高考英语语法专题
动词时态
动词时态（tense）是一种动词形式，不同的时态用以表示不同时间里所产生的动作或存在的状态。
动词时态分类：
1.一般现在时
(1) 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。
时间状语： every„, sometimes, at„, on Sunday
I leave home for school at 7 every morning.
(2) 客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。
The earth moves around the sun.
(3) 表示格言或警句中。
Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。
此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。 Columbus proved that the earth is round.
(4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。
Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.
(5) 一般现在时表将来：
1．下列动词：come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表
a. 示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.
When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes.
b. 倒装句，表示动作正在进行，
Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming.
c. 在状语从句中。
I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there.
d. 在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等后。
I hope they have a nice time next week.
Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.
高考真题解析
1. Months ago we sailed ten thousand miles across this open sea, which _________ the Pacific, and we met no storms. (辽宁卷)
A. was called B. is called
called
【分析】因为这是客观事实，故用一般现在时。
2. “What would you do if it _________tomorrow?” “We have to carry it on, since we’ve got everything ready.” (全国卷I)
A. rain B. rains C. will rain D. is raining C. had been called D. has been
【分析】即在条件句中用一般现在时表示将来意义。
3. As soon as he comes back, I’ll tell him when _________and see him. (北京卷)
A. you will come B. will you come C. you come D. do you come
【分析】主句是一般将来时，when引导时间状语从句时，从句用一般现在时表示将来时。如：We'll start when the team leader comes.队长一来，我们就出发。含宾语从句的复合句的时态遵从主从一致原则，一般而言，主句是现在时或将来时，从句根据具体情况用适当时态；主句是过去时，从句应用相应的过去时态。I thought (that) you would be free today.
2. 一般过去时的用法
(1) 在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。 时间状语有：just now(刚才), yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。
I saw Tom in the street yesterday.
(2) 表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。
When I was a child, I often played football in the street.
He always went to work by bus.
(3) 用过去时表示现在，表示语气委婉礼貌。
动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend，情态动词 could, would等用过去式表示委婉。 Did you want anything else?
Could you lend me your bike?
(4）用于虚拟语气表示与现在或将来事实不符。
If I were a bird, I would fly to Beijing.
高考真题解析
1. “If the traffic hadn’t been so heavy, I could have been back by 6 o’clock.” “What a pity! Tina _________ here to see you.” (湖南卷)
A. is B. was C. would be D. has been
【分析】尽管上面一句用的是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，但后面一句谈的却是发生在过去的一件真实情况，故用一般过去时。
2.—Is Peter coming?
—No, he____ his mind after a phone call at the last minute.（2015 重庆，1）
A. changes B. changed C. was changing D. had changed
【分析】由明显的时间标志词“at the last minute”确定本题时态为过去式。
3. 一般将来时
(1) shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称。
Which paragraph shall I read first？
Will you be at home at seven this evening?
(2) be going to +不定式，表示将来。
be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。
be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事
be about to 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。
be going to / will的用法之比较：
用于条件句时，be going to表将来，will表意愿。
If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible. Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.
be to和be going to 的用法之比较：
be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。而be going to 则表示主观的打算或计划。 I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. (客观安排)
I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主观安排)
高考真题解析
1. “Did you tell Julia about the result?” “Oh, no, I forgot. I _________her now.” (全国卷III)
A. will be calling B. will call C. call D. am to call
【分析】答案选 B。表示临时的决定，要用“will+动词原形”。
另外某些短暂性动词(尤其是表示位置移动的短暂性动词)有时还可以用现在进行时表示将来意义。如：
2. “What are you going to do this afternoon?” “I am going to the cinema with some friends. The film _________ quite early, so we _________ to the bookstore after that.” (重庆卷)
A. finished, are going
go
【分析】电影的开始和结束是电影院在时刻表中已有的计划，用一般现在时表示，而表示最近的打算或安排，则可用现在进行时表示。
B. finished, go C. finishes, are going D. finishes,
4. 现在进行时
(1) 表示现在( 指说话人说话时) 正在发生的事情。
We are waiting for you.
(2) 习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。
Mr. Green is writing another novel. (说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。)
(3) 表示渐变的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。
The leaves are turning red.
(4) 与always, constantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。
You are always changing your mind.
不用进行时的动词
a: 事实状态的动词。have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue
This house belongs to my sister.
b: 心理状态的动词。know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate
I need your help.
He loves her very much.
