮缺乏导致的LOH ,如性功能障碍等症状,除保持健康生活习惯、合理膳食等方面的保健治疗,最常用的即为TST 。通过口服、贴皮、注射等途径给予短效、低剂量的睾酮制剂提高体内睾酮水平以改善症状,一旦有不良反应出现,应立即停药。但LOH 患者的睾酮长效制剂治疗的安全性尚未获得可靠证据,因为治疗对象中老年男性不稳定的生理、心理因素都需仔细考虑。要证实睾酮对LOH 及其相关性功能障碍的治疗效果及安全性,需按照严密的科研设计与实施,包括双盲法、安慰剂法和对照法等。TST 的具体剂量、具体方案及如何安全有效地治疗中老年LOH 及性功能障碍还有待更多的临床研究。
参
考文献
[1]Gooren [2]
and efficacy[J].LJ. Androgens Asian J and Androl male ,2010aging ,:12(current 2):136-151.
evidence of safety Emmelot of testosterone ⁃ Vonk supplementation MH ,Verhaar HJ on ,Nakhai functional Pour mobility HR ,et ,cognition al. Effect and other parameters in older men :a randomized controlled trial ,[3]Wald [J].JAMA ,2008,299(1):39-52.
[4]
therapy M ,for Meacham older men[J].RB ,Ross LS ,et al. Testosterone 27(2):126-132.
replacement Gray changing A ,Feldman sex hormone HA ,Mckinley J Androl ,2006JB ,,et al. Age ,disease of and the
[5]Wu 1991Massachusetts ,73(5):1016-1025.
Male Aging levels Study in middle [J].J ⁃ aged Clin men Endocrinol :results Metab ,
axis FC ,Tajar A ,Pye SR ,et al. modifiable disruptions Endocrinol risk Metab factors in older ,2008:the men ,93(European are Hypothalamic differentially ⁃ pituitary 7):2737-2745.
Male Aging linked Study[J].to ⁃ testicular age J Clin
and [6]Lunenfeld recommendations B ,Saad of for F ,Hoesl CE. ISA ,ISSAM and EAU [7]Wang rationale[J].late ⁃ onset the investigation ,treatment and monitoring Aging hypogonadism Male ,2005in ,8males (2)::59-74.
scientific background and and C ,Nieschlag E ,Swerdloff R ,et al. Investigation ,treatment
EAU monitoring ,EAA and of ASA late ⁃ onset hypogonadism in males :ISA ,ISSAM ,[8]Mahmoud 2008,159(recommendations [J].Eur J Endocrinol ,hypogonadism[J].A 5),:507-514.
Comhaire [9]
Nat Clin FH. Pract Mechanisms Urol ,2006,3of (8)disease :430-438.
:late ⁃ onset Travison between TG libido ,Morley a nd testosterone JE ,Araujo levels AB ,in et aging al. The men relationship Endocrinol Metab ,2006,91(7):2509-2513.
[J].J Clin
[10]Aversa A ,Isidori AM ,De Martino MU ,et al. Androgens and
国际生殖健康/计划生育杂志2011年1月第30卷第1期J Int Reprod Health ∕ Fam Plan ,January 2011熏Vol. 30熏No. 1
· 17·
penile testosterone erection dysfunction[J].and :evid Clin cavernous ence for Endocrinol vasodilation a direct relationship (Oxf ),2000in ,53(men between 4):517-522.
with erectile free [11]Aversa cavernous A ,Isidori AM ,Spera G ,et al. Androgens erectile dysfunction[J].vasodilation and Clin response Endocrinol to (sildenafil Oxf ),2003in ,patients improve
58(5):632-with [12]
638.
潘连男科学军杂志,,夏欣2006一,黄,12宇烽(11. )雄激素:1030-1034缺乏与.
勃起功能障碍[J]. 中华[13]Corona levels G ,associated Jannini EA with ,Mannucci ejaculatory E ,dysfunction et al. Different [J].testosterone
2008,5(are 8):1991-1998.
J Sex Med ,
[14]Seftel serum
AD testosterone
,Mack RJ ,Secrest AR ,et al. Restorative increases in
improvements in sexual levels
functioning are
significantly
[J].J Androl ,correlated
2004,25(6)to 963-972.
:[15]Franchimont testosterone undecanoate P ,Kicovic PM ,Mattei A ,et al. Effects of oral
Endocrinol (Oxf ),1978,9(in 4)hypogonadal :313-320. male patients [J].Clin [16]
Corona desire[J].G ,Petrone Int J Androl L ,Mannucci ,2005,E 28,(et Suppl al. The 2):impotent 46-52.
couple :
[17]Bhasin low S ,Enzlin P ,Coviello A ,et al. Sexual dysfunction in men
(and 9561women ):597-611.
with endocrine disorders [J].Lancet ,2007,369
[18]Isidori on sexual AM ,function Giannetta E ,Gianfrilli D ,et al. Effects of testosterone
Endocrinol (Oxf ),2005in ,men 63(:results 4):381-394.
of a meta ⁃ analysis [J].Clin
[19]Huhtaniemi hypogonadism I ,in M ä men. kinen Experience JI ,Perheentupa from the A ,Turku et al. Male Late ⁃ Aging onset
[20]
Study Tenover (TuMAS JL. )[J].Hormones (Athens ),2008,7(1):36-45. 2001,7(3):141-146老年男性. 的睾酮替代疗法[J]. 中华男科学杂志,
[21]卫邓春华生出版社,王晓峰,2009. 男性性.
腺功能减退症诊疗手册[M]. 北京:人民[22]
Zhuravlev with VN ,Frank MA ,Gomzhin AI. Sexual functions of improve obstructive upon testosterone sleep apnoea administration syndrome and :hypogonadism men
a pilot may [23]
Andrologia ,2009,41(3):193-195.
study [J].[24]戴玉田function[J].Toda N ,Ayajiki ,Mills Pharmacol K ,Okamura T. Nitric oxide and penile erectile 治疗勃起功能TM 障碍,Lewis Ther 的新途径RW ,2005,[J]等. . ,中抑制106(华男平2)滑:233-266.
科肌的学杂志,张力2002收缩,:8(一6)种
:
391-394.
[25]Wingard function CJ erectile dysfunction[J].after ,Johnson Rho ⁃ kinase JA ,inhibition Holmes A in ,et a rat al. Improved castrate model erectile
of 2003,284(and salivary Koh 6):R1572-1579.
Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol ,[26]Kobori Y ,cortisol E ,Sugimoto levels K ,to et male al. The sexual relationship dysfunction of serum
measured as
Impot Res by ,2009the ,International 21(4):207-212.
Index of Erectile Function[J].Int J [27]Azadzoi haemodynamic KM. changes[J].Vasculogenic BJU erectile Int ,2006,dysfunction 97(1):11-16. :beyond the [28]Traish surgical AM castration ,Munarriz on R erectile ,O ’Connell function L ,in et an al. Effects animal of model medicalor
Androl ,2003,24(3):381-387.
