第43卷第4期2014年8月
西部林业科学
Journal of West China Forestry Science
Vol. 43No. 4Aug . 2014
云南省极小种群野生植物保护
的优先度分析
*
杨文忠，杨宇明
（云南省林业科学院珍稀濒特森林植物保护与繁育国家林业局重点实验室，云南
昆明650201）
摘要：我国于1997～2003年完成第1次全国重点保护野生植物资源调查后，为加强珍稀濒危和重点保护野生植物的保护，提出了“极小种群野生植物”的概念。随着极小种群野生植物概念和保护方法的完善，保护行动取得了显著进展，并陆续提出了各种不同的极小种群野生植物名录。本文在总结2005～2013年间云南省和国家林业局提出的所有极小种群野生植物名录基础上，分析了各极小种群野生植物名录的起源和关系，并对保护名录中的物种进行逐个比较。最后，结合国家和省的保护需求，将云南省77种极小种群野生植物分成5级，按优先度实施保护行动：第一批优先保护10个物种，第二批优先保护13个物种，第三批保护15个物种，第四批保护10个物种，第五批保护29个物种，为云南省极小种群野生植物保护提供了指导和参考。关键词：极小种群野生植物；生物多样性保护；保护优先度；云南省中图分类号：Q 16
文献标识码：A
文章编号：1672－8246（2014）04－0001－09
Conservation Priorities of Wild Plant Species with Extremely Small
Populations （PSESP ）in Yunnan Province
YANG Wen-zhong ，YANG Yu-ming
（Key Laboratory of Ｒareand Endangered Forest Plants of State Forestry Administration ，
Yunnan Academy of Forestry ，Kunming Yunnan 650201，P. Ｒ.China ）
Abstract ：After the completion of the National Key Protected Wild Plant ＲesourcesInventory from 1997to 2003，in an effort to strengthen the conservation of rare and endangered plants in China ，the concept of wild plant species with extremely small populations （PSESP ）was proposed in 2005．With better understanding of the concept ，im-provement in methodologies ，and progresses made in conservation actions ，a number of PSESP lists from both nation-al and provincial levels were subsequently promulgated in different stages to reorient conservation actions．There were ，however ，puzzles from various PSESP lists while conservation plans were being implemented．In this paper ，we reviewed different PSESP lists in Yunnan Province from 2005to 2013，and analyzed their origins and interrelation-ships．All PSESP lists were further indexed to make species-by-species comparison．Taking into account both the na-tional and provincial conservation interests ，we classified the 77PSESP in Yunnan into five categories which were then prioritized for focusing conservation actions．The results showed that there were 10species in the first batch ，13species in the second batch ，15in the third batch ，10species in the fourth batch ，and 29species in the fifth batch．The study provides guidance for PSESP conservation in Yunnan ，and can be used as references for other provinces．
收稿日期：2014－05－15
基金项目：国家林业局珍稀濒危物种野外救护与繁育项目（2012BY1002，2013YB1002，2014YB1004），云南省极小种群物种拯救
保护项目（2013YB1005），云南省创新人才培养项目（2009CI098）。第一作者简介：杨文忠（1972－），男，云南祥云人，副研究员，博士，主要从事生物多样性保护研究。通讯作者简介：杨宇明（1955－），男，云南昆明人，教授，博士，主要从事生物多样性保护研究。
*
Key words ：PSESP （Plant species with extremely small populations ），biodiversity conservation ，conservation priori-ty ，Yunnan Province
It is one of the five most important development strategies in Yunnan Province to preserve biodiversity treasures of China and build the shelter for ecological security in Southwest China．Based on the outcome of the first inventory of national key protected wild plant resources from 1997to 2003［1］，Yunnan Province pro-posed the concept of Plant Species with Extremely Small Populations （PSESP ）in 2005［2］．The aim of PSESP was to conserve ，in particular ，those species on the brink of extinction．PSESP refers to geographically narrow-distributed plant species that have been dis-turbed and stressed by external factors over a long peri-od of time and their populations are below minimum vi-able populations （MVP ）for long-term survival in the wild
［3～5］
were formulated．
1
1. 1
PSESP in Provincial Conservation
Plans
Species in the Planning Outline
Sixty-two plant species were identified as PSESP
in the Planning Outline of Ｒescuingand Conserving Yunnan ’s PSESP （2010-2020）［9］，which was approved by Yunnan Provincial Government in March 2010（Table 1）．
Among these 62species ，10species had less than 10individuals remaining in the wild．Nineteen species had 10to 99individuals ，while another 19species had 100to 999individuals．Only 14species had over 1000individuals．Using the evaluation system of the Interna-tional Union for Conservation of Nature （IUCN ），45species were assessed as CＲ，seven species as EN ，and one species as DD ，while other nine species were not e-valuated ［10］．1. 2
Species in the Emergency Action Plan Twenty PSESP were chosen to carry out urgent conservation actions in the Emergency Action Plan for Ｒescuingand Conserving Yunnan ’s PSESP （2010-2015），which was approved concurrent to the Plan-ning Outline （Table 2）．
Due to insufficient financial and human resources ，62species in the Planning Outline were downsized to 20species in the Emergency Action Plan based on fur-ther evaluation of the species ’survival status．Before the implementation of the Emergency Action Plan ，a Pilot Program covering five out of 20species was launched in 2011to explore methodologies and en-hance the efficacy of conservation funds．These five species in the Pilot Program were Nyssa yunnanensis ，Manglietiastrum sinicum ，Diploknema yunnanensis ，Cyclobalanopsis sichourensis ，Paraisometrum mileen-se ［11］．
．
To strengthen the conservation of PSESP ，a series of rescue and conservation plans have been formulated since A Proposal for Conserving the PSESP in Yunnan Province of China was submitted to the State Forestry Administration （SFA ）in 2005．Conservation actions have made rapid progress since Yunnan Provincial Government approved the Planning Outline of Ｒescuingand Conserving Yunnan ’s PSESP （2010-2020）（Plan-ning Outline ）and the Emergency Action Plan for Ｒes-cuing and Conserving Yunnan ’s PSESP （2010-2015）（Emergency Action Plan ）in 2010［6］．In the Emergen-cy Action Plan ，20PSESP were specifically addressed to take imperative conservation actions ［7］．In October 2011，A Pilot Program for Conserving Yunnan ’s PSESP （Pilot Program ）