C: 瞬间动词。accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse. I accept your advice.
d: 系动词。seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn 高考真题解析
1. You seem a little tired.1. Listen to the two girls by the window. What language _________? (全国卷III)
A. did they speak B. were they speaking C. are they speaking
speaking
【分析】根据Listen to…可知，speak 这一动作正在进行。
2. Since I won the big prize, my telephone hasn’t stopped ringing. People _________ to ask how I am going to spend the money. (湖南卷)
A. phone B. will phone C. were phoning D. are phoning D. have they been
【分析】指赢大奖以来近阶段正在发生的事，用现在进行时。
3. “Are you still busy?” “Yes, I _________ my work and it won’t take long.” (浙江卷)
A. just finish
finish
【分析】由it won’t take long可知即将做完了，用现在进行时表示即将发生的事；选项D表示“正打算做完”，与句意不符。 B. am just finishing C. have just finished D. am just going to
5. 过去进行时 过去进行时表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。
常用的时间状语有： this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while
高考真题解析
1. When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.Susan decided not to work on the program at home because she didn’t want her parents to know what she _________. (辽宁卷)
A. has done B. had done C. was doing D. is doing
【分析】用过去进行时表示过去正在进行的动作。因 decided 和didn’t want 都是过去式，排除选项A和D；因“做”发生在“决定”之后，而不是之前，故不能用过去完成时，排除选项B。句意：她不想让她的父母知道那会她正在做什么。
6. 现在完成时
现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
现在完成时的构成：
助动词have (has) + 动词的过去分词。
(1) 通常与表示包括现在在内的时间副词just，already, before, yet, never, ever等状语连用。
She has already finished the work.
(2) 现在完成时表示过去已经开始，持续到现在,也许还会持续下去的动作或状态。可以和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在（包括现在在内）的一段时间的状语连用。 for和since，以及 so far, now, today, this week(month, year) 等。
I haven’t seen her these days.
They have lived here since 1990.
What has happened to the USA in the last 350 years?
表示短暂时间动作的词，如come, go, die, marry, buy等的完成时不能与for, since等表示一段时间的短语连用。
have been (to)和have gone (to)的区别：
have / has been (to) 表示“曾经去过”某地，说话时此人很可能不在那里，已经回来。侧重指经历。have / has gone (to) 表示某人“已经去了”某地，说话时此人在那里，或可能在路上，反正不在这里。
He has been to Beijing. 他曾去过北京。 （人已回来，可能在这儿）
He has gone to Beijing. 他已经去了北京。 （人已走，不在这儿）。
一般过去时与现在完成时的比较
过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。
一般过去时的时间状语有：yesterday, last week，„ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具体的时间状语。
现在完成时的时间状语有：for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always, 等不确定的时间状语。
分析比较下列各例句：
I saw this film yesterday. （强调看的动作发生过了。）
I have seen this film. （强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。） She has returned from Paris. （她已从巴黎回来了。）
She returned yesterday. （她是昨天回来了。）
句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如 yesterday, last week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。
（错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
（对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
高考真题解析
1. Years ago we didn’t know this, but recent science _________ that people who don’t sleep well soon get ill. (广东卷)
A. showed B. has shown C. will show D. is showing
【分析】答案选 B。由表示对照的Years ago和recent可知，“以前不知”，但“现在已经证明了”，所以用现在完成时。
2. He was hoping to go abroad but his parents _________ that they won’t support him
unless he can borrow money from the bank. (湖北卷)
A. were deciding B. have decided C. decided D. will decide
【分析】答案选B。因宾语从句中的时态是一般将来时，主句中的谓语动词不可能是过去时态，排除选项A和C；由语境判断，不是“将要决定”，而是“现在已经决定”，所以排除D，而选B
另外，同学们还要特别注意以下这些习惯上要与现在完成时连用的短语和句型：so far(到目前为止)，since(自从)，in [for, during] the past [last]…years(在过去…年中)，by now (到现在为止)，up to [until] now (到现在为止)，It's [will be] the first time that…(第一次……)等。如：
3. My brother is an actor. He _________in several film so far. (浙江卷)
A. appears B. appeared C. has appeared D. is appearing
【分析】so far(到目前为止)通常与现在完成时连用。
4. The country life he was used to _________ greatly since 1992. (山东卷)
A. change B. has changed C. changing D. have changed
【分析】 since 1992这类时间状语通常与现在完成时连用。主句主语是the country life，句中he was used to是省略了关系代词that的定语从句。
5. In my hometown, there is always a harvest supper for the farmers after all the wheat____ cut.（2015 重庆，13）
A. will have been B. will be C. was D. has been
【分析】根据“there is”可判断题干时态为一般现在时排除将来时态。另根据句意，收割在晚餐之后，应用完成时态，故选D。译为：在我们家乡，小麦收割之后，会为农民伯伯提供一顿丰盛的晚餐。
7. 过去完成时的用法
(1) 过去完成时表示过去的过去。其结构是：had + 过去分词
过去完成时表示过去某一时刻或者某一动作之前完成的动作或状态；句中常用by, before, until, when等词引导的时间状语。
By the end of last year we had built five new houses.
(2) 过去完成时的动词还可以表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或者状态持续到过去某
个时间或者持续下去。
Before he slept, he had worked for 12 hours.
(3) 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。
She said (that) she had never been to Paris.
(4) 过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。 He said that he had learned some English before.
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party. 高考真题解析
1. Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.1. He _________more than 5,000 English words when he entered the university at the age of 15. (北京卷)
A. has learned B. would have learned C. learned D. had learned
【分析】因为上大学是过去，学了五千个英语单词是在上大学之前，即“过去的过去”，所以用过去完成时。
2. When the old man _________ to walk back to his house, the sun _________ itself behind the mountain. (湖北卷)
A. started; had already hidden
C. had started; was hiding B. had started; had already hidden D. was starting; hid
【分析】根据句意，“开始回房子”发生在过去，“太阳落山”是在“开始回房子”之前，故过去的过去。
3. Father _________for London on business upon my arrival, so I didn’t see him. (福建卷)
A. has left B. left C. was leaving D. had left
【分析】根据“我没见到他”可知，“在我到达”前“父亲已经去伦敦”了，即父亲去伦敦发生在“过去的过去”，故用过去完成时。
4. The policeman’s attention was suddenly caught by a small box which _________ placed under the Minister’s car. (广东卷)
A. has been
would be
【分析】因为这个小盒子“被放在部长车下”发生在“引起警察注意”之前，即“过去的过去”，所以用过去完成时。
5. “Hurry up! Alice and Sue are waiting for you at the school gate.” “Oh ! I thought they
B. was being C. had been D.
_________ without me.” (江西卷)
A. went B. are going C. have gone D. had gone
【分析】因为thought(原以为)用的是过去时，所以他们“走了”就是“过去的过去”，故用过去完成时。
8. 过去将来时
(1)过去将来时表示从过去的某一时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。它是一个相对的时态，即立足于过去某时，从过去的某一时间看即将发生的事情就要用这一时态。
基本形式：would／should＋动词原形（其中 would 用于各种人称，should 常用于第一人称）。
They were sure they would win the final victory．他们坚信会赢得最后胜利。 He didn't expect that we should（would）all be there．他没想到我们都在那里。
上述两个例句中的宾语从句谓语 would win 和 should（would）be 分别与其主句谓语 were sure 和 didn't expect 相对应。
(2) 过去将来时的一些其它表达形式：
was／were＋going to＋动词原形 。
was／were＋to＋动词原形
was／were about＋动词原形
9. 将来进行时的用法：
1. 表示在将来某一时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作。
This time tomorrow I shall be flying to Guangzhou.
明天这个时候我将在飞往广州的途中。
What will you be doing at eight tomorrow morning?
明天上午八点钟你将做什么?
2. 表示将来被客观情况所决定的动作或者按照安排将要发生的动作。
We'll be having tea after dinner as usual. 像通常一样，我们晚饭后将要喝茶。 The leaves will be falling soon. 树叶很快就会脱落。
注意：将来进行时不用于表示"意志"，不能说 I'll be having a talk with her.
3. 将来进行时常用的时间状语：soon, tomorrow, this evening，on Sunday, by this
time，tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening等。
By this time tomorrow, I'll be lying on the beach.
10. 将来完成时
将来完成时用来表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成的动作或一直持续的动作。经常与
“before+将来时间”或“by+将来时间”连用，也可与before或by the time引导的现在时的从句连用。
By the end of this week, I shall have finished the book.
到本周末，我将读完这本书。
By this time tomorrow they will have repaired the machine.
明天这时候，他们将修好这台机器。
将来完成时表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成或一直持续的动作或状态。使用这种时态时，多会涉及两个动作或状态，一个在前，一个在后；叙述前面的动作或状态，动词要用将来完成时；叙述后面的动作或状态，动词要用一般现在时。
We will have completed the work before you come.
He says that he will have graduated from a university before you return home.
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高考英语语法专题
动词时态
动词时态（tense）是一种动词形式，不同的时态用以表示不同时间里所产生的动作或存在的状态。
动词时态分类：
1.一般现在时
(1) 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。
时间状语： every„, sometimes, at„, on Sunday
I leave home for school at 7 every morning.
(2) 客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。
The earth moves around the sun.
(3) 表示格言或警句中。
Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。
此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。 Columbus proved that the earth is round.
(4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。
Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.
(5) 一般现在时表将来：
1．下列动词：come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表
a. 示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.
When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes.
b. 倒装句，表示动作正在进行，
Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming.
c. 在状语从句中。
I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there.
d. 在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等后。
I hope they have a nice time next week.
Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.
高考真题解析
1. Months ago we sailed ten thousand miles across this open sea, which _________ the Pacific, and we met no storms. (辽宁卷)
A. was called B. is called
called
【分析】因为这是客观事实，故用一般现在时。
2. “What would you do if it _________tomorrow?” “We have to carry it on, since we’ve got everything ready.” (全国卷I)
A. rain B. rains C. will rain D. is raining C. had been called D. has been
【分析】即在条件句中用一般现在时表示将来意义。
3. As soon as he comes back, I’ll tell him when _________and see him. (北京卷)
A. you will come B. will you come C. you come D. do you come
【分析】主句是一般将来时，when引导时间状语从句时，从句用一般现在时表示将来时。如：We'll start when the team leader comes.队长一来，我们就出发。含宾语从句的复合句的时态遵从主从一致原则，一般而言，主句是现在时或将来时，从句根据具体情况用适当时态；主句是过去时，从句应用相应的过去时态。I thought (that) you would be free today.
2. 一般过去时的用法
(1) 在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。 时间状语有：just now(刚才), yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。
I saw Tom in the street yesterday.
(2) 表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。
When I was a child, I often played football in the street.
He always went to work by bus.
(3) 用过去时表示现在，表示语气委婉礼貌。
动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend，情态动词 could, would等用过去式表示委婉。 Did you want anything else?
Could you lend me your bike?
(4）用于虚拟语气表示与现在或将来事实不符。
If I were a bird, I would fly to Beijing.
高考真题解析
1. “If the traffic hadn’t been so heavy, I could have been back by 6 o’clock.” “What a pity! Tina _________ here to see you.” (湖南卷)
A. is B. was C. would be D. has been
【分析】尽管上面一句用的是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，但后面一句谈的却是发生在过去的一件真实情况，故用一般过去时。
2.—Is Peter coming?
—No, he____ his mind after a phone call at the last minute.（2015 重庆，1）
A. changes B. changed C. was changing D. had changed
【分析】由明显的时间标志词“at the last minute”确定本题时态为过去式。
3. 一般将来时
(1) shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称。
Which paragraph shall I read first？
Will you be at home at seven this evening?
(2) be going to +不定式，表示将来。
be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。
be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事
be about to 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。
be going to / will的用法之比较：
用于条件句时，be going to表将来，will表意愿。
If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible. Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.
be to和be going to 的用法之比较：
be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。而be going to 则表示主观的打算或计划。 I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. (客观安排)
I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主观安排)
高考真题解析
1. “Did you tell Julia about the result?” “Oh, no, I forgot. I _________her now.” (全国卷III)
A. will be calling B. will call C. call D. am to call
【分析】答案选 B。表示临时的决定，要用“will+动词原形”。
另外某些短暂性动词(尤其是表示位置移动的短暂性动词)有时还可以用现在进行时表示将来意义。如：
2. “What are you going to do this afternoon?” “I am going to the cinema with some friends. The film _________ quite early, so we _________ to the bookstore after that.” (重庆卷)
A. finished, are going
go
【分析】电影的开始和结束是电影院在时刻表中已有的计划，用一般现在时表示，而表示最近的打算或安排，则可用现在进行时表示。
B. finished, go C. finishes, are going D. finishes,
4. 现在进行时
(1) 表示现在( 指说话人说话时) 正在发生的事情。
We are waiting for you.
(2) 习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。
Mr. Green is writing another novel. (说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。)
(3) 表示渐变的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。
The leaves are turning red.
(4) 与always, constantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。
You are always changing your mind.
不用进行时的动词
a: 事实状态的动词。have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue
This house belongs to my sister.
b: 心理状态的动词。know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate
I need your help.
He loves her very much.
C: 瞬间动词。accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse. I accept your advice.
d: 系动词。seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn 高考真题解析
1. You seem a little tired.1. Listen to the two girls by the window. What language _________? (全国卷III)
A. did they speak B. were they speaking C. are they speaking
speaking
【分析】根据Listen to…可知，speak 这一动作正在进行。
2. Since I won the big prize, my telephone hasn’t stopped ringing. People _________ to ask how I am going to spend the money. (湖南卷)
A. phone B. will phone C. were phoning D. are phoning D. have they been
【分析】指赢大奖以来近阶段正在发生的事，用现在进行时。
3. “Are you still busy?” “Yes, I _________ my work and it won’t take long.” (浙江卷)
A. just finish
finish
【分析】由it won’t take long可知即将做完了，用现在进行时表示即将发生的事；选项D表示“正打算做完”，与句意不符。 B. am just finishing C. have just finished D. am just going to
5. 过去进行时 过去进行时表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。
常用的时间状语有： this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while
高考真题解析
1. When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.Susan decided not to work on the program at home because she didn’t want her parents to know what she _________. (辽宁卷)
A. has done B. had done C. was doing D. is doing
【分析】用过去进行时表示过去正在进行的动作。因 decided 和didn’t want 都是过去式，排除选项A和D；因“做”发生在“决定”之后，而不是之前，故不能用过去完成时，排除选项B。句意：她不想让她的父母知道那会她正在做什么。
6. 现在完成时
现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
现在完成时的构成：
助动词have (has) + 动词的过去分词。
(1) 通常与表示包括现在在内的时间副词just，already, before, yet, never, ever等状语连用。
She has already finished the work.
(2) 现在完成时表示过去已经开始，持续到现在,也许还会持续下去的动作或状态。可以和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在（包括现在在内）的一段时间的状语连用。 for和since，以及 so far, now, today, this week(month, year) 等。
I haven’t seen her these days.
They have lived here since 1990.
What has happened to the USA in the last 350 years?
表示短暂时间动作的词，如come, go, die, marry, buy等的完成时不能与for, since等表示一段时间的短语连用。
have been (to)和have gone (to)的区别：
have / has been (to) 表示“曾经去过”某地，说话时此人很可能不在那里，已经回来。侧重指经历。have / has gone (to) 表示某人“已经去了”某地，说话时此人在那里，或可能在路上，反正不在这里。
He has been to Beijing. 他曾去过北京。 （人已回来，可能在这儿）
He has gone to Beijing. 他已经去了北京。 （人已走，不在这儿）。
一般过去时与现在完成时的比较
过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。
一般过去时的时间状语有：yesterday, last week，„ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具体的时间状语。
现在完成时的时间状语有：for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always, 等不确定的时间状语。
分析比较下列各例句：
I saw this film yesterday. （强调看的动作发生过了。）
I have seen this film. （强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。） She has returned from Paris. （她已从巴黎回来了。）
She returned yesterday. （她是昨天回来了。）
句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如 yesterday, last week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。
（错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
（对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
高考真题解析
1. Years ago we didn’t know this, but recent science _________ that people who don’t sleep well soon get ill. (广东卷)
A. showed B. has shown C. will show D. is showing
【分析】答案选 B。由表示对照的Years ago和recent可知，“以前不知”，但“现在已经证明了”，所以用现在完成时。
2. He was hoping to go abroad but his parents _________ that they won’t support him
unless he can borrow money from the bank. (湖北卷)
A. were deciding B. have decided C. decided D. will decide
【分析】答案选B。因宾语从句中的时态是一般将来时，主句中的谓语动词不可能是过去时态，排除选项A和C；由语境判断，不是“将要决定”，而是“现在已经决定”，所以排除D，而选B
另外，同学们还要特别注意以下这些习惯上要与现在完成时连用的短语和句型：so far(到目前为止)，since(自从)，in [for, during] the past [last]…years(在过去…年中)，by now (到现在为止)，up to [until] now (到现在为止)，It's [will be] the first time that…(第一次……)等。如：
3. My brother is an actor. He _________in several film so far. (浙江卷)
A. appears B. appeared C. has appeared D. is appearing
【分析】so far(到目前为止)通常与现在完成时连用。
4. The country life he was used to _________ greatly since 1992. (山东卷)
A. change B. has changed C. changing D. have changed
【分析】 since 1992这类时间状语通常与现在完成时连用。主句主语是the country life，句中he was used to是省略了关系代词that的定语从句。
5. In my hometown, there is always a harvest supper for the farmers after all the wheat____ cut.（2015 重庆，13）
A. will have been B. will be C. was D. has been
【分析】根据“there is”可判断题干时态为一般现在时排除将来时态。另根据句意，收割在晚餐之后，应用完成时态，故选D。译为：在我们家乡，小麦收割之后，会为农民伯伯提供一顿丰盛的晚餐。
7. 过去完成时的用法
(1) 过去完成时表示过去的过去。其结构是：had + 过去分词
过去完成时表示过去某一时刻或者某一动作之前完成的动作或状态；句中常用by, before, until, when等词引导的时间状语。
By the end of last year we had built five new houses.
(2) 过去完成时的动词还可以表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或者状态持续到过去某
个时间或者持续下去。
Before he slept, he had worked for 12 hours.
(3) 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。
She said (that) she had never been to Paris.
(4) 过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。 He said that he had learned some English before.
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party. 高考真题解析
1. Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.1. He _________more than 5,000 English words when he entered the university at the age of 15. (北京卷)
A. has learned B. would have learned C. learned D. had learned
【分析】因为上大学是过去，学了五千个英语单词是在上大学之前，即“过去的过去”，所以用过去完成时。
2. When the old man _________ to walk back to his house, the sun _________ itself behind the mountain. (湖北卷)
A. started; had already hidden
C. had started; was hiding B. had started; had already hidden D. was starting; hid
【分析】根据句意，“开始回房子”发生在过去，“太阳落山”是在“开始回房子”之前，故过去的过去。
3. Father _________for London on business upon my arrival, so I didn’t see him. (福建卷)
A. has left B. left C. was leaving D. had left
【分析】根据“我没见到他”可知，“在我到达”前“父亲已经去伦敦”了，即父亲去伦敦发生在“过去的过去”，故用过去完成时。
4. The policeman’s attention was suddenly caught by a small box which _________ placed under the Minister’s car. (广东卷)
A. has been
would be
【分析】因为这个小盒子“被放在部长车下”发生在“引起警察注意”之前，即“过去的过去”，所以用过去完成时。
5. “Hurry up! Alice and Sue are waiting for you at the school gate.” “Oh ! I thought they
B. was being C. had been D.
_________ without me.” (江西卷)
A. went B. are going C. have gone D. had gone
【分析】因为thought(原以为)用的是过去时，所以他们“走了”就是“过去的过去”，故用过去完成时。
8. 过去将来时
(1)过去将来时表示从过去的某一时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。它是一个相对的时态，即立足于过去某时，从过去的某一时间看即将发生的事情就要用这一时态。
基本形式：would／should＋动词原形（其中 would 用于各种人称，should 常用于第一人称）。
They were sure they would win the final victory．他们坚信会赢得最后胜利。 He didn't expect that we should（would）all be there．他没想到我们都在那里。
上述两个例句中的宾语从句谓语 would win 和 should（would）be 分别与其主句谓语 were sure 和 didn't expect 相对应。
(2) 过去将来时的一些其它表达形式：
was／were＋going to＋动词原形 。
was／were＋to＋动词原形
was／were about＋动词原形
9. 将来进行时的用法：
1. 表示在将来某一时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作。
This time tomorrow I shall be flying to Guangzhou.
明天这个时候我将在飞往广州的途中。
What will you be doing at eight tomorrow morning?
明天上午八点钟你将做什么?
2. 表示将来被客观情况所决定的动作或者按照安排将要发生的动作。
We'll be having tea after dinner as usual. 像通常一样，我们晚饭后将要喝茶。 The leaves will be falling soon. 树叶很快就会脱落。
注意：将来进行时不用于表示"意志"，不能说 I'll be having a talk with her.
3. 将来进行时常用的时间状语：soon, tomorrow, this evening，on Sunday, by this
time，tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening等。
By this time tomorrow, I'll be lying on the beach.
10. 将来完成时
将来完成时用来表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成的动作或一直持续的动作。经常与
“before+将来时间”或“by+将来时间”连用，也可与before或by the time引导的现在时的从句连用。
By the end of this week, I shall have finished the book.
到本周末，我将读完这本书。
By this time tomorrow they will have repaired the machine.
明天这时候，他们将修好这台机器。
将来完成时表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成或一直持续的动作或状态。使用这种时态时，多会涉及两个动作或状态，一个在前，一个在后；叙述前面的动作或状态，动词要用将来完成时；叙述后面的动作或状态，动词要用一般现在时。
We will have completed the work before you come.
He says that he will have graduated from a university before you return home.
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