[J].J [29]
rivation Shen ZJ ,Zhou XL ,Lu YL ,et [30]
33-36.
on penile ultrastructure [J].Asian al. Effect J Androl of androgen ,2003,5(dep
1):Traish A ,Kim N. The physiological role of androgens in penile
[31]Hong [J].erection J Sex :regulation Med ,2005of ,2(corpus 6):759-770.
cavernosum structure and function
patients JH ,Ahn TY. Oral testosterone replacement in Korean [32]
erectile Yassin AA with PADAM[J].Aging Male ,2002,5(1):52-56. function ,Saad F ,Traish A. Testosterone undecanoate restores
[33]series Shabsigh of case testosterone R ,Kaufman reports[J].in a subset JM J Sex of Med patients ,2006,3with (4):venous 727-735.
leakage :a men with erectile gel as adjunctive ,Steidle dysfunction therapy C ,who do to et not sildenafil al. Randomized study of
respond in hypogonadal to sildenafil [34]
alone[J].Shamloul J Urol R ,Ghanem ,2004,172H (、2Fahmy ):658-663.
can I 、et al. Testosterone therapy
[35]Kalinchenko with enhance PADAM :erectile a pilot study[J].function J response Sex Med ,to 2005sildenafil ,2(4):559-564.
in patients undecanoate SY ,Kozlov GI ,Gontcharov NP ,et al. Oral testosterone
mellitus in patients reverses failing erectile dysfunction associated with diabetes Aging Male ,2003and erectile dysfunction[J].AM ,6(,2)Greco :94-99.
on sildenafil citrate therapy alone [J].[36]Aversa A ,Isidori Eur EA Urol ,et ,al. 2004Hormonal ,45(5)supplementation [37]陈在贤. 实用男科学[M]. 北京:人民军医出版社,:2006535-538.
[38]Piekarski :dose testosterone DJ ,Routman treatment DM ,Schoomer EE ,et al. Infrequent 30.
low
Syrian hamsters[J].Horm Behav maintains ,2009,55male (1):182-189.
sexual behavior in
(收稿日期:2010-08-16)
[本文编辑
王
昕]
男性迟发性性腺功能减退症与性功能障碍
作者:作者单位:刊名:英文刊名:年,卷(期):
商学军, 华雪莲, SHANG Xue-jun, HUA Xue-lian南京军区南京总医院男科,210002
国际生殖健康/计划生育杂志
JOURNLA OF INTERNATIONAL REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH/FAMILY PLANNING2011,30(1)
参考文献(76条)
1. Travisan TG;Morley JE;Aranjo AB The relationship between libido and testosterone levels in aging men 2006(07)2. Gooren LJ Androgens and male aging:current evidence of safety and efficacy 2010(2)3. Mabmoud A;Comhaire FH Mechanisms of disease:late-onset hypogonadism 2006(08)
4. Emmelot-Vonk MH. Verhaar HJ. Nakhai Pour HR Effect of testosterone supplementation on functional mobility,cognition,andother parameters in older men:a randomized controlled trial 2008(1)
5. Wang C;Niesehlag E;Swerdloff R Investigation,treatment and monitoring of late-onset hypegonadism inmales:ISA,ISSAM,EAU,EAA and ASA recommendations[外文期刊] 2008(05)
6. Wald M. Meacham RB. Ross LS Testosterone replacement therapy for older men 2006(2)
7. Luneafeld B;Sand F;Hoesl CE ISA,ISSAM and EAU recommendations for the investigation,treatment and monitoring of late-onset hypogonadism in males:scientific background and rationale 2005(02)
8. Gray A. Feldman HA. Mckinley JB Age,disease and changing sex hormone levels in middle-aged men:results of theMassachusetts Male Aging Study 1991(5)
9. Wu FC;Tajar A;Pye SR Hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis disruptions in older men are differentially linked to ageand modifiable risk factors:the European Male Aging Study[外文期刊] 2008(07)
10. Wu FC. Tajar A. Pye SR Hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis disruptions in older men are differentially linked toage and modifiable risk factors:the European Male Aging Study 2008(7)
11. Gray A;Feldman HA;Mckinley JB Age,disease and changing sex hormone levels in middle-aged men:results of theMassachusetts Male Aging Study[外文期刊] 1991(05)
12. Luneafeld B. Sand F. Hoesl CE ISA,ISSAM and EAU recommendations for the investigation,treatment and monitoring oflate-onset hypogonadism in males:scientific background and rationale 2005(2)
13. Piekarski DJ;Routman DM;Sehoomer EE Infrequent lowdose testosterone treatment maintains male sexual behavior inSyrian hamsters[外文期刊] 2009(01)
14. Wang C. Niesehlag E. Swerdloff R Investigation,treatment and monitoring of late-onset hypegonadism inmales:ISA,ISSAM,EAU,EAA and ASA recommendations 2008(5)15. 陈在贤 实用男科学 2006
16. Mabmoud A. Comhaire FH Mechanisms of disease:late-onset hypogonadism 2006(8)
17. Aversa A;Isidori AM;Greco EA Hormonal supplementation and erectile dysfunction[外文期刊] 2004(05)
18. Travisan TG. Morley JE. Aranjo AB The relationship between libido and testosterone levels in aging men 2006(7)19. Kalinchenko SY;Kozlov GI;Gontcharov NP Oral testosterone undecanoate reverses erectile dysfunction associated withdiabetes mellitus in patients failing on sildenafil citrate therapy alone 2003(02)
20. Aversa A. Isidofi AM. De Martino MU Androgens and penile erection:evidence for a direct relationship between freetestosterone and cavernous vasodilation in men with erectile dysfunction 2000(4)
21. Shamloul R;Ghanem H;Fabmy I Testosterone therapy can enhance erectile function response to sildenafil in patientswith PADAM:a pilot study[外文期刊] 2005(04)
22. Aversa A. Isidori AM. Spera G Androgens improve cavernous vasedilation and response to sildenafil in patients witherectile dysfunction 2003(5)
23. Shabsigh R;Kaufman JM;Steidle C Randomized study of testosterone gel as adjunctive therapy to sildenafil inhypogonadal men with erectile dysfunction who do not respond to sildenafil alone[外文期刊] 2004(02)
24. 潘连军. 夏欣一. 黄宇烽 雄激素缺乏与勃起功能障碍 2006(11)
25. Yassin AA;Saad F;Traish A Testosterone undecanoate restores erectile function in a subset of patients with venousleakage:a series of case reports[外文期刊] 2006(04)
26. Corona G. Jannini EA. Mannucci E Different testosterone levels are associated with ejaculatory dysfunction 2008(8)27. Hong JH;Ahn TY Oral testosterone replacement in Korean patients with PADAM 2002(01)
28. Seftel AD. Mack RJ. Secrest AR Restorative increases in serum testosterone levels are significantly correlated toimprovements in sexual functioning 2004(6)
29. Traish A;Kim N The physiological role of androgens in penile erection:regulation of corpus cavernosum structure andfunction [外文期刊] 2005(06)
30. Franchimont P. Kicovic PM. Mattei A Effects of oral testosterone undecanoate in hypogonadal male patients 1978(4)31. Shen ZJ;Zhou XL;Lu YL Effect of androgen dep rivation on penile ultrastructure 2003(01)32. Corona G. Petrnne L. Mannucci E The impotent couple:low desiro 2005(Suppl 2)
33. Traish AM;Munarriz R;O'Connell L Effects of medicalor surgical castration on erectile function in an animal model[外文期刊] 2003(03)
34. Bhasin S. Enzlin P. Coviello A Sexual dysfunction in men and women with endocrine disorders 2007(9561)35. Wald M;Meacham RB;Ross LS Testosterone replacement therapy for older men[外文期刊] 2006(02)
36. Isidofi AM. Giannetta E. Gianfrilli D Effects of testosterone on sexual function in men:results of a meta-analysis2005(4)
37. Emmelot-Vonk MH;Verhaar HJ;Nakhai Pour HR Effect of testosterone supplementation on functionalmobility,cognition,and other parameters in older men:a randomized controlled trial 2008(01)
38. Huhtaniemi I. Makinen JI. Perheentupa A Late-onset hypogonadism in men.Experience from the Turku Male Aging Study(TuMAS) 2008(1)
39. Azadzoi KM Vasculogenic erectile dysfunction:beyond the haemedynamic changes[外文期刊] 2006(01)40. J.Lisa TENOVER 老年男性的睾酮替代疗法 2001(3)
41. Kobori Y;Koh E;Sugimoto K The relationship of serum and salivary cortisol levels to male sexual dysfunction asmeasured by the International Index of Erectile Function[外文期刊] 2009(04)42. 邓春华. 王晓峰 男性性腺功能减退症诊疗手册 2009
43. Wingard CJ;Johnson JA;Holmes A Improved erectile function after Rho-kinase inhibition in a rat castrate model oferectile dysfunction 2003(06)
44. Zhuravhv VN. Frank MA. Gomzhin AI Sexual functions of men with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome and hypogonadism mayimprove upon testosterone administration:a pilot study 2009(3)
45. 戴玉田;Mills TM;Lewis RW 抑制平滑肌的张力收缩:一种治疗勃起功能障碍的新途径[期刊论文]-中华男科学杂志 2002(06)46. Toda N. Ayajiki K. Okamura T Nitric oxide and penile erectile function 2005(2)
47. Toda N;Ayajiki K;Okamura T Nitric oxide and penile erectile function[外文期刊] 2005(02)
48. 戴玉田. Thomas M MILLS. Ronald W LEWIS. R Clinton WEBB 抑制平滑肌的张力收缩:一种治疗勃起功能障碍的新途径 2002(6)49. Zhuravhv VN;Frank MA;Gomzhin AI Sexual functions of men with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome and hypogonadism mayimprove upon testosterone administration:a pilot study[外文期刊] 2009(03)
50. Wingard CJ. Johnson JA. Holmes A Improved erectile function after Rho-kinase inhibition in a rat castrate model oferectile dysfunction 2003(6)
51. 邓春华;王晓峰 男性性腺功能减退症诊疗手册 2009
52. Kobori Y. Koh E. Sugimoto K The relationship of serum and salivary cortisol levels to male sexual dysfunction asmeasured by the International Index of Erectile Function 2009(4)53. Tenover JL 老年男性的睾酮替代疗法[期刊论文]-中华男科学杂志 2001(03)
54. Azadzoi KM Vasculogenic erectile dysfunction:beyond the haemedynamic changes 2006(1)
55. Huhtaniemi I;Makinen JI;Perheentupa A Late-onset hypogonadism in men.Experience from the Turku Male Aging Study(TuMAS) 2008(01)
56. Traish AM. Munarriz R. O'Connell L Effects of medicalor surgical castration on erectile function in an animal model2003(3)
57. Isidofi AM;Giannetta E;Gianfrilli D Effects of testosterone on sexual function in men:results of a meta-analysis2005(04)
58. Shen ZJ. Zhou XL. Lu YL Effect of androgen dep rivation on penile ultrastructure 2003(1)
59. Bhasin S;Enzlin P;Coviello A Sexual dysfunction in men and women with endocrine disorders[外文期刊] 2007(9561)60. Traish A. Kim N The physiological role of androgens in penile erection:regulation of corpus cavernosum structure andfunction 2005(6)
61. Corona G;Petrnne L;Mannucci E The impotent couple:low desiro[外文期刊] 2005(Suppl 2)62. Hong JH. Ahn TY Oral testosterone replacement in Korean patients with PADAM 2002(1)
63. Franchimont P;Kicovic PM;Mattei A Effects of oral testosterone undecanoate in hypogonadal male patients[外文期刊]1978(04)
64. Yassin AA. Saad F. Traish A Testosterone undecanoate restores erectile function in a subset of patients with venousleakage:a series of case reports 2006(4)
65. Seftel AD;Mack RJ;Secrest AR Restorative increases in serum testosterone levels are significantly correlated toimprovements in sexual functioning[外文期刊] 2004(06)
66. Shabsigh R. Kaufman JM. Steidle C Randomized study of testosterone gel as adjunctive therapy to sildenafil inhypogonadal men with erectile dysfunction who do not respond to sildenafil alone 2004(2)
67. Corona G;Jannini EA;Mannucci E Different testosterone levels are associated with ejaculatory dysfunction[外文期刊]2008(08)
68. Shamloul R. Ghanem H. Fabmy I Testosterone therapy can enhance erectile function response to sildenafil in patientswith PADAM:a pilot study 2005(4)
69. 潘连军;夏欣一;黄宇烽 雄激素缺乏与勃起功能障碍[期刊论文]-中华男科学杂志 2006(11)
70. Kalinchenko SY. Kozlov GI. Gontcharov NP Oral testosterone undecanoate reverses erectile dysfunction associated withdiabetes mellitus in patients failing on sildenafil citrate therapy alone 2003(2)
71. Aversa A;Isidori AM;Spera G Androgens improve cavernous vasedilation and response to sildenafil in patients witherectile dysfunction[外文期刊] 2003(05)
72. Aversa A. Isidori AM. Greco EA Hormonal supplementation and erectile dysfunction 2004(5)
73. Aversa A;Isidofi AM;De Martino MU Androgens and penile erection:evidence for a direct relationship between freetestosterone and cavernous vasodilation in men with erectile dysfunction 2000(04)74. 陈在贤 实用男科学 2006
75. Gooren LJ Androgens and male aging:current evidence of safety and efficacy[外文期刊] 2010(02)
76. Piekarski DJ. Routman DM. Sehoomer EE Infrequent lowdose testosterone treatment maintains male sexual behavior inSyrian hamsters 2009(1)
本文链接:http://d.g.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical_gwyx-jhsyfc201101004.aspx
· 14·
国际生殖健康/计划生育杂志2011年1月第30卷第1期J Int Reprod Health ∕ Fam Plan ,January 2011熏Vol. 30熏No. 1
·综述
·
商学军华雪莲综述黄宇烽审校
【摘要】男性迟发性性腺功能减退症(LOH )是一种与年龄相关的、具有典型临床症状和血清睾酮水平低下(低于健康年轻成年男性推荐范围)的综合征,性功能障碍是LOH 患者最常见症状之一。中老年男性性功能障碍的致病因素复杂,而睾酮缺乏是其中的重要因素。血清睾酮水平低下在LOH 的发病机制中具有重要意义,睾酮补充治疗(TST )可在一定程度上改善LOH 患者的性功能障碍症状。
【关键词】男人;年龄因素;性腺功能减退症;性功能障碍,生理性;睾酮;雄激素类
Late 鄄onset Hypogonadism and Sexual Dysfunction SHANG Xue ⁃ jun ,HUA Xue ⁃ lian ,HUANG Yu ⁃ feng.
Department of Andrology ,Nanjing General Hospital of Nanjing Military Region ,Nanjing 210002,China
【Abstract 】Male late ⁃ onset hypogonadism (LOH )is a clinical and biochemical syndrome which is age ⁃
associated with typically clinical symptoms and a deficiency in serum testosterone levels —lower than the recommend extent of healthy young adult males. Testosterone deficiency takes an important role in its pathogenesis. Testosterone deficiency is an significant factor which induces sexual dysfunction. Testosterone supplementary treatment (TST )can improve sexual function of patients with LOH in an extent.
【Key words 】Man ;Age factors ;Hypogonadism ;Sexual dysfunction ,physiological ;Testosterone ;Androgens
( J Int Reprod Health∕Fam Plan , 2011,30:14-17)
睾酮为睾丸Leydig 细胞分泌的雄性激素,是促
进男性生殖器官发育、出现第二性征并产生性欲的最重要的性激素。睾酮也在维持骨矿物质密度、增加肌量和肌肉强度、维持性功能、改善代谢综合征(肥胖、心血管疾病、2型糖尿病)等方面具有重要意义[1-3]。男性30岁左右时Leydig 细胞数量开始减少,即睾丸实质开始衰老,血清睾酮水平在40岁以后逐渐下降。马萨诸塞州男性老龄化研究(Mas ⁃
[4]
sachusetts Male Aging Study, MMAS )及Wu 等[5]对欧洲8个国家3200例40~79岁的男性居民进行了横断面调查研究后均指出,血清总睾酮(TT )、游离睾酮(FT )水平分别以每年0.4%和1.3%的速度下降,同时伴有一系列临床症状和体征,如性功能障碍、瘦体质量(lean body mass )减轻、易疲劳、记忆力和认知能力减退、注意力不集中、烦躁不安、骨质疏松、多汗和过敏等,最终可能导致多个器官或系统功能异常以及生活质量下降,即现代医学所称的迟发性
[6-7]
性腺功能减退症(late ⁃ onset hypogonadism ,LOH )。LOH 是一种与年龄相关的具有典型临床症状和血清睾酮水平低下(低于健康年轻成年男性推荐
作者单位:210002南京军区南京总医院男科
范围)的临床和生化综合征。LOH 的主要发病机制
是随着年龄增加导致的雄激素部分缺乏(主要指睾酮缺乏),其生理机制主要为随着年龄老化,下丘脑-垂体-性腺(HPT )轴功能失常,下丘脑脉冲式分泌促性腺激素释放激素(GnRH )变得迟钝,不管垂体促性腺细胞的反应性是否完整,其产生的黄体生成激素(LH )和卵泡刺激素(FSH )受GnRH 影响而减少,进而导致Leydig 细胞表面受体接受的LH 信号减少,雄激素分泌减少[8]。年龄、HPT 轴异常、肥胖、吸烟和酗酒等危险因素导致睾酮浓度下降到一定阈值以下时,中老年男性机体多个器官、系统产生明显损害,出现许多临床表现,形成LOH 。中国患LOH 的中老年男性的性功能障碍症状比较突出,而抑郁症、潮热和阵汗等症状相对不常见。LOH 患者睾酮缺乏导致的性功能障碍已成为目前的研究热点。随着年龄增长,中老年男性血管内皮功能下降和睾酮分泌减少。部分中老年男性还伴发糖尿病、高血压和高脂血症等影响性功能的疾病,使其性功能呈下降趋势。
LOH 与性功能障碍
睾酮在男性性欲、勃起和射精功能等方面具有
国际生殖健康/计划生育杂志2011年1月第30卷第1期J Int Reprod Health ∕ Fam Plan ,January 2011熏Vol. 30熏No. 1
· 15·
重要作用[9-13]。LOH 患者睾酮缺乏导致的性功能障碍不同于青少年原发性性功能障碍,很少有性腺、神经系统等的器质性发育不良或损伤,多数为内分泌紊乱直接影响性腺及其功能,或通过影响中枢和外周神经系统的调控间接影响睾丸的相关功能,导致睾酮缺乏。对LOH 患者进行睾酮补充治疗(testosterone supplementary treatment ,TST )有助于改善其性欲低下、勃起和射精功能障碍[14]。早在20世纪70年代末已有研究显示,LOH 患者口服十一酸睾酮治疗后,性欲和性活动明显增加[15]。
一、LOH 与性欲低下
睾酮通过中枢神经系统的作用调节性欲,对男性的性欲起决定性作用[9]。Travison 等[9]和Corona 等[16]指出,睾酮水平与性欲呈正相关,即在一定范围内,血清睾酮浓度越高,产生性欲的能力越强,且两者都受控于雄激素受体(AR )。性欲低下的主要机制为睾酮缺乏,无法维持中脑边缘、黑质纹状体和下丘脑的多巴胺(DA )受体系统接收刺激信号后分别产生的对刺激的注意、对刺激的反应以及自主传出的信号来控制部分组织交感神经活性,导致脊髓性兴奋中枢和性刺激感受区及传导神经组成的神经系统接受的唤醒性欲的信号减少,同时性腺血流不足,最终导致性欲低下。还有研究指出,睾酮水平降低也可能影响情绪而间接降低性欲[17]。
尽管有研究认为TST 并未明显提高性欲[18],但用TST 使睾酮缺乏患者的睾酮浓度达到或者略低于正常青壮年男性的睾酮水平后,男性性欲低下状
况可在一定程度上获得改善[6-7,19]
。LOH 青年男性使用睾酮治疗能增加性欲和性生活频率,睾酮治疗可提高性欲低下老年男性的性欲[20]。
二、LOH 与勃起功能障碍(E D )
ED 主要指阴茎勃起功能受损,膨胀体积和硬度不足。在正常男性中,生物有效性睾酮(Bio ⁃ T )与夜间阴茎胀大的频率、持续时间和程度有关[21]。文献指出,LOH 相关的睾酮缺乏会产生明显的ED 症状,尤以夜间勃起障碍多见[6-8]。在LOH 男性中,外源性睾酮治疗可改善睡眠相关的勃起及其相关功能[22]。导致ED 的原因有多种,尽管因睾酮缺乏产生ED 的情况在年轻男性比较少见,但却是中老年LOH 男性产生ED 的常见因素。其机制主要为以下几点
。
睾酮通过作用
于中枢神经系统的各种AR 调控性欲和性唤醒等间接作用使阴茎勃起。睾酮浓度减低在一定程度上导致性欲、性唤醒障碍,也影响勃起
功能。
睾酮通过一
氧化氮合酶(NOS )催化产物NO 调节循环系统中鸟苷酸环化酶,鸟苷酸环化酶催化GTP 为cGMP ,作为细胞内第二信使,通过蛋白激酶G (PKG )途径引起细胞内钙离子浓度降低,平滑肌舒张[23],促进阴茎勃起。与NOS 介导平滑肌的舒张作用相反,RhoA/Rho激酶信号传导通路对海绵体平滑肌的收缩有重要调控作用[24],睾酮缺乏时,RhoA/Rho激酶上调。Wingard 等[25]对去势大鼠分组处理后发现,补充睾酮后尽管实验组睾酮未达到正常水平,但其海绵体组织RhoA/Rho激酶有所降低,阴茎的强烈收缩减轻。另外,睾酮能调控磷酸二酯酶5(PDE-5)活性,体内PDE-5能水解cAMP 或cGMP ,使细胞内第二信使的活性降低,平滑肌收缩导致阴茎疲软,不易勃起[26]。这可为LOH 患者生殖道中高浓度的PDE-5提供合理的解释,还可解释为何单独使用NOS 或PDE-5抑制剂对ED 治疗效果不佳,而联合使用NOS 和PDE-5抑制剂效果较好。总之,睾酮缺乏可通过海绵体平滑肌舒张减弱而收缩增强导致ED 的
发生。
首先,睾酮缺乏
影响海绵体平滑肌细胞数量,ED 患者海绵体平滑肌细胞数量甚至减少至13%,而动脉性ED 平滑肌数量减少较静脉性ED 更显著[27]。海绵体平滑肌数目减少或其结构损害,平滑肌舒张功能障碍,海绵窦不扩张或扩张不充分,海绵体平滑肌、海绵窦的顺应性及弹性减退,均可导致勃起时静脉闭塞功能不全而发生ED [12]。Traish 等[28]和Shen 等[29]的动物实验显示,动物去势后,海绵体平滑肌细胞数量明显减少。补充睾酮能在一定程度上维持去势后动物的平滑肌细胞相对含量;其次,睾酮缺乏可导致海绵体细胞外基质(ECM )沉积。ECM 是海绵体中各类细胞的生存场所,并通过细胞的黏附、细胞信号传导系统影响细胞的形状、代谢、功能、迁移、增殖和分化[12]。其中Ⅰ型和Ⅲ型胶原为主要成分,且其高张力强度在阴茎的勃起及疲软过程中发挥重要作用,静脉性ED 与ECM 沉积有关[30]。此外,睾酮缺乏可能通过影响平滑肌细胞分化而导致白膜下脂肪细胞沉积和结缔组织增加而引起ED [12]。
以上因素均会导致海绵体弹性减退、顺应性降低,动脉充盈时海绵窦不能充分扩张,无法充分压迫白膜下静脉丛及引流静脉,出现静脉瘘、海绵体内压力的增加幅度降低,阴茎无法达到充分勃起,即产生ED [12]。Isidori 等[18]研究指出,TST 对LOH 相关
· 16·
国际生殖健康/计划生育杂志2011年1月第30卷第1期J Int Reprod Health ∕ Fam Plan ,January 2011熏Vol. 30熏No. 1
的勃起功能有明显作用。Hong 等[31]研究发现,LOH 患者口服十一酸睾酮治疗后,国际勃起功能指数(IIEF )评分和血清TT 水平均显著升高。Yassin 等[32]的研究也发现,睾酮可通过恢复静脉闭塞功能而改善LOH 患者的勃起功能。此外,对于一些罹患LOH 和ED 并对PDE-5抑制剂治疗无效的患者,TST 可提高患者对PDE-5抑制剂的反应性[33-35]。因此,对任何一种单独治疗无效的ED 伴LOH 患者,可以考虑进行联合治疗[36]。
LOH 与射精功能障碍
射精功能障碍指机体一个或几个生殖相关系统缺陷,导致精液射出异常,也与血中性激素水平和性器官功能及充盈程度有关。内分泌紊乱导致的射精功能障碍,一般不会单独存在,常与性欲减退、ED 共同出现[7-11]。前列腺、精囊等附属性腺均为雄激素依赖性器官,睾酮参与调节附属性腺的合成与分泌功能,睾酮缺乏是导致射精功能障碍的机制之一。
睾酮通过中枢和外周神经系统调控机制参与射精反射[21]。射精中枢在强烈性刺激作用下,以雄激素为动力,获得由阴茎感觉神经、阴部神经、骶神经根和脊髓传入的冲动信号,部分冲动信号激活大脑皮质。当大脑皮质兴奋时,发放信号至脑干和上端脊髓前外侧索,在胸9~腰10节段间传出后加入交感神经链,支配射精前的活动。阴茎受到有效而持续的性刺激,通过冲动信号传入脊髓射精中枢,再经传出神经纤维使附睾、输精管、射精管、精囊和前列腺的平滑肌相继出现节律性收缩,使前列腺液、精囊液和精子等涌向后尿道。当后尿道内精液蓄积到足够量时,产生压力并刺激脊髓中枢,导致膀胱括约肌关闭。同时,骶部中枢反射性的传出冲动,兴奋阴部内神经,传至阴茎基部坐骨海绵体肌和球海绵体肌纤维,引发以上肌群强烈的节律性收缩,完成射精,达到性高潮[37]。睾酮缺乏,导致勃起不佳,尽管可完成性交的前段过程,却无法完成射精及满足性快感。
此外,睾酮缺乏导致多巴胺系统接收信号后的敏感性、反应性和调控性能力下降,交感和副交感神经传导的冲动信号不足,无法成功引起输精管、精囊平滑肌和海绵体根部横纹肌收缩,进而导致早泄、射精延迟等射精障碍现象。研究指出,低剂量的TST 对于维持男性的正常射精功能有明显
效果[9,38]
。
结语与展望
综上所述,雄激素部分缺乏(主要是睾酮缺乏)
是LOH 和性功能障碍的内分泌方面的重要原因。对于睾酮缺乏导致的LOH ,如性功能障碍等症状,除保持健康生活习惯、合理膳食等方面的保健治疗,最常用的即为TST 。通过口服、贴皮、注射等途径给予短效、低剂量的睾酮制剂提高体内睾酮水平以改善症状,一旦有不良反应出现,应立即停药。但LOH 患者的睾酮长效制剂治疗的安全性尚未获得可靠证据,因为治疗对象中老年男性不稳定的生理、心理因素都需仔细考虑。要证实睾酮对LOH 及其相关性功能障碍的治疗效果及安全性,需按照严密的科研设计与实施,包括双盲法、安慰剂法和对照法等。TST 的具体剂量、具体方案及如何安全有效地治疗中老年LOH 及性功能障碍还有待更多的临床研究。
参
考文献
[1]Gooren [2]
and efficacy[J].LJ. Androgens Asian J and Androl male ,2010aging ,:12(current 2):136-151.
evidence of safety Emmelot of testosterone ⁃ Vonk supplementation MH ,Verhaar HJ on ,Nakhai functional Pour mobility HR ,et ,cognition al. Effect and other parameters in older men :a randomized controlled trial ,[3]Wald [J].JAMA ,2008,299(1):39-52.
[4]
therapy M ,for Meacham older men[J].RB ,Ross LS ,et al. Testosterone 27(2):126-132.
replacement Gray changing A ,Feldman sex hormone HA ,Mckinley J Androl ,2006JB ,,et al. Age ,disease of and the
[5]Wu 1991Massachusetts ,73(5):1016-1025.
Male Aging levels Study in middle [J].J ⁃ aged Clin men Endocrinol :results Metab ,
axis FC ,Tajar A ,Pye SR ,et al. modifiable disruptions Endocrinol risk Metab factors in older ,2008:the men ,93(European are Hypothalamic differentially ⁃ pituitary 7):2737-2745.
Male Aging linked Study[J].to ⁃ testicular age J Clin
and [6]Lunenfeld recommendations B ,Saad of for F ,Hoesl CE. ISA ,ISSAM and EAU [7]Wang rationale[J].late ⁃ onset the investigation ,treatment and monitoring Aging hypogonadism Male ,2005in ,8males (2)::59-74.
scientific background and and C ,Nieschlag E ,Swerdloff R ,et al. Investigation ,treatment
EAU monitoring ,EAA and of ASA late ⁃ onset hypogonadism in males :ISA ,ISSAM ,[8]Mahmoud 2008,159(recommendations [J].Eur J Endocrinol ,hypogonadism[J].A 5),:507-514.
Comhaire [9]
Nat Clin FH. Pract Mechanisms Urol ,2006,3of (8)disease :430-438.
:late ⁃ onset Travison between TG libido ,Morley a nd testosterone JE ,Araujo levels AB ,in et aging al. The men relationship Endocrinol Metab ,2006,91(7):2509-2513.
[J].J Clin
[10]Aversa A ,Isidori AM ,De Martino MU ,et al. Androgens and
国际生殖健康/计划生育杂志2011年1月第30卷第1期J Int Reprod Health ∕ Fam Plan ,January 2011熏Vol. 30熏No. 1
· 17·
penile testosterone erection dysfunction[J].and :evid Clin cavernous ence for Endocrinol vasodilation a direct relationship (Oxf ),2000in ,53(men between 4):517-522.
with erectile free [11]Aversa cavernous A ,Isidori AM ,Spera G ,et al. Androgens erectile dysfunction[J].vasodilation and Clin response Endocrinol to (sildenafil Oxf ),2003in ,patients improve
58(5):632-with [12]
638.
潘连男科学军杂志,,夏欣2006一,黄,12宇烽(11. )雄激素:1030-1034缺乏与.
勃起功能障碍[J]. 中华[13]Corona levels G ,associated Jannini EA with ,Mannucci ejaculatory E ,dysfunction et al. Different [J].testosterone
2008,5(are 8):1991-1998.
J Sex Med ,
[14]Seftel serum
AD testosterone
,Mack RJ ,Secrest AR ,et al. Restorative increases in
improvements in sexual levels
functioning are
significantly
[J].J Androl ,correlated
2004,25(6)to 963-972.
:[15]Franchimont testosterone undecanoate P ,Kicovic PM ,Mattei A ,et al. Effects of oral
Endocrinol (Oxf ),1978,9(in 4)hypogonadal :313-320. male patients [J].Clin [16]
Corona desire[J].G ,Petrone Int J Androl L ,Mannucci ,2005,E 28,(et Suppl al. The 2):impotent 46-52.
couple :
[17]Bhasin low S ,Enzlin P ,Coviello A ,et al. Sexual dysfunction in men
(and 9561women ):597-611.
with endocrine disorders [J].Lancet ,2007,369
[18]Isidori on sexual AM ,function Giannetta E ,Gianfrilli D ,et al. Effects of testosterone
Endocrinol (Oxf ),2005in ,men 63(:results 4):381-394.
of a meta ⁃ analysis [J].Clin
[19]Huhtaniemi hypogonadism I ,in M ä men. kinen Experience JI ,Perheentupa from the A ,Turku et al. Male Late ⁃ Aging onset
[20]
Study Tenover (TuMAS JL. )[J].Hormones (Athens ),2008,7(1):36-45. 2001,7(3):141-146老年男性. 的睾酮替代疗法[J]. 中华男科学杂志,
[21]卫邓春华生出版社,王晓峰,2009. 男性性.
腺功能减退症诊疗手册[M]. 北京:人民[22]
Zhuravlev with VN ,Frank MA ,Gomzhin AI. Sexual functions of improve obstructive upon testosterone sleep apnoea administration syndrome and :hypogonadism men
a pilot may [23]
Andrologia ,2009,41(3):193-195.
study [J].[24]戴玉田function[J].Toda N ,Ayajiki ,Mills Pharmacol K ,Okamura T. Nitric oxide and penile erectile 治疗勃起功能TM 障碍,Lewis Ther 的新途径RW ,2005,[J]等. . ,中抑制106(华男平2)滑:233-266.
科肌的学杂志,张力2002收缩,:8(一6)种
:
391-394.
[25]Wingard function CJ erectile dysfunction[J].after ,Johnson Rho ⁃ kinase JA ,inhibition Holmes A in ,et a rat al. Improved castrate model erectile
of 2003,284(and salivary Koh 6):R1572-1579.
Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol ,[26]Kobori Y ,cortisol E ,Sugimoto levels K ,to et male al. The sexual relationship dysfunction of serum
measured as
Impot Res by ,2009the ,International 21(4):207-212.
Index of Erectile Function[J].Int J [27]Azadzoi haemodynamic KM. changes[J].Vasculogenic BJU erectile Int ,2006,dysfunction 97(1):11-16. :beyond the [28]Traish surgical AM castration ,Munarriz on R erectile ,O ’Connell function L ,in et an al. Effects animal of model medicalor
Androl ,2003,24(3):381-387.
[J].J [29]
rivation Shen ZJ ,Zhou XL ,Lu YL ,et [30]
33-36.
on penile ultrastructure [J].Asian al. Effect J Androl of androgen ,2003,5(dep
1):Traish A ,Kim N. The physiological role of androgens in penile
[31]Hong [J].erection J Sex :regulation Med ,2005of ,2(corpus 6):759-770.
cavernosum structure and function
patients JH ,Ahn TY. Oral testosterone replacement in Korean [32]
erectile Yassin AA with PADAM[J].Aging Male ,2002,5(1):52-56. function ,Saad F ,Traish A. Testosterone undecanoate restores
[33]series Shabsigh of case testosterone R ,Kaufman reports[J].in a subset JM J Sex of Med patients ,2006,3with (4):venous 727-735.
leakage :a men with erectile gel as adjunctive ,Steidle dysfunction therapy C ,who do to et not sildenafil al. Randomized study of
respond in hypogonadal to sildenafil [34]
alone[J].Shamloul J Urol R ,Ghanem ,2004,172H (、2Fahmy ):658-663.
can I 、et al. Testosterone therapy
[35]Kalinchenko with enhance PADAM :erectile a pilot study[J].function J response Sex Med ,to 2005sildenafil ,2(4):559-564.
in patients undecanoate SY ,Kozlov GI ,Gontcharov NP ,et al. Oral testosterone
mellitus in patients reverses failing erectile dysfunction associated with diabetes Aging Male ,2003and erectile dysfunction[J].AM ,6(,2)Greco :94-99.
on sildenafil citrate therapy alone [J].[36]Aversa A ,Isidori Eur EA Urol ,et ,al. 2004Hormonal ,45(5)supplementation [37]陈在贤. 实用男科学[M]. 北京:人民军医出版社,:2006535-538.
[38]Piekarski :dose testosterone DJ ,Routman treatment DM ,Schoomer EE ,et al. Infrequent 30.
low
Syrian hamsters[J].Horm Behav maintains ,2009,55male (1):182-189.
sexual behavior in
(收稿日期:2010-08-16)
[本文编辑
王
昕]
男性迟发性性腺功能减退症与性功能障碍
作者:作者单位:刊名:英文刊名:年,卷(期):
商学军, 华雪莲, SHANG Xue-jun, HUA Xue-lian南京军区南京总医院男科,210002
国际生殖健康/计划生育杂志
JOURNLA OF INTERNATIONAL REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH/FAMILY PLANNING2011,30(1)
参考文献(76条)
1. Travisan TG;Morley JE;Aranjo AB The relationship between libido and testosterone levels in aging men 2006(07)2. Gooren LJ Androgens and male aging:current evidence of safety and efficacy 2010(2)3. Mabmoud A;Comhaire FH Mechanisms of disease:late-onset hypogonadism 2006(08)
4. Emmelot-Vonk MH. Verhaar HJ. Nakhai Pour HR Effect of testosterone supplementation on functional mobility,cognition,andother parameters in older men:a randomized controlled trial 2008(1)
5. Wang C;Niesehlag E;Swerdloff R Investigation,treatment and monitoring of late-onset hypegonadism inmales:ISA,ISSAM,EAU,EAA and ASA recommendations[外文期刊] 2008(05)
6. Wald M. Meacham RB. Ross LS Testosterone replacement therapy for older men 2006(2)
7. Luneafeld B;Sand F;Hoesl CE ISA,ISSAM and EAU recommendations for the investigation,treatment and monitoring of late-onset hypogonadism in males:scientific background and rationale 2005(02)
8. Gray A. Feldman HA. Mckinley JB Age,disease and changing sex hormone levels in middle-aged men:results of theMassachusetts Male Aging Study 1991(5)
9. Wu FC;Tajar A;Pye SR Hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis disruptions in older men are differentially linked to ageand modifiable risk factors:the European Male Aging Study[外文期刊] 2008(07)
10. Wu FC. Tajar A. Pye SR Hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis disruptions in older men are differentially linked toage and modifiable risk factors:the European Male Aging Study 2008(7)
11. Gray A;Feldman HA;Mckinley JB Age,disease and changing sex hormone levels in middle-aged men:results of theMassachusetts Male Aging Study[外文期刊] 1991(05)
12. Luneafeld B. Sand F. Hoesl CE ISA,ISSAM and EAU recommendations for the investigation,treatment and monitoring oflate-onset hypogonadism in males:scientific background and rationale 2005(2)
13. Piekarski DJ;Routman DM;Sehoomer EE Infrequent lowdose testosterone treatment maintains male sexual behavior inSyrian hamsters[外文期刊] 2009(01)
14. Wang C. Niesehlag E. Swerdloff R Investigation,treatment and monitoring of late-onset hypegonadism inmales:ISA,ISSAM,EAU,EAA and ASA recommendations 2008(5)15. 陈在贤 实用男科学 2006
16. Mabmoud A. Comhaire FH Mechanisms of disease:late-onset hypogonadism 2006(8)
17. Aversa A;Isidori AM;Greco EA Hormonal supplementation and erectile dysfunction[外文期刊] 2004(05)
18. Travisan TG. Morley JE. Aranjo AB The relationship between libido and testosterone levels in aging men 2006(7)19. Kalinchenko SY;Kozlov GI;Gontcharov NP Oral testosterone undecanoate reverses erectile dysfunction associated withdiabetes mellitus in patients failing on sildenafil citrate therapy alone 2003(02)
20. Aversa A. Isidofi AM. De Martino MU Androgens and penile erection:evidence for a direct relationship between freetestosterone and cavernous vasodilation in men with erectile dysfunction 2000(4)
21. Shamloul R;Ghanem H;Fabmy I Testosterone therapy can enhance erectile function response to sildenafil in patientswith PADAM:a pilot study[外文期刊] 2005(04)
22. Aversa A. Isidori AM. Spera G Androgens improve cavernous vasedilation and response to sildenafil in patients witherectile dysfunction 2003(5)
23. Shabsigh R;Kaufman JM;Steidle C Randomized study of testosterone gel as adjunctive therapy to sildenafil inhypogonadal men with erectile dysfunction who do not respond to sildenafil alone[外文期刊] 2004(02)
24. 潘连军. 夏欣一. 黄宇烽 雄激素缺乏与勃起功能障碍 2006(11)
25. Yassin AA;Saad F;Traish A Testosterone undecanoate restores erectile function in a subset of patients with venousleakage:a series of case reports[外文期刊] 2006(04)
26. Corona G. Jannini EA. Mannucci E Different testosterone levels are associated with ejaculatory dysfunction 2008(8)27. Hong JH;Ahn TY Oral testosterone replacement in Korean patients with PADAM 2002(01)
28. Seftel AD. Mack RJ. Secrest AR Restorative increases in serum testosterone levels are significantly correlated toimprovements in sexual functioning 2004(6)
29. Traish A;Kim N The physiological role of androgens in penile erection:regulation of corpus cavernosum structure andfunction [外文期刊] 2005(06)
30. Franchimont P. Kicovic PM. Mattei A Effects of oral testosterone undecanoate in hypogonadal male patients 1978(4)31. Shen ZJ;Zhou XL;Lu YL Effect of androgen dep rivation on penile ultrastructure 2003(01)32. Corona G. Petrnne L. Mannucci E The impotent couple:low desiro 2005(Suppl 2)
33. Traish AM;Munarriz R;O'Connell L Effects of medicalor surgical castration on erectile function in an animal model[外文期刊] 2003(03)
34. Bhasin S. Enzlin P. Coviello A Sexual dysfunction in men and women with endocrine disorders 2007(9561)35. Wald M;Meacham RB;Ross LS Testosterone replacement therapy for older men[外文期刊] 2006(02)
36. Isidofi AM. Giannetta E. Gianfrilli D Effects of testosterone on sexual function in men:results of a meta-analysis2005(4)
37. Emmelot-Vonk MH;Verhaar HJ;Nakhai Pour HR Effect of testosterone supplementation on functionalmobility,cognition,and other parameters in older men:a randomized controlled trial 2008(01)
38. Huhtaniemi I. Makinen JI. Perheentupa A Late-onset hypogonadism in men.Experience from the Turku Male Aging Study(TuMAS) 2008(1)
39. Azadzoi KM Vasculogenic erectile dysfunction:beyond the haemedynamic changes[外文期刊] 2006(01)40. J.Lisa TENOVER 老年男性的睾酮替代疗法 2001(3)
41. Kobori Y;Koh E;Sugimoto K The relationship of serum and salivary cortisol levels to male sexual dysfunction asmeasured by the International Index of Erectile Function[外文期刊] 2009(04)42. 邓春华. 王晓峰 男性性腺功能减退症诊疗手册 2009
43. Wingard CJ;Johnson JA;Holmes A Improved erectile function after Rho-kinase inhibition in a rat castrate model oferectile dysfunction 2003(06)
44. Zhuravhv VN. Frank MA. Gomzhin AI Sexual functions of men with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome and hypogonadism mayimprove upon testosterone administration:a pilot study 2009(3)
45. 戴玉田;Mills TM;Lewis RW 抑制平滑肌的张力收缩:一种治疗勃起功能障碍的新途径[期刊论文]-中华男科学杂志 2002(06)46. Toda N. Ayajiki K. Okamura T Nitric oxide and penile erectile function 2005(2)
47. Toda N;Ayajiki K;Okamura T Nitric oxide and penile erectile function[外文期刊] 2005(02)
48. 戴玉田. Thomas M MILLS. Ronald W LEWIS. R Clinton WEBB 抑制平滑肌的张力收缩:一种治疗勃起功能障碍的新途径 2002(6)49. Zhuravhv VN;Frank MA;Gomzhin AI Sexual functions of men with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome and hypogonadism mayimprove upon testosterone administration:a pilot study[外文期刊] 2009(03)
50. Wingard CJ. Johnson JA. Holmes A Improved erectile function after Rho-kinase inhibition in a rat castrate model oferectile dysfunction 2003(6)
51. 邓春华;王晓峰 男性性腺功能减退症诊疗手册 2009
52. Kobori Y. Koh E. Sugimoto K The relationship of serum and salivary cortisol levels to male sexual dysfunction asmeasured by the International Index of Erectile Function 2009(4)53. Tenover JL 老年男性的睾酮替代疗法[期刊论文]-中华男科学杂志 2001(03)
54. Azadzoi KM Vasculogenic erectile dysfunction:beyond the haemedynamic changes 2006(1)
55. Huhtaniemi I;Makinen JI;Perheentupa A Late-onset hypogonadism in men.Experience from the Turku Male Aging Study(TuMAS) 2008(01)
56. Traish AM. Munarriz R. O'Connell L Effects of medicalor surgical castration on erectile function in an animal model2003(3)
57. Isidofi AM;Giannetta E;Gianfrilli D Effects of testosterone on sexual function in men:results of a meta-analysis2005(04)
58. Shen ZJ. Zhou XL. Lu YL Effect of androgen dep rivation on penile ultrastructure 2003(1)
59. Bhasin S;Enzlin P;Coviello A Sexual dysfunction in men and women with endocrine disorders[外文期刊] 2007(9561)60. Traish A. Kim N The physiological role of androgens in penile erection:regulation of corpus cavernosum structure andfunction 2005(6)
61. Corona G;Petrnne L;Mannucci E The impotent couple:low desiro[外文期刊] 2005(Suppl 2)62. Hong JH. Ahn TY Oral testosterone replacement in Korean patients with PADAM 2002(1)
63. Franchimont P;Kicovic PM;Mattei A Effects of oral testosterone undecanoate in hypogonadal male patients[外文期刊]1978(04)
64. Yassin AA. Saad F. Traish A Testosterone undecanoate restores erectile function in a subset of patients with venousleakage:a series of case reports 2006(4)
65. Seftel AD;Mack RJ;Secrest AR Restorative increases in serum testosterone levels are significantly correlated toimprovements in sexual functioning[外文期刊] 2004(06)
66. Shabsigh R. Kaufman JM. Steidle C Randomized study of testosterone gel as adjunctive therapy to sildenafil inhypogonadal men with erectile dysfunction who do not respond to sildenafil alone 2004(2)
67. Corona G;Jannini EA;Mannucci E Different testosterone levels are associated with ejaculatory dysfunction[外文期刊]2008(08)
68. Shamloul R. Ghanem H. Fabmy I Testosterone therapy can enhance erectile function response to sildenafil in patientswith PADAM:a pilot study 2005(4)
69. 潘连军;夏欣一;黄宇烽 雄激素缺乏与勃起功能障碍[期刊论文]-中华男科学杂志 2006(11)
70. Kalinchenko SY. Kozlov GI. Gontcharov NP Oral testosterone undecanoate reverses erectile dysfunction associated withdiabetes mellitus in patients failing on sildenafil citrate therapy alone 2003(2)
71. Aversa A;Isidori AM;Spera G Androgens improve cavernous vasedilation and response to sildenafil in patients witherectile dysfunction[外文期刊] 2003(05)
72. Aversa A. Isidori AM. Greco EA Hormonal supplementation and erectile dysfunction 2004(5)
73. Aversa A;Isidofi AM;De Martino MU Androgens and penile erection:evidence for a direct relationship between freetestosterone and cavernous vasodilation in men with erectile dysfunction 2000(04)74. 陈在贤 实用男科学 2006
75. Gooren LJ Androgens and male aging:current evidence of safety and efficacy[外文期刊] 2010(02)
76. Piekarski DJ. Routman DM. Sehoomer EE Infrequent lowdose testosterone treatment maintains male sexual behavior inSyrian hamsters 2009(1)
本文链接:http://d.g.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical_gwyx-jhsyfc201101004.aspx