长江汉语
Changjiang hanyu
2009年11月
目 录
语音派对
第一课
第二课
第三课
第四课
第五课
第六课
第七课
第八课
第九课
第十课
第十一课
第十二课
第十三课
第十四课
第十五课
第十六课
第十七课
第十八课
第十九课
第二十课
语音派对(Yǔyīn pàiduì)
Pronunciation Party
一、声母和韵母 initials and finals
(一)声母 final
b p m f d t n l ɡ k h j q x zh ch sh r z c s
(二)韵母 initial
ɑ o e i er ɑi ei ɑo ou ɑn en ɑnɡ enɡ ong iɑ
iɑo ie iou(-iu) iɑn in iɑnɡ inɡ ionɡ u uɑ uo uɑi uei(-ui) uan uen(-un) uɑnɡ ü üe üɑn ün
(三)拼读练习 pronunciation drills
1.声母与单韵母拼合initial-simple final combinations
b p m f d t n l ɡ k h
ɑ bɑ pɑ mɑ fɑ dɑ tɑ nɑ lɑ ɡɑ kɑ hɑ
o bo po mo fo
e me de te ne le ɡe ke he
i bi pi mi di ti ni li
u bu pu mu fu du tu nu lu ɡu ku hu
ü nü lü
2.声母与复韵母拼合initial-compound final combinations
ɑn ei ɑo ou uɑ uo uɑi ui
ɡ ɡɑn ɡei ɡɑo ɡou ɡuɑ ɡuo ɡuɑi ɡui
k kɑn kei kɑo kou kuɑ kuo kuɑi kui
h hɑn hei hɑo hou huɑ huo huɑi hui
l lɑn lei lɑo lou luo
n nɑn nei nɑo nou nuo
iɑ ie iɑo iu üe
l liɑ lie liɑo liu Lüe
n niɑ nie niɑo niu nüe
3.声母与鼻韵母拼合initial-simple final combinations
b p m f d t n l
ɑn bɑn pɑn mɑn fɑn dɑn tɑn nɑn lɑn
en ben pen men fen den nen
ɑnɡ bɑnɡ pɑnɡ mɑnɡ fɑnɡ dɑnɡ tɑnɡ nɑnɡ lɑnɡ
enɡ benɡ penɡ menɡ fenɡ denɡ tenɡ nenɡ lenɡ
uan duan tuan nuan luan
in bin pin min nin lin
inɡ binɡ pinɡ minɡ dinɡ tinɡ ninɡ linɡ
onɡ donɡ tonɡ nonɡ lonɡ
4.声母j、q、x与韵母的拼合 the combinations with j,q,x
as initials
i ü iɑ ie üe iɑn iɑnɡ in inɡ
j ji jü jiɑ jie jüe jiɑn jiɑnɡ jin jinɡ
q qi qü qiɑ qie qüe qiɑn qiɑnɡ qin qinɡ
x xi xü xiɑ xie xüe xiɑn xiɑnɡ xin xinɡ
5.声母zh、ch、sh、r、z、c、s与韵母的拼合 the combinations with zh、ch、sh、r、z、c or s as initials.
zh ch sh r z c s
i zhi chi shi ri zi ci si
e zhe che she re ze ce se
ɑn zhɑn chɑn shɑn rɑn zɑn cɑn sɑn
ɑnɡ zhɑnɡ chɑnɡ shɑnɡ rɑnɡ zɑnɡ cɑnɡ sɑnɡ
onɡ zhonɡ chonɡ ronɡ zonɡ conɡ sonɡ
6.y、w开头的音节 the combinations initiated by y and w.
yi yu yin yinɡ yɑn yɑnɡ yun yuɑn yonɡ
wu wɑ wo wɑi wei wɑn wen wɑnɡ wenɡ
二、声调 the tone
(一)四声the four tones
汉语普通话有四个基本声调,可分别用符号表示如下。
There are four possible tones in putonghua as shown by the following tone marks.
(1)第一声 The first tone
高平调,用声调符号“ˉ”表示,如mā。
The High and Level Tone shown by
“ ˉ ”, e.g. mā.
(2)第二声 The second tone
升调,用声调符号“ ' ”表示,如má。
The Rising Tone shown by “ ' ”, e.g. má.
(3)第三声 The third tone
降升调,用声调符号“ˇ”表示,如mǎ。
The Falling-and-Rising Tone shown by “ ˇ ”, e.g. mǎ.
(4)第四声 The fourth tone
降调,用声调符号“ ` ”表示,如mà。
The Falling Tone shown by “ ` ”, e.g. mà.
这四个基本声调的高低升降情况通常用下面的声调示意图来表示:
The above four tones are illustrated in the following tone-graph:
5 ˉ :第一声The first tone
4 55
3 ' :第二声The second tone
2 35
1 ˇ :第三声The third tone
214
` :第四声The fourth tone
51
普通话的声调有区别语义的作用。每个音节都有一定的声调,声调不同意义也不同。如mā(妈),má(麻),mǎ(马),mà(骂)。
Tones in putonghua have the function of signaling meaning. Each syllable has a certain tone. Difference in tone can signal a difference in meaning, e.g. mā(妈 mother),má(麻 hemp),mǎ(马 horse),mà(骂 curse).
(二)变调 the modulation of Chinese tones
1、三声变调 tone change of the 3rd tone
两个第三声音节连读时,前一个要读成第二声。例如:Nǐ hǎo → Ní hǎo。
When a third tone precedes another third tone, the first third tone becomes the second tone, e.ɡ. Nǐ hǎo → Ní hǎo.
2、半三声 the half 3rd tone
第三声音节在第一、二、四声及轻声音节前,读成半三声,即只读第三声的前一半降调(接近低平调)。
When followed by a first or second or fourth tone, or a syllable in the neutral tone, the syllable of the third tone changes into a half-third tone. That is, only the falling part (close to low-level tone) of the third-tone-syllable is read out.
3、“一”的变调 Tone changes of “一”
数词“一”的本调是第一声,单独念、数数或作为序数使用时,读本调。例如:
The numeral word “一” is the first tone. When used alone, used for counting, or as ordinal number, “一”keeps its first tone. E.g.
一 yī 一号yī hào 第一课dìyī kè
one number one lesson one
“一”后边音节是第一、二、三声时,“一”读成第四声。例如:
When a syllable preceded by“一”with the first, second or third tone, “一”changes to the fourth tone. e.g.
一天yìtiān 一年yìnián 一本yìběn
one day one year one book
“一
”后边是第四声时,“一”读成第二声。例如:
When a syllable after “一”with the fourth tone, “一”turns into the second tone.
一下儿yíxiàr 一共yígòng
one time; once altogether
4、“不”的变调 Tone changes of “不”
“不”的本调是四声,但在另一个第四声音节前边时,变成第二声。例如:
The basic tone for “不”is the 4th tone. It changes to the 2nd when it is immediately followed by another 4th –tone syllable, e.g.
不是 búshì 不谢búxiè
(三)轻声 The Neutral Tone
汉语中有些音节不带声调,念得很轻,很短。这样的音节就叫轻声。在拼写中,轻声音节不标调号。例如:nǐmen、wǒmen、zǎoshɑnɡ、wǎnshɑnɡ、(nǐ)ne、(hǎo)mɑ。
A syllable pronounced weak and fast without tone is called the neutral tone syllable, and it is not marked with a tone, e.g.
nǐmen wǒmen zǎoshɑnɡ wǎnshɑnɡ (nǐ)ne (hǎo)mɑ
(四)儿化韵 er
有时韵母er和前一个音节的韵母结合成为儿化的韵母。汉字写作“儿”(ér)。如:哪儿、那儿、点儿。
Sometimes the vowel “er” goes with its preceding syllable to form a retroflex ending. The Chinese character for “er” is “儿(ér)”, e.g. 哪儿,那儿,点儿.
(五)练习 practice
1、四声唱读Read aloud each of the following syllables in four tones.
bā bá bǎ bà bàbɑ 爸爸 father
mā má mǎ mà māmɑ 妈妈 mother
ɡē ɡé ɡě ɡè ɡēɡe 哥哥elder brother
mēi méi měi mèi mèimei 妹妹younger sister
dī dí dǐ dì dìdi 弟弟younger brother
tā tá tǎ tà tā 他/她he,him,she,her
lāo láo lǎo lào lǎo 老 old
shū shú shǔ shù lǎoshǔ 老鼠 mouse
shēn shén shěn shèn
hū hú hǔ hù
shī shí shǐ shì shí 十 ten
nān nán nǎn nàn nán 男 male, man
rēn rén rěn rèn nánrén 男人 man
xīnɡ xínɡ xǐnɡ xìnɡ nánxìnɡ 男性 male
yāo yáo yǎo yào yāo 腰 lower back
xuē xué xuě xuè xuě 雪 snow
yuē yué yuě yuè yuè 月 moon
yū yú yǔ yù yǔ 雨 rain
yī yí yǐ yì yǔyī 雨衣 rain coat
yīnɡ yínɡ yǐnɡ yìnɡ yīnɡ 鹰 eagle
ɡuō ɡuó ɡuǒ ɡuò Yīnɡɡuó 英国England
xiāo xiáo xiǎo xiào xiǎo 小 small; little
hāi hái hǎi hài xiǎo hái 小孩child
xī xí xǐ xì xī 西 west
ɡuā ɡuá ɡuǎ ɡuà xīɡuā 西瓜watermelon
(2)辨声母
nā-lā dā-tā sā–shā zhā - zā
nán–lán jí–qí fán–hán mín - lín
nǎo–lǎo hǔ–mǔ sǎ–shǎ quàn–juàn
nài-lài mù–lù shài–sài nànɡ-lànɡ
ɡāi - kāi ɡǎi - kǎi ɡài - kài nuó-luó
ɡēnɡ - kēnɡ ɡuò - kuò ɡuā – kuā xiǎo-qiǎo
shénɡ- rénɡ shuò - ruò ruǐ – shuǐ xiā - hā
jiǎo - xiǎo qínɡ - xínɡ ɡuī – kuī hā - mā
(3)辨韵母
máo-mán mǎn-mǎnɡ dān-dānɡ dào-dàn
nán-nánɡ jì-jìn lán-lánɡ lí-lín
kàn-kànɡ hān-hānɡ shén-shé zàn-zànɡ
ɡuō - ɡuā kuò - kuà ɡuǒ – ɡuǎ ɡāi-ɡān
yīn - yīnɡ jǐn - jǐnɡ qìn - qìnɡ ɡuā-kuā
kūn - kuī ɡuì - ɡùn hún – huí ɡuà-ɡuò
jué - jié xiē - xuē yē-yuē xuè-yuè
xìn-xìnɡ rén-rénɡ xiào-tiào kuì-kùn
(4)变调练习 tone changes
nǐhǎo hěnhǎo měihǎo wǔbǎi běihǎi
kěyǐ yǔfǎ ɡěiyǐ fǔdǎo suǒyǒu
wǒzǒu suǒyǐ Kǒnɡzǐ chǎnɡzhǎnɡ biǎoyǎn
hěn ɡāo hěn nán hěn dà hǎo le nǐ hē
nǐ lái mǐfàn hǎo mɑ běn bān běnlái
hěn bànɡ hěn pànɡ hǎotīnɡ hǎowán hǎokàn
yì tiān yì nián yì běn yíɡònɡ yíxiàr
bù chī bù hē bù shuō bù duō
bù lái bù xínɡ bù tónɡ bù nénɡ
bù mǎi bù lěnɡ bú dà bù hǎo
bú bài bú qù bú mài bú ɡòu
(5)轻声练习 the neutral tone
bàbɑ dìdi mèimei ɡēɡe māmɑ jiějie
tāmen nǐmen wǒmen tā de nǐ de wǒ de
xièxie pénɡyou xiānshenɡ xuésheng yǐzi sǎngzi
bái de huánɡ de hēi de lán de hónɡ de
mánɡ mɑ è mɑ lèi mɑ è le lèi le
(6)儿化韵练习 Retroflexed syllables
liáotiānr méishìr yíxiàr yīkuàir
xiǎoháir hǎowánr yǒudiǎnr yǎnjīnɡr
yīdiǎnr chànɡɡēr qùnǎr zàinǎr
(7)音节连读Read each multi-syllable unit in the continuous manner.
cídiǎn duìmiàn dānɡrán bié jí
cídài qiānbǐ shānɡchǎnɡ ɡuānɡpán
yǔyī lǎoshī liúxuéshēng
Wáng lǎoshī Hànyǔ lǎoshī huán nǐ qián
shānɡchǎnɡ duìmiàn yīyuàn lǐbiān sùshè zuǒbiān
yínhánɡ pánɡbiān chāoshì wàibiān jiàoshì hòubiān
三、语音知识Chinese pronunciation
(一)汉语音节的构成Chinese syllable structure
汉语的音节一般由声母、韵母和声调三个部分构成。例如:lǎo、shī两个音节,它们的构成分别为:声母:l、sh;韵母: ɑo、i;声调:ˇ、ˉ。
C
hinese syllables are made up of three components: initial, final, and tone. Take the two syllables “lǎo、shī” for example, the structure is composed of the initial “l”, “sh”, the final “ao”, “i”, and the tone “ˇ” , “ˉ”.
(二)声调符号的标注规则 Rules for tone markinɡ
1、韵母一个时标注在它的上边。
When in a syllable there is only one vowel, the tone mark is placed over it.
2、韵母是复韵母时,按下列顺序标注:
If the final is a compound final, follow the followinɡ rules:
(1)有ɑ时标注在ɑ的上边。例如:zǎo、shànɡ。
If “a” in the compound final, the tone mark is over it, as in “zǎo、shànɡ”.
(2)没有ɑ时标注在o、e的上边。例如:wǒ、kè。
If “a” is not in the syllable, the tone mark ɡoes to the top of “o” or “e”.
(3)i、u并列时标注在后一个音节上。例如:jiǔ、ɡuì
If “i” and “u” are put toɡether, mark the tone on the last one, as in “jiǔ” and “ɡuì”.
另外,当i单独作韵母的时侯,上边的点要去掉,然后标注声调。例如:nǐ。
In addition to the above, when “i” is the only vowel in a syllable, the tone mark is placed on “i” without the dot on the top of “i”, e.ɡ. “nǐ”.
3. 拼写规则 Spellinɡ rules
(1)i、u、ü自成音节时前边加y、u、y。例如:
When i、u、ü are used alone, y、w、y are added as initials.
(2)以i、u、ü开头的音节分别写成y-、w-、yu-。例如:
Syllables beɡinninɡ with i、u、ü are written as y-、w-、yu-, e.ɡ.
iɑ —→ yɑ uɑ —→ wɑ üe —→ yue
iɑn—→yɑn uɑi—→wɑi üɑn—→yuɑn
(3)iou、uei、uen和声母相拼时,要去掉中间的元音字母,分别写成iu、ui、un。例如:
When iou、uei、uen are spelled with initials, the vowel in the middle of the syllable will be taken out, e.ɡ.
jiou—→jiu ɡuei—→ɡui
(4)ü和j、q、x相拼时,ü上两点要去掉。例如:
When ü is used with j、q、x,the dots over ü will be taken off, e.ɡ.
i —→ yi u —→ wu ü —→ yu
jü —→ ju qü —→ qu xü —→ xu
长江汉语
Changjiang hanyu
2009年11月
目 录
语音派对
第一课
第二课
第三课
第四课
第五课
第六课
第七课
第八课
第九课
第十课
第十一课
第十二课
第十三课
第十四课
第十五课
第十六课
第十七课
第十八课
第十九课
第二十课
语音派对(Yǔyīn pàiduì)
Pronunciation Party
一、声母和韵母 initials and finals
(一)声母 final
b p m f d t n l ɡ k h j q x zh ch sh r z c s
(二)韵母 initial
ɑ o e i er ɑi ei ɑo ou ɑn en ɑnɡ enɡ ong iɑ
iɑo ie iou(-iu) iɑn in iɑnɡ inɡ ionɡ u uɑ uo uɑi uei(-ui) uan uen(-un) uɑnɡ ü üe üɑn ün
(三)拼读练习 pronunciation drills
1.声母与单韵母拼合initial-simple final combinations
b p m f d t n l ɡ k h
ɑ bɑ pɑ mɑ fɑ dɑ tɑ nɑ lɑ ɡɑ kɑ hɑ
o bo po mo fo
e me de te ne le ɡe ke he
i bi pi mi di ti ni li
u bu pu mu fu du tu nu lu ɡu ku hu
ü nü lü
2.声母与复韵母拼合initial-compound final combinations
ɑn ei ɑo ou uɑ uo uɑi ui
ɡ ɡɑn ɡei ɡɑo ɡou ɡuɑ ɡuo ɡuɑi ɡui
k kɑn kei kɑo kou kuɑ kuo kuɑi kui
h hɑn hei hɑo hou huɑ huo huɑi hui
l lɑn lei lɑo lou luo
n nɑn nei nɑo nou nuo
iɑ ie iɑo iu üe
l liɑ lie liɑo liu Lüe
n niɑ nie niɑo niu nüe
3.声母与鼻韵母拼合initial-simple final combinations
b p m f d t n l
ɑn bɑn pɑn mɑn fɑn dɑn tɑn nɑn lɑn
en ben pen men fen den nen
ɑnɡ bɑnɡ pɑnɡ mɑnɡ fɑnɡ dɑnɡ tɑnɡ nɑnɡ lɑnɡ
enɡ benɡ penɡ menɡ fenɡ denɡ tenɡ nenɡ lenɡ
uan duan tuan nuan luan
in bin pin min nin lin
inɡ binɡ pinɡ minɡ dinɡ tinɡ ninɡ linɡ
onɡ donɡ tonɡ nonɡ lonɡ
4.声母j、q、x与韵母的拼合 the combinations with j,q,x
as initials
i ü iɑ ie üe iɑn iɑnɡ in inɡ
j ji jü jiɑ jie jüe jiɑn jiɑnɡ jin jinɡ
q qi qü qiɑ qie qüe qiɑn qiɑnɡ qin qinɡ
x xi xü xiɑ xie xüe xiɑn xiɑnɡ xin xinɡ
5.声母zh、ch、sh、r、z、c、s与韵母的拼合 the combinations with zh、ch、sh、r、z、c or s as initials.
zh ch sh r z c s
i zhi chi shi ri zi ci si
e zhe che she re ze ce se
ɑn zhɑn chɑn shɑn rɑn zɑn cɑn sɑn
ɑnɡ zhɑnɡ chɑnɡ shɑnɡ rɑnɡ zɑnɡ cɑnɡ sɑnɡ
onɡ zhonɡ chonɡ ronɡ zonɡ conɡ sonɡ
6.y、w开头的音节 the combinations initiated by y and w.
yi yu yin yinɡ yɑn yɑnɡ yun yuɑn yonɡ
wu wɑ wo wɑi wei wɑn wen wɑnɡ wenɡ
二、声调 the tone
(一)四声the four tones
汉语普通话有四个基本声调,可分别用符号表示如下。
There are four possible tones in putonghua as shown by the following tone marks.
(1)第一声 The first tone
高平调,用声调符号“ˉ”表示,如mā。
The High and Level Tone shown by
“ ˉ ”, e.g. mā.
(2)第二声 The second tone
升调,用声调符号“ ' ”表示,如má。
The Rising Tone shown by “ ' ”, e.g. má.
(3)第三声 The third tone
降升调,用声调符号“ˇ”表示,如mǎ。
The Falling-and-Rising Tone shown by “ ˇ ”, e.g. mǎ.
(4)第四声 The fourth tone
降调,用声调符号“ ` ”表示,如mà。
The Falling Tone shown by “ ` ”, e.g. mà.
这四个基本声调的高低升降情况通常用下面的声调示意图来表示:
The above four tones are illustrated in the following tone-graph:
5 ˉ :第一声The first tone
4 55
3 ' :第二声The second tone
2 35
1 ˇ :第三声The third tone
214
` :第四声The fourth tone
51
普通话的声调有区别语义的作用。每个音节都有一定的声调,声调不同意义也不同。如mā(妈),má(麻),mǎ(马),mà(骂)。
Tones in putonghua have the function of signaling meaning. Each syllable has a certain tone. Difference in tone can signal a difference in meaning, e.g. mā(妈 mother),má(麻 hemp),mǎ(马 horse),mà(骂 curse).
(二)变调 the modulation of Chinese tones
1、三声变调 tone change of the 3rd tone
两个第三声音节连读时,前一个要读成第二声。例如:Nǐ hǎo → Ní hǎo。
When a third tone precedes another third tone, the first third tone becomes the second tone, e.ɡ. Nǐ hǎo → Ní hǎo.
2、半三声 the half 3rd tone
第三声音节在第一、二、四声及轻声音节前,读成半三声,即只读第三声的前一半降调(接近低平调)。
When followed by a first or second or fourth tone, or a syllable in the neutral tone, the syllable of the third tone changes into a half-third tone. That is, only the falling part (close to low-level tone) of the third-tone-syllable is read out.
3、“一”的变调 Tone changes of “一”
数词“一”的本调是第一声,单独念、数数或作为序数使用时,读本调。例如:
The numeral word “一” is the first tone. When used alone, used for counting, or as ordinal number, “一”keeps its first tone. E.g.
一 yī 一号yī hào 第一课dìyī kè
one number one lesson one
“一”后边音节是第一、二、三声时,“一”读成第四声。例如:
When a syllable preceded by“一”with the first, second or third tone, “一”changes to the fourth tone. e.g.
一天yìtiān 一年yìnián 一本yìběn
one day one year one book
“一
”后边是第四声时,“一”读成第二声。例如:
When a syllable after “一”with the fourth tone, “一”turns into the second tone.
一下儿yíxiàr 一共yígòng
one time; once altogether
4、“不”的变调 Tone changes of “不”
“不”的本调是四声,但在另一个第四声音节前边时,变成第二声。例如:
The basic tone for “不”is the 4th tone. It changes to the 2nd when it is immediately followed by another 4th –tone syllable, e.g.
不是 búshì 不谢búxiè
(三)轻声 The Neutral Tone
汉语中有些音节不带声调,念得很轻,很短。这样的音节就叫轻声。在拼写中,轻声音节不标调号。例如:nǐmen、wǒmen、zǎoshɑnɡ、wǎnshɑnɡ、(nǐ)ne、(hǎo)mɑ。
A syllable pronounced weak and fast without tone is called the neutral tone syllable, and it is not marked with a tone, e.g.
nǐmen wǒmen zǎoshɑnɡ wǎnshɑnɡ (nǐ)ne (hǎo)mɑ
(四)儿化韵 er
有时韵母er和前一个音节的韵母结合成为儿化的韵母。汉字写作“儿”(ér)。如:哪儿、那儿、点儿。
Sometimes the vowel “er” goes with its preceding syllable to form a retroflex ending. The Chinese character for “er” is “儿(ér)”, e.g. 哪儿,那儿,点儿.
(五)练习 practice
1、四声唱读Read aloud each of the following syllables in four tones.
bā bá bǎ bà bàbɑ 爸爸 father
mā má mǎ mà māmɑ 妈妈 mother
ɡē ɡé ɡě ɡè ɡēɡe 哥哥elder brother
mēi méi měi mèi mèimei 妹妹younger sister
dī dí dǐ dì dìdi 弟弟younger brother
tā tá tǎ tà tā 他/她he,him,she,her
lāo láo lǎo lào lǎo 老 old
shū shú shǔ shù lǎoshǔ 老鼠 mouse
shēn shén shěn shèn
hū hú hǔ hù
shī shí shǐ shì shí 十 ten
nān nán nǎn nàn nán 男 male, man
rēn rén rěn rèn nánrén 男人 man
xīnɡ xínɡ xǐnɡ xìnɡ nánxìnɡ 男性 male
yāo yáo yǎo yào yāo 腰 lower back
xuē xué xuě xuè xuě 雪 snow
yuē yué yuě yuè yuè 月 moon
yū yú yǔ yù yǔ 雨 rain
yī yí yǐ yì yǔyī 雨衣 rain coat
yīnɡ yínɡ yǐnɡ yìnɡ yīnɡ 鹰 eagle
ɡuō ɡuó ɡuǒ ɡuò Yīnɡɡuó 英国England
xiāo xiáo xiǎo xiào xiǎo 小 small; little
hāi hái hǎi hài xiǎo hái 小孩child
xī xí xǐ xì xī 西 west
ɡuā ɡuá ɡuǎ ɡuà xīɡuā 西瓜watermelon
(2)辨声母
nā-lā dā-tā sā–shā zhā - zā
nán–lán jí–qí fán–hán mín - lín
nǎo–lǎo hǔ–mǔ sǎ–shǎ quàn–juàn
nài-lài mù–lù shài–sài nànɡ-lànɡ
ɡāi - kāi ɡǎi - kǎi ɡài - kài nuó-luó
ɡēnɡ - kēnɡ ɡuò - kuò ɡuā – kuā xiǎo-qiǎo
shénɡ- rénɡ shuò - ruò ruǐ – shuǐ xiā - hā
jiǎo - xiǎo qínɡ - xínɡ ɡuī – kuī hā - mā
(3)辨韵母
máo-mán mǎn-mǎnɡ dān-dānɡ dào-dàn
nán-nánɡ jì-jìn lán-lánɡ lí-lín
kàn-kànɡ hān-hānɡ shén-shé zàn-zànɡ
ɡuō - ɡuā kuò - kuà ɡuǒ – ɡuǎ ɡāi-ɡān
yīn - yīnɡ jǐn - jǐnɡ qìn - qìnɡ ɡuā-kuā
kūn - kuī ɡuì - ɡùn hún – huí ɡuà-ɡuò
jué - jié xiē - xuē yē-yuē xuè-yuè
xìn-xìnɡ rén-rénɡ xiào-tiào kuì-kùn
(4)变调练习 tone changes
nǐhǎo hěnhǎo měihǎo wǔbǎi běihǎi
kěyǐ yǔfǎ ɡěiyǐ fǔdǎo suǒyǒu
wǒzǒu suǒyǐ Kǒnɡzǐ chǎnɡzhǎnɡ biǎoyǎn
hěn ɡāo hěn nán hěn dà hǎo le nǐ hē
nǐ lái mǐfàn hǎo mɑ běn bān běnlái
hěn bànɡ hěn pànɡ hǎotīnɡ hǎowán hǎokàn
yì tiān yì nián yì běn yíɡònɡ yíxiàr
bù chī bù hē bù shuō bù duō
bù lái bù xínɡ bù tónɡ bù nénɡ
bù mǎi bù lěnɡ bú dà bù hǎo
bú bài bú qù bú mài bú ɡòu
(5)轻声练习 the neutral tone
bàbɑ dìdi mèimei ɡēɡe māmɑ jiějie
tāmen nǐmen wǒmen tā de nǐ de wǒ de
xièxie pénɡyou xiānshenɡ xuésheng yǐzi sǎngzi
bái de huánɡ de hēi de lán de hónɡ de
mánɡ mɑ è mɑ lèi mɑ è le lèi le
(6)儿化韵练习 Retroflexed syllables
liáotiānr méishìr yíxiàr yīkuàir
xiǎoháir hǎowánr yǒudiǎnr yǎnjīnɡr
yīdiǎnr chànɡɡēr qùnǎr zàinǎr
(7)音节连读Read each multi-syllable unit in the continuous manner.
cídiǎn duìmiàn dānɡrán bié jí
cídài qiānbǐ shānɡchǎnɡ ɡuānɡpán
yǔyī lǎoshī liúxuéshēng
Wáng lǎoshī Hànyǔ lǎoshī huán nǐ qián
shānɡchǎnɡ duìmiàn yīyuàn lǐbiān sùshè zuǒbiān
yínhánɡ pánɡbiān chāoshì wàibiān jiàoshì hòubiān
三、语音知识Chinese pronunciation
(一)汉语音节的构成Chinese syllable structure
汉语的音节一般由声母、韵母和声调三个部分构成。例如:lǎo、shī两个音节,它们的构成分别为:声母:l、sh;韵母: ɑo、i;声调:ˇ、ˉ。
C
hinese syllables are made up of three components: initial, final, and tone. Take the two syllables “lǎo、shī” for example, the structure is composed of the initial “l”, “sh”, the final “ao”, “i”, and the tone “ˇ” , “ˉ”.
(二)声调符号的标注规则 Rules for tone markinɡ
1、韵母一个时标注在它的上边。
When in a syllable there is only one vowel, the tone mark is placed over it.
2、韵母是复韵母时,按下列顺序标注:
If the final is a compound final, follow the followinɡ rules:
(1)有ɑ时标注在ɑ的上边。例如:zǎo、shànɡ。
If “a” in the compound final, the tone mark is over it, as in “zǎo、shànɡ”.
(2)没有ɑ时标注在o、e的上边。例如:wǒ、kè。
If “a” is not in the syllable, the tone mark ɡoes to the top of “o” or “e”.
(3)i、u并列时标注在后一个音节上。例如:jiǔ、ɡuì
If “i” and “u” are put toɡether, mark the tone on the last one, as in “jiǔ” and “ɡuì”.
另外,当i单独作韵母的时侯,上边的点要去掉,然后标注声调。例如:nǐ。
In addition to the above, when “i” is the only vowel in a syllable, the tone mark is placed on “i” without the dot on the top of “i”, e.ɡ. “nǐ”.
3. 拼写规则 Spellinɡ rules
(1)i、u、ü自成音节时前边加y、u、y。例如:
When i、u、ü are used alone, y、w、y are added as initials.
(2)以i、u、ü开头的音节分别写成y-、w-、yu-。例如:
Syllables beɡinninɡ with i、u、ü are written as y-、w-、yu-, e.ɡ.
iɑ —→ yɑ uɑ —→ wɑ üe —→ yue
iɑn—→yɑn uɑi—→wɑi üɑn—→yuɑn
(3)iou、uei、uen和声母相拼时,要去掉中间的元音字母,分别写成iu、ui、un。例如:
When iou、uei、uen are spelled with initials, the vowel in the middle of the syllable will be taken out, e.ɡ.
jiou—→jiu ɡuei—→ɡui
(4)ü和j、q、x相拼时,ü上两点要去掉。例如:
When ü is used with j、q、x,the dots over ü will be taken off, e.ɡ.
i —→ yi u —→ wu ü —→ yu
jü —→ ju qü —→ qu xü —→ xu