covering five species was jointly
launched by SFA and Yunnan Provincial Govern-ment ［8］．In March 2012the Implementation Plan of Ｒescuingand Conserving Yunnan ’s PSESP （2011-2015）（Implementation Plan ）was issued by SFA and the National Development and ＲeformCommission （NDＲC）［3］．This marked that PSESP conservation was upgraded to nationwide actions in China．Following the Implementation Plan ，concrete plans of conserving PSESP in different provinces and autonomous regions
Tab. 1
PSESP in the Provincial Planning Outline
Species
Number of individual *
＜10
Number of species *
10
Angiopteris sparsisora ，Christensenia assamica ，Glyptostrobus pensilis ，Manglietias-trum sinicum ，Diploknema yunnanensis ，Cyclobalanopsis sichourensis ，Poncitrus
Ferrocalamus strictus polyandra ，Nyssa yunnanensis ，Acer yangbiense ，Sorolepidium glaciale ，Pinus squamata ，Pinus wangii ，Keteleeria xerophila ，Man-glietia ventii ，Manglietia megaphylla ，Magnolia sinensis ，Michelia magnifica ，
Tsongiodendron odorum ，Cercidiphyllum japonicum ，Craigia yunnanensis ，Ptero-spermum kingtungense ，Pterocarpus indicus ，Phellodendron chinense ，Annamocarya sinensis ，Mastixia euonymoides ，Mastixia microcarpa ，Diosrtros caiyangheensis ，Cypripedium yunnanense
Archangiopteris bipinnata ，Cycas hongheensis ，Cycas longipetiolula ，Cycas dian-nanensis ，Cycas multifrondis ，Cycas segmentifida ，Magnolia odoratissima ，Mangli-etia lucida ，Magnolia phanerophlebia ，Illicium difengp ，Liriodendron chinensis ，Camellia fascicularis ，Ｒhododendronprotistum ，Hopea mollissima ，Garcinia paucinervis ，Bretschneidera sinensis ，Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora ，Hemiboeopsis longisepala ，Paraisometrum mileense Cycas tangingii ，Cycas dolichophylla ，Cycas multipinnata ，Amentotaxus yunnanen-sis ，Horsfieldia tetratepala ，Myristica yunnanensis ，Coptis quinquesecta ，Eleuthar-rhena macrocarpa ，Malania oleifora ，Aquilaria sinensis ，Vatica xishuangbannaen-Madhuca pasquieri sis ，Calycopteris floribunda ，Dipteronia dyeriana ，
10-9919
100-99919
＞100014
*Number of individual and Number of species were counted based on data available during 1997-2009．
Tab. 2
No [***********][1**********]20
Species
Acer yangbiense Annamocarya sinensis Aquilaria sinensis Camellia fascicularis Coptis quinquesecta Cycas diannanensis Cycas hongheensis Cyclobalanopsis sichourensis Diploknema yunnanensis Keteleeria xerophila Malania oleifora Manglietia ventii Manglietiastrum sinicum Mastixia euonymoides Myristica yunnanensis Nyssa yunnanensis Paraisometrum mileense Pinus squamata Pinus wangii Poncitrus polyandra
PSESP in the Provincial Emergency Action Plan *
IUCN evaluation Numbers △
CＲCＲCＲCＲCＲCＲCＲCＲEN CＲCＲCＲCＲEN EN CＲCＲCＲCＲCＲ
0-910-99＞1000
－＞1000100-999100-999
0-90-9－＞100010-990-90-9＞1000
0-9100-99910-9910-990-9
Populations ☆
15-923-413-4111123-43-423-42113-41
Occurred within the protected area
No Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No
*After Ma Yongpeng et al．2013，△，☆Numbers and Populations were obtained from 2003to 2012．
ving Yunnan ’s PSESP （2011-2015），issued by SFA
2
Yunnan ’s PSESP in the National
Implementation Plan
The Implementation Plan of Ｒescuingand Conser-Tab. 3
No [***********][***********][***********][1**********]38
Species
Cycas hongheensis *Cycas dolichophylla Cycas debaoensis Cycas bifida Cycas diannanensis *Cycas multipinnata *Glyptostrobus pensilis Pinus wangii *Pinus squamata
*
and NDＲCin 2012covered 120PSESP in total．Among the 120national PSESP ，38species occur in Yunnan Province and 25are endemic to Yunnan （Table 3）．
Yunnan ’s PSESP in the National Implementation Plan
Protection grade
I I I I I I I II I I I II II II II II II II I II I II
VU EN CＲCＲCＲVU CＲNT IUCN evaluation
CＲNT CＲVU VU EN CＲEN CＲEN
Distribution site △Number of individual ☆
[***********][1**********]
EN EN EN EN EN
1221141111
[***********]1200
[***********][***********][***********][***********][1**********]50
Annamocarya sinensis Kmerria septentrionalis Manglietiastrum sinicum *Tsoongiodendron odorum Horsfieldia tetratepala *Myristica yunnanensis *Coptis quinquesecta *Vatica guangxiensis Pterocarpus indicus Dipteronia dyerana *Craigia yunnanensis *
Pterospermum kingtungense *Calycopteris floribunda Camptotheca acuminate *Nyssa yunnanensis *
Ｒhododendronprotistum var. giganteum *Madhuca pasquieri Paraisometrum mileense *Cymbidium wenshanense Cypripedium forrestii Cypripedium lichiangense *Cypripedium margaritaceum Cypripedium singchii
*
*
Holcoglossum rupestre *
Paphiopedilum armeniacum *Paphiopedilum gratrixianum *Paphiopedilum spicerianum *Paphiopedilum tranlienianum *Paphiopedilum wenshanense *
*Species endemic to Yunnan ，△，☆Distribution site and Number of individual were obtained during 2003to 2012
Among these 38PSESP from the national Imple-mentation Plan ，two species （Glyptostrobus pensilis and Nyssa yunnanensis ）had less than 10individuals in all distribution sites in the wild ，and both are under Grade I national key protection．There were 14species with individuals from 10to 99，including three Grade I na-tional key protected plants （Pinus squamata ，Kmerria septentrionalis ，and Manglietiastrum sinicum ）and six Grade II national key protected species．A total of 11species had individuals ranging from 100to 999，of which two species were under the Grade I national pro-tection （Cycas hongheensis and C . bifida ）．Of the re-maining 11species with individuals from 1000to 9999，five species （Cycas dolichophylla ，C . debaoensis ，C . diannanensis ，C . multipinnata ，and Calycopteris flori-bunda ）were under the Grade I national key protection ，while four species （Horsfieldia tetratepala ，Myristica yunnanensis ，Dipteronia dyerana ，and Madhuca pasqui-eri ）were under the Grade II national key protec-tion ［12］．
Coptis quinquesecta ，Pterocarpus indicus ，Dipteronia dye-riana ，Craigia yunnanensis ，Pterospermum kingtungense ，Calycopteris floribunda ，Nyssa yunnanensis ，Ｒhododen-dron protistum var. giganteum ，Madhuca pasquieri ，and Paraisometrum mileense ．
Comparison between the national Implementation Plan and the provincial Emergency Action Plan indica-ted that 10species overlapped．The intersections of two sets of species were Cycas hongheensis ，C . diannanensis ，Pinus wangii ，P . squamata ，Annamocarya sinensis ，Manglietiastrum sinicum ，Myristica yunnanensis ，Coptis quinquesecta ，Nyssa yunnanensis ，and Paraisometrum mileense．These 10species also overlapped with those in the provincial Planning Outline as those species lis-ted in the provincial Emergency Action Plan comprised a subset of species in the provincial Planning Outline．3. 3
Prioritized Species
All 77PSESP were classified into five categories with different priorities after reviewing and analyzing PSESP lists in Yunnan Province from 2005to 2013，and fundamental principles adopted were ：1）Over-lapped species were put into high priority ，and the spe-cies overlapped in more PSESP lists were given higher priorities ；2）The species in the national Implementation Plan were assigned higher priority than those in the provincial plans ；3）At the provincial level ，species lis-ted in the Emergency Action Plan were given higher priority than those in the Planning Outline ；4）Biologi-cal characteristics and survival status were not dis-cussed in the priority ranking as they were part of the multidisciplinary process to synthesize the PSESP list．
The first batch of PSESP that needs the most ur-gent conservation in Yunnan contains 10species （Ta-ble 4），which overlapped in all of the three plans ，i. e. ，the Implementation Plan ，the Planning Outline ，and the Emergency Action Plan．These species also e-qual to the intersections （10species ）between the E-mergency Action Plan and the Implementation Plan．In the first batch of PSESP ，four species ，i. e. ，Nyssa yun-nanensis ，Pinus wangii ，Cycas hongheensis ，and Parai-sometrum mileense which are distributed outside the protected areas should be of the highest concerns since they are exposed to direct external threats．
The second batch of PSESP that necessitates im-
3
3. 1
Conservation Priorities
Amount of PSESP in Yunnan Province A total of four plans and one pilot program with
different PSESP lists were formulated in Yunnan Prov-ince．At the national level ，38species out of the 120PSESP in the Implementation Plan ，occur in Yunnan．At the provincial level ，62PSESP were identified in the Planning Outline ，20species in the Emergency Action Plan ，and five species in the Pilot Program．A species-by-species comparison is made through realigning all plans．The comparison indicated that all PSESP in Yunnan Province totaled 77species ，after excluding those overlapped in the plans and programs．3. 2
Comparison among PSESP Lists
Comparison between the national Implementation Plan and the provincial Planning Outline indicated that 23species were overlapped．The intersections of two sets of species were Cycas hongheensis ，C . dolichophylla ，C . segmentifida ，C . diannanensis ，C . multipinnata ，Glyp-tostrobus pensilis ，Pinus wangii ，P . squamata ，Annamo-carya sinensis ，Manglietiastrum sinicum ，Tsongiodendron odorum ，Horsfieldia tetratepala ，Myristica yunnanensis ，
perative conservation efforts in Yunnan contains 13species．They are the remaining intersected portion be-tween the provincial Planning Outline and the national
Tab. 4
Priority No 1st Batch
[1**********]
2nd Batch
123
Species
Cycas hongheensis Cycas diannanensis Pinus wangii Pinus squamata
Annamocarya sinensis Manglietiastrum sinicum Myristica yunnanensis Coptis quinquesecta Nyssa yunnanensis
Paraisometrum mileense Cycas dolichophylla Cycas segmentifida Cycas multipinnata
Implementation Plan ，but with the 10species in the first batch （Table 4）excluded．
Conservation Priorities of PSESP in Yunnan Province
Distribution
area
Gejiu Gejiu ，Mengzi ，Pingbian ，Hekou Xichou ，Maguan ，malipo Qiaojia Funing ，Xichou ，Malipo ，Guangnan Xichou ，Maguan ，Jinping Mengla ，Jinghong ，Jinping Jinping
Jinghong （Puwen ）Shilin
Hekou ，Pingbian ，Wenshan ，Maguan Guannan ，Funing Gejiu ，Mengzi ，Pingbian ，Jinping ，Hekou Funing Xichou ，Maguan ，Funing Jinping ，Hekou ，Luchun ，Mengla ，Lancang Hekou ，Jinghong ，Menglun Pingbian ，Mengzi ，Wenshan ，Funing Xichou ，Maguan ，Malipo ，Luxi ，Longchuan ，Mojiang ，Pingbian ，Hekou ，Jinping ，Luchun ，Yingjiang ，Ｒuili，Lushui
Jinghong ，Yingjiang （Tongbiguan ）Yingjiang ，Simao Tengchong ，Lushui ，Gongshan Hekou ，Pingbian ，Jinping ，Luchun ，Malipo
Occurred within protected area
No Yes
Partly Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes
protection IUCN Number of Number of grade evaluation distribution site individual I CＲ2100I CＲ42000
II I
CＲCＲ
CＲCＲEN CＲCＲCＲNT EN CＲ
[1**********]
[**************]0
[**************]0
I II
I I I I
456
Glyptostrobus pensilis Tsongiodendron odorum Horsfieldia tetratepala
I II II
CＲNT EN
135
1504101
No Yes Yes
789
Pterocarpus indicus Dipteronia dyeriana Craigia yunnanensis
II II II
VU CＲEN
3413
36180765
No Yes Partly
10111213Pterospermum kingtungense
Calycopteris floribunda Ｒhododendronprotistum var. giganteum Madhuca pasquieri
II I II II
CＲCＲCＲVU
2235
[1**********]000
No Yes Yes Yes
Tab. 4
Priority No 3rd Batch
1234
[**************]15
4th Batch
[1**********]
5th Batch
12345678
Conservation Priorities of PSESP in Yunnan Province （Continued …）
protection IUCN Number of Number of Distribution Occurred within
Species
protected area grade evaluation distribution site individual area
Cycas debaoensis I CＲ11200Funing No
I 350Hekou ，Maguan ，Partly
Kmerria septentrionalis
Malipo
Vatica guangxiensis II CＲ210Wenshan ，No
Xishuangbanna
Camptotheca acuminate II 871Jinghong ，Simao ，Partly
Xinping ，E ’shan ，Shiping ，Shuangbai ，Dayao ，Pingbian
Cymbidium wenshanense 120Maguan Yes Cypripedium forrestii EN 1120Lijiang Yes Cypripedium lichiangense EN 2120Lijiang ，Dali Yes Cypripedium margaritaceum EN 2120Lijiang ，Yes
Shangri-La
Cypripedium singchii EN 1150Xichou No Holcoglossum rupestre 1200Shangri-La No Paphiopedilum armeniacum EN 4500Fugong ，Baoshan Partly Paphiopedilum gratrixianum 150Wenshan Partly Paphiopedilum spicerianum 110Simao （Cuiyun ）No Paphiopedilum tranlienianum 1100Wenshan Partly
1150Wenshan Partly Paphiopedilum wenshanense Keteleeria xerophila
Manglietia ventii Malania oleifora Aquilaria sinensis Camellia fascicularis Diploknema yunnanensis Cyclobalanopsis sichourensis Poncitrus polyandra Acer yangbiense
Mastixia euonymoides Angiopteris sparsisora Archangiopteris bipinnata Sorolepidium glaciale Christensenia assamica Cycas tangingii Cycas longipetiolula Cycas multifrondis
Amentotaxus yunnanensis
I II II II II I
CＲCＲCＲCＲCＲEN CＲCＲCＲEN CＲCＲCＲCＲEN CＲCＲCＲ
[***********]
－＜5033107679－15＜10410-20
3－－10－124－3499
Xinping-Yuanjiang
Pingbian ，Hekou ，Jinping
Guangnan ，Funing Jinghong ，Mengla Gejiu ，Hekou ，Maguan Yingjiang Funing Fuming Yangbi Menghai ，Caiyanghe Xichou Maguan ，Malipo Lijiang ，Shangri-la ，Deqin Jinping ，Hekou Luchun Gejiu ，Pingbian ，Hekou Gejiu ，Mengzi Gejiu ，Pingbian ，Hekou ，Funing ，Malipo ，Xichou Guangnan ，Qiubei ，Xichou Xuanwei Maguan Pingbian Maguan ，Malipo ，Xichou Luxi Hekou ，Luchun ，Funing ，Malipo ，Xichou
No Yes No Yes No Yes No No No Partly No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes
II II I II I I I I
[1**********]15
Magnolia odoratissima Magnolia sinensis
Magnolia phanerophlebia Manglietia lucida
Manglietia megaphylla Michelia magnifica Illicium difengpi
II II
CＲCＲCＲCＲCＲCＲCＲ
3111315
－－200＜200－50-60－
Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
II
II
8
Tab. 4
Priority No 5th 16Batch
Species
Liriodendron chinensis
西部林业科学2014年
Conservation Priorities of PSESP in Yunnan Province （Continued …）
protection IUCN Number of Number of Distribution grade evaluation distribution site individual area
II
CＲ
13
306
Chongming ，Yiliang ，
Weixin ，Daguan ，Yongshan ，Suijiang ，Yanjin ，Pingbian ，Jinping ，Yuanyang ，Mengzi ，Malipo ，Dali
Qiaojia ，Zhenxiong ，Shuifu ，Suijiang Simao ，Jinghong ，Lincang Pingbian ，Luchun ，Hekou ，Maguan ，Jinping Jinghong ，Mengla ，Menghai Malipo ，Hekou ，Maguan Dali ，Weixi Yuanjiang ，Mengzi ，Pingbian ，yanshan ，Funing ，Xichou ，Simao ，Jingdong ，Menghai ，Nanjian Lijiang Simao Shangri-la ，Deqin ，
Gongshan ，Weixi Shangri-la ，Yulong ，
Eryuan Jinping ，Hekou （？）
Mojiang Jinping ，
Occurred within
protected area
Yes
171819
Cercidiphyllum japonicum Eleutharrhena macrocarpa Hopea mollissima
II I I
CＲCＲCＲ
435
－1679490
No Yes Yes
20212223
Vatica xishuangbannaensis Garcinia paucinervis Phellodendron chinense Bretschneidera sinensis
II II I
CＲCＲCＲ
2-332-310
－200－109
No No No Yes
[1**********]9
Mastixia microcarpa Diosrtros caiyangheensis Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora Cypripedium yunnanense Hemiboeopsis longisepala Ferrocalamus strictus
1
II
DD EN CＲ
431-22
3－－－300－
Yes No Yes Yes No No
Number of distribution site ，number of individual ，and distribution area were obtained during 2003-2012．
In the second batch ，those species distributed out-side the protected areas should be concerned with high-er priorities for conservation actions．They are Cycas dolichophylla ，Glyptostrobus pensilis ，Pterocarpus indi-cus ，Pterospermum kingtungense ，and Craigia yunnanen-sis ．Evidence from the most recent resources inventory ，however ，suggested that Pterocarpus indicus is an intro-duced rather than a native species in Yunnan ，and should be removed from the list．Another challenge in conserving species in the second batch is that Glyp-tostrobus pensilis has only one individual on a single distribution site．The issues are whether it is worth the conservation efforts ，and if it is a positive decision ，then how it should be rescued．
The third batch of PSESP that needs to be con-served in Yunnan contains 15species．They are the re-
maining portion of 38national PSESP excluding the o-verlapped species （23species ）in the Planning Out-line．All 15species in the third batch are from the na-tional Implementation Plan ，but were not listed in pro-vincial plans （Table 4）．This batch consists of mainly plants in the Orchidaceae ，which account for 73%of the total （11out of 15）．They are from four genera ，i. e. ，Cymbidium ，Cypripedium ，Holcoglossum ，and Paphiopedilum．Besides the 11orchids ，the other four species in the third batch are Cycas debaoensis ，Kmerria septentrionalis ，Vatica guangxiensis and Camptotheca a-cuminate．
The fourth batch of PSESP that needs to be con-served in Yunnan contains 10species．They are the re-maining species in the Emergency Action Plan with the 10species overlapping in the Implementation Plan ex-
第4期杨文忠等：云南省极小种群野生植物保护的优先度分析
Ｒeferences：
9
cluded ，which have been given the highest conservation priority in the first batch．These 10species in the fourth batch are the most important conservation targets ，as far as the provincial government ’s interest is concerned （Table 4）．It is the first time to conserve all species listed in the provincial plans ，after all of the 38species in the national Implementation Plan were assigned higher priorities in the first batch （10species ），second batch （13species ），and third batch （15species ）．
The fifth batch of PSESP that needs to be con-served in Yunnan contains 29species．They are the re-maining ones in the Planning Outline ，after excluding 23species overlapped with the Implementation Plan and 20species overlapped with the Emergency Action Plan．Ten species overlapped between these 23and 20species can not be deducted twice．So the number of left species in the Planning Outline is ：62－23－20+10=29．
The fifth batch with the lowest conservation priori-ty consists of species from the provincial Planning Out-line （Table 4）．These species in the fifth batch are in-sufficient in relevant data and information supports．There is a need to conduct supplementary resources in-ventories while conservation efforts on other batches with higher priorities are made ，so as to consolidate the foundation for future conservation actions
［1］Li Y．，Guo L．，and Z．Hu．et al．Yunnan ’s National Key Protected Wild Plants ［M ］．Kunming ：Yunnan Science and Technology Press．2005．
［2］Xu Z．and H．Guo．Near-situ conservation of wild plant species with extremely small populations．Distributed during the Experience Exchange Meeting on the Conservation of National Wild Plant Species with Extremely Small Populations ［Ｒ］．Jing-hong Yunnan ：State Forestry Administration．2013．
［3］State Forestry Administration．Implementation Plan of Ｒescuingand Conserving China ’s PSESP （2011-2015）［Ｒ］．Beijing ：State Forestry Administration．2011．
［4］ＲenH．，Zhang Q．，and H．Lu．et al．Wild plant species with extremely small populations require conservation and rein-troduction in China ［J ］．AMBIO 2012，41（8）：913-917．
［5］Ma Y．，Chen G．，and Ｒ．E．Grumbine．et al．Conserving plant species with extremely small populations （PSESP ）in China ［J ］．Biodiversity and Conservation ，2013，22（3）：803-809．
［6］Sun W．and W．Yang．Conservation Practice and explo-ration of Wild Plant Species with Extremely Small Populations ［M ］．Kunming ：Yunnan Science and Technology Press．2013．
［7］Yunnan Forestry Department and Yunnan Science and Technology Department．Emergency Action Plan for Ｒescuingand Conserving Yunnan ’s PSESP （2010-2015）［Ｒ］．Kunming ：Yun-nan Forestry Department and Yunnan Science and Technology Department．2009．
［8］Zhang Y．and J．Wu．Yin Hong pointed out that Yunnan made a model for national PSESP conservation in the inception of the pilot program for conserving Yunnan ’s PSESP ［N ］．China Green Times ，October 28，2011．
［9］Yunnan Forestry Department and Yunnan Science and Technology Department．Planning Outline of Ｒescuingand Con-serving Yunnan ’s PSESP （2010-2020）［Ｒ］．Kunming ：Yunnan Forestry Department and Yunnan Science and Technology De-partment．2009．
［10］IUCN．IUCN ＲedList Categories and Criteria ：Version 3．1．Second edition ［M ］．Gland ，Switzerland and Cambridge ，UK ：IUCN．iv +32pp．2012．
［11］Yunnan Forestry Department．A Pilot Program for Conserving Yunnan ’s PSESP ［Ｒ］．Kunming ：Yunnan Forestry Department．2011．
［12］Yunnan Forestry Department and Yunnan Develop-ment and ＲeformCommission．Implementation Plan for Ｒescuingand Conserving Yunnan ’s PSESP ［Ｒ］．Kunming ：Yunnan For-estry Department and Yunnan Development and ＲeformCommis-sion．2012．
4Conclusion
It is clear that a total of 77plant species in Yun-
nan ’s PSESP list need to be conserved in the coming 5-10years．These 77species are properly prioritized in-to five batches through comparing different plans at both provincial and national levels．Prioritization showed that ，there are 10species in the first batch ，13species in the second batch ，15in the third batch ，10species in the fourth batch ，and 29species in the fifth batch．Based on the conservation priorities given ，pro-jects and funds can be properly assigned and allocated．At the same time ，our effort endeavors to give a refer-ence for other provinces to prioritize PSESP and conser-vation actions so as to appropriate the tight conservation budget to the highest conservation priorities．
第43卷第4期2014年8月
西部林业科学
Journal of West China Forestry Science
Vol. 43No. 4Aug . 2014
云南省极小种群野生植物保护
的优先度分析
*
杨文忠，杨宇明
（云南省林业科学院珍稀濒特森林植物保护与繁育国家林业局重点实验室，云南
昆明650201）
摘要：我国于1997～2003年完成第1次全国重点保护野生植物资源调查后，为加强珍稀濒危和重点保护野生植物的保护，提出了“极小种群野生植物”的概念。随着极小种群野生植物概念和保护方法的完善，保护行动取得了显著进展，并陆续提出了各种不同的极小种群野生植物名录。本文在总结2005～2013年间云南省和国家林业局提出的所有极小种群野生植物名录基础上，分析了各极小种群野生植物名录的起源和关系，并对保护名录中的物种进行逐个比较。最后，结合国家和省的保护需求，将云南省77种极小种群野生植物分成5级，按优先度实施保护行动：第一批优先保护10个物种，第二批优先保护13个物种，第三批保护15个物种，第四批保护10个物种，第五批保护29个物种，为云南省极小种群野生植物保护提供了指导和参考。关键词：极小种群野生植物；生物多样性保护；保护优先度；云南省中图分类号：Q 16
文献标识码：A
文章编号：1672－8246（2014）04－0001－09
Conservation Priorities of Wild Plant Species with Extremely Small
Populations （PSESP ）in Yunnan Province
YANG Wen-zhong ，YANG Yu-ming
（Key Laboratory of Ｒareand Endangered Forest Plants of State Forestry Administration ，
Yunnan Academy of Forestry ，Kunming Yunnan 650201，P. Ｒ.China ）
Abstract ：After the completion of the National Key Protected Wild Plant ＲesourcesInventory from 1997to 2003，in an effort to strengthen the conservation of rare and endangered plants in China ，the concept of wild plant species with extremely small populations （PSESP ）was proposed in 2005．With better understanding of the concept ，im-provement in methodologies ，and progresses made in conservation actions ，a number of PSESP lists from both nation-al and provincial levels were subsequently promulgated in different stages to reorient conservation actions．There were ，however ，puzzles from various PSESP lists while conservation plans were being implemented．In this paper ，we reviewed different PSESP lists in Yunnan Province from 2005to 2013，and analyzed their origins and interrelation-ships．All PSESP lists were further indexed to make species-by-species comparison．Taking into account both the na-tional and provincial conservation interests ，we classified the 77PSESP in Yunnan into five categories which were then prioritized for focusing conservation actions．The results showed that there were 10species in the first batch ，13species in the second batch ，15in the third batch ，10species in the fourth batch ，and 29species in the fifth batch．The study provides guidance for PSESP conservation in Yunnan ，and can be used as references for other provinces．
收稿日期：2014－05－15
基金项目：国家林业局珍稀濒危物种野外救护与繁育项目（2012BY1002，2013YB1002，2014YB1004），云南省极小种群物种拯救
保护项目（2013YB1005），云南省创新人才培养项目（2009CI098）。第一作者简介：杨文忠（1972－），男，云南祥云人，副研究员，博士，主要从事生物多样性保护研究。通讯作者简介：杨宇明（1955－），男，云南昆明人，教授，博士，主要从事生物多样性保护研究。
*
Key words ：PSESP （Plant species with extremely small populations ），biodiversity conservation ，conservation priori-ty ，Yunnan Province
It is one of the five most important development strategies in Yunnan Province to preserve biodiversity treasures of China and build the shelter for ecological security in Southwest China．Based on the outcome of the first inventory of national key protected wild plant resources from 1997to 2003［1］，Yunnan Province pro-posed the concept of Plant Species with Extremely Small Populations （PSESP ）in 2005［2］．The aim of PSESP was to conserve ，in particular ，those species on the brink of extinction．PSESP refers to geographically narrow-distributed plant species that have been dis-turbed and stressed by external factors over a long peri-od of time and their populations are below minimum vi-able populations （MVP ）for long-term survival in the wild
［3～5］
were formulated．
1
1. 1
PSESP in Provincial Conservation
Plans
Species in the Planning Outline
Sixty-two plant species were identified as PSESP
in the Planning Outline of Ｒescuingand Conserving Yunnan ’s PSESP （2010-2020）［9］，which was approved by Yunnan Provincial Government in March 2010（Table 1）．
Among these 62species ，10species had less than 10individuals remaining in the wild．Nineteen species had 10to 99individuals ，while another 19species had 100to 999individuals．Only 14species had over 1000individuals．Using the evaluation system of the Interna-tional Union for Conservation of Nature （IUCN ），45species were assessed as CＲ，seven species as EN ，and one species as DD ，while other nine species were not e-valuated ［10］．1. 2
Species in the Emergency Action Plan Twenty PSESP were chosen to carry out urgent conservation actions in the Emergency Action Plan for Ｒescuingand Conserving Yunnan ’s PSESP （2010-2015），which was approved concurrent to the Plan-ning Outline （Table 2）．
Due to insufficient financial and human resources ，62species in the Planning Outline were downsized to 20species in the Emergency Action Plan based on fur-ther evaluation of the species ’survival status．Before the implementation of the Emergency Action Plan ，a Pilot Program covering five out of 20species was launched in 2011to explore methodologies and en-hance the efficacy of conservation funds．These five species in the Pilot Program were Nyssa yunnanensis ，Manglietiastrum sinicum ，Diploknema yunnanensis ，Cyclobalanopsis sichourensis ，Paraisometrum mileen-se ［11］．
．
To strengthen the conservation of PSESP ，a series of rescue and conservation plans have been formulated since A Proposal for Conserving the PSESP in Yunnan Province of China was submitted to the State Forestry Administration （SFA ）in 2005．Conservation actions have made rapid progress since Yunnan Provincial Government approved the Planning Outline of Ｒescuingand Conserving Yunnan ’s PSESP （2010-2020）（Plan-ning Outline ）and the Emergency Action Plan for Ｒes-cuing and Conserving Yunnan ’s PSESP （2010-2015）（Emergency Action Plan ）in 2010［6］．In the Emergen-cy Action Plan ，20PSESP were specifically addressed to take imperative conservation actions ［7］．In October 2011，A Pilot Program for Conserving Yunnan ’s PSESP （Pilot Program ）
covering five species was jointly
launched by SFA and Yunnan Provincial Govern-ment ［8］．In March 2012the Implementation Plan of Ｒescuingand Conserving Yunnan ’s PSESP （2011-2015）（Implementation Plan ）was issued by SFA and the National Development and ＲeformCommission （NDＲC）［3］．This marked that PSESP conservation was upgraded to nationwide actions in China．Following the Implementation Plan ，concrete plans of conserving PSESP in different provinces and autonomous regions
Tab. 1
PSESP in the Provincial Planning Outline
Species
Number of individual *
＜10
Number of species *
10
Angiopteris sparsisora ，Christensenia assamica ，Glyptostrobus pensilis ，Manglietias-trum sinicum ，Diploknema yunnanensis ，Cyclobalanopsis sichourensis ，Poncitrus
Ferrocalamus strictus polyandra ，Nyssa yunnanensis ，Acer yangbiense ，Sorolepidium glaciale ，Pinus squamata ，Pinus wangii ，Keteleeria xerophila ，Man-glietia ventii ，Manglietia megaphylla ，Magnolia sinensis ，Michelia magnifica ，
Tsongiodendron odorum ，Cercidiphyllum japonicum ，Craigia yunnanensis ，Ptero-spermum kingtungense ，Pterocarpus indicus ，Phellodendron chinense ，Annamocarya sinensis ，Mastixia euonymoides ，Mastixia microcarpa ，Diosrtros caiyangheensis ，Cypripedium yunnanense
Archangiopteris bipinnata ，Cycas hongheensis ，Cycas longipetiolula ，Cycas dian-nanensis ，Cycas multifrondis ，Cycas segmentifida ，Magnolia odoratissima ，Mangli-etia lucida ，Magnolia phanerophlebia ，Illicium difengp ，Liriodendron chinensis ，Camellia fascicularis ，Ｒhododendronprotistum ，Hopea mollissima ，Garcinia paucinervis ，Bretschneidera sinensis ，Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora ，Hemiboeopsis longisepala ，Paraisometrum mileense Cycas tangingii ，Cycas dolichophylla ，Cycas multipinnata ，Amentotaxus yunnanen-sis ，Horsfieldia tetratepala ，Myristica yunnanensis ，Coptis quinquesecta ，Eleuthar-rhena macrocarpa ，Malania oleifora ，Aquilaria sinensis ，Vatica xishuangbannaen-Madhuca pasquieri sis ，Calycopteris floribunda ，Dipteronia dyeriana ，
10-9919
100-99919
＞100014
*Number of individual and Number of species were counted based on data available during 1997-2009．
Tab. 2
No [***********][1**********]20
Species
Acer yangbiense Annamocarya sinensis Aquilaria sinensis Camellia fascicularis Coptis quinquesecta Cycas diannanensis Cycas hongheensis Cyclobalanopsis sichourensis Diploknema yunnanensis Keteleeria xerophila Malania oleifora Manglietia ventii Manglietiastrum sinicum Mastixia euonymoides Myristica yunnanensis Nyssa yunnanensis Paraisometrum mileense Pinus squamata Pinus wangii Poncitrus polyandra
PSESP in the Provincial Emergency Action Plan *
IUCN evaluation Numbers △
CＲCＲCＲCＲCＲCＲCＲCＲEN CＲCＲCＲCＲEN EN CＲCＲCＲCＲCＲ
0-910-99＞1000
－＞1000100-999100-999
0-90-9－＞100010-990-90-9＞1000
0-9100-99910-9910-990-9
Populations ☆
15-923-413-4111123-43-423-42113-41
Occurred within the protected area
No Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No
*After Ma Yongpeng et al．2013，△，☆Numbers and Populations were obtained from 2003to 2012．
ving Yunnan ’s PSESP （2011-2015），issued by SFA
2
Yunnan ’s PSESP in the National
Implementation Plan
The Implementation Plan of Ｒescuingand Conser-Tab. 3
No [***********][***********][***********][1**********]38
Species
Cycas hongheensis *Cycas dolichophylla Cycas debaoensis Cycas bifida Cycas diannanensis *Cycas multipinnata *Glyptostrobus pensilis Pinus wangii *Pinus squamata
*
and NDＲCin 2012covered 120PSESP in total．Among the 120national PSESP ，38species occur in Yunnan Province and 25are endemic to Yunnan （Table 3）．
Yunnan ’s PSESP in the National Implementation Plan
Protection grade
I I I I I I I II I I I II II II II II II II I II I II
VU EN CＲCＲCＲVU CＲNT IUCN evaluation
CＲNT CＲVU VU EN CＲEN CＲEN
Distribution site △Number of individual ☆
[***********][1**********]
EN EN EN EN EN
1221141111
[***********]1200
[***********][***********][***********][***********][1**********]50
Annamocarya sinensis Kmerria septentrionalis Manglietiastrum sinicum *Tsoongiodendron odorum Horsfieldia tetratepala *Myristica yunnanensis *Coptis quinquesecta *Vatica guangxiensis Pterocarpus indicus Dipteronia dyerana *Craigia yunnanensis *
Pterospermum kingtungense *Calycopteris floribunda Camptotheca acuminate *Nyssa yunnanensis *
Ｒhododendronprotistum var. giganteum *Madhuca pasquieri Paraisometrum mileense *Cymbidium wenshanense Cypripedium forrestii Cypripedium lichiangense *Cypripedium margaritaceum Cypripedium singchii
*
*
Holcoglossum rupestre *
Paphiopedilum armeniacum *Paphiopedilum gratrixianum *Paphiopedilum spicerianum *Paphiopedilum tranlienianum *Paphiopedilum wenshanense *
*Species endemic to Yunnan ，△，☆Distribution site and Number of individual were obtained during 2003to 2012
Among these 38PSESP from the national Imple-mentation Plan ，two species （Glyptostrobus pensilis and Nyssa yunnanensis ）had less than 10individuals in all distribution sites in the wild ，and both are under Grade I national key protection．There were 14species with individuals from 10to 99，including three Grade I na-tional key protected plants （Pinus squamata ，Kmerria septentrionalis ，and Manglietiastrum sinicum ）and six Grade II national key protected species．A total of 11species had individuals ranging from 100to 999，of which two species were under the Grade I national pro-tection （Cycas hongheensis and C . bifida ）．Of the re-maining 11species with individuals from 1000to 9999，five species （Cycas dolichophylla ，C . debaoensis ，C . diannanensis ，C . multipinnata ，and Calycopteris flori-bunda ）were under the Grade I national key protection ，while four species （Horsfieldia tetratepala ，Myristica yunnanensis ，Dipteronia dyerana ，and Madhuca pasqui-eri ）were under the Grade II national key protec-tion ［12］．
Coptis quinquesecta ，Pterocarpus indicus ，Dipteronia dye-riana ，Craigia yunnanensis ，Pterospermum kingtungense ，Calycopteris floribunda ，Nyssa yunnanensis ，Ｒhododen-dron protistum var. giganteum ，Madhuca pasquieri ，and Paraisometrum mileense ．
Comparison between the national Implementation Plan and the provincial Emergency Action Plan indica-ted that 10species overlapped．The intersections of two sets of species were Cycas hongheensis ，C . diannanensis ，Pinus wangii ，P . squamata ，Annamocarya sinensis ，Manglietiastrum sinicum ，Myristica yunnanensis ，Coptis quinquesecta ，Nyssa yunnanensis ，and Paraisometrum mileense．These 10species also overlapped with those in the provincial Planning Outline as those species lis-ted in the provincial Emergency Action Plan comprised a subset of species in the provincial Planning Outline．3. 3
Prioritized Species
All 77PSESP were classified into five categories with different priorities after reviewing and analyzing PSESP lists in Yunnan Province from 2005to 2013，and fundamental principles adopted were ：1）Over-lapped species were put into high priority ，and the spe-cies overlapped in more PSESP lists were given higher priorities ；2）The species in the national Implementation Plan were assigned higher priority than those in the provincial plans ；3）At the provincial level ，species lis-ted in the Emergency Action Plan were given higher priority than those in the Planning Outline ；4）Biologi-cal characteristics and survival status were not dis-cussed in the priority ranking as they were part of the multidisciplinary process to synthesize the PSESP list．
The first batch of PSESP that needs the most ur-gent conservation in Yunnan contains 10species （Ta-ble 4），which overlapped in all of the three plans ，i. e. ，the Implementation Plan ，the Planning Outline ，and the Emergency Action Plan．These species also e-qual to the intersections （10species ）between the E-mergency Action Plan and the Implementation Plan．In the first batch of PSESP ，four species ，i. e. ，Nyssa yun-nanensis ，Pinus wangii ，Cycas hongheensis ，and Parai-sometrum mileense which are distributed outside the protected areas should be of the highest concerns since they are exposed to direct external threats．
The second batch of PSESP that necessitates im-
3
3. 1
Conservation Priorities
Amount of PSESP in Yunnan Province A total of four plans and one pilot program with
different PSESP lists were formulated in Yunnan Prov-ince．At the national level ，38species out of the 120PSESP in the Implementation Plan ，occur in Yunnan．At the provincial level ，62PSESP were identified in the Planning Outline ，20species in the Emergency Action Plan ，and five species in the Pilot Program．A species-by-species comparison is made through realigning all plans．The comparison indicated that all PSESP in Yunnan Province totaled 77species ，after excluding those overlapped in the plans and programs．3. 2
Comparison among PSESP Lists
Comparison between the national Implementation Plan and the provincial Planning Outline indicated that 23species were overlapped．The intersections of two sets of species were Cycas hongheensis ，C . dolichophylla ，C . segmentifida ，C . diannanensis ，C . multipinnata ，Glyp-tostrobus pensilis ，Pinus wangii ，P . squamata ，Annamo-carya sinensis ，Manglietiastrum sinicum ，Tsongiodendron odorum ，Horsfieldia tetratepala ，Myristica yunnanensis ，
perative conservation efforts in Yunnan contains 13species．They are the remaining intersected portion be-tween the provincial Planning Outline and the national
Tab. 4
Priority No 1st Batch
[1**********]
2nd Batch
123
Species
Cycas hongheensis Cycas diannanensis Pinus wangii Pinus squamata
Annamocarya sinensis Manglietiastrum sinicum Myristica yunnanensis Coptis quinquesecta Nyssa yunnanensis
Paraisometrum mileense Cycas dolichophylla Cycas segmentifida Cycas multipinnata
Implementation Plan ，but with the 10species in the first batch （Table 4）excluded．
Conservation Priorities of PSESP in Yunnan Province
Distribution
area
Gejiu Gejiu ，Mengzi ，Pingbian ，Hekou Xichou ，Maguan ，malipo Qiaojia Funing ，Xichou ，Malipo ，Guangnan Xichou ，Maguan ，Jinping Mengla ，Jinghong ，Jinping Jinping
Jinghong （Puwen ）Shilin
Hekou ，Pingbian ，Wenshan ，Maguan Guannan ，Funing Gejiu ，Mengzi ，Pingbian ，Jinping ，Hekou Funing Xichou ，Maguan ，Funing Jinping ，Hekou ，Luchun ，Mengla ，Lancang Hekou ，Jinghong ，Menglun Pingbian ，Mengzi ，Wenshan ，Funing Xichou ，Maguan ，Malipo ，Luxi ，Longchuan ，Mojiang ，Pingbian ，Hekou ，Jinping ，Luchun ，Yingjiang ，Ｒuili，Lushui
Jinghong ，Yingjiang （Tongbiguan ）Yingjiang ，Simao Tengchong ，Lushui ，Gongshan Hekou ，Pingbian ，Jinping ，Luchun ，Malipo
Occurred within protected area
No Yes
Partly Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes
protection IUCN Number of Number of grade evaluation distribution site individual I CＲ2100I CＲ42000
II I
CＲCＲ
CＲCＲEN CＲCＲCＲNT EN CＲ
[1**********]
[**************]0
[**************]0
I II
I I I I
456
Glyptostrobus pensilis Tsongiodendron odorum Horsfieldia tetratepala
I II II
CＲNT EN
135
1504101
No Yes Yes
789
Pterocarpus indicus Dipteronia dyeriana Craigia yunnanensis
II II II
VU CＲEN
3413
36180765
No Yes Partly
10111213Pterospermum kingtungense
Calycopteris floribunda Ｒhododendronprotistum var. giganteum Madhuca pasquieri
II I II II
CＲCＲCＲVU
2235
[1**********]000
No Yes Yes Yes
Tab. 4
Priority No 3rd Batch
1234
[**************]15
4th Batch
[1**********]
5th Batch
12345678
Conservation Priorities of PSESP in Yunnan Province （Continued …）
protection IUCN Number of Number of Distribution Occurred within
Species
protected area grade evaluation distribution site individual area
Cycas debaoensis I CＲ11200Funing No
I 350Hekou ，Maguan ，Partly
Kmerria septentrionalis
Malipo
Vatica guangxiensis II CＲ210Wenshan ，No
Xishuangbanna
Camptotheca acuminate II 871Jinghong ，Simao ，Partly
Xinping ，E ’shan ，Shiping ，Shuangbai ，Dayao ，Pingbian
Cymbidium wenshanense 120Maguan Yes Cypripedium forrestii EN 1120Lijiang Yes Cypripedium lichiangense EN 2120Lijiang ，Dali Yes Cypripedium margaritaceum EN 2120Lijiang ，Yes
Shangri-La
Cypripedium singchii EN 1150Xichou No Holcoglossum rupestre 1200Shangri-La No Paphiopedilum armeniacum EN 4500Fugong ，Baoshan Partly Paphiopedilum gratrixianum 150Wenshan Partly Paphiopedilum spicerianum 110Simao （Cuiyun ）No Paphiopedilum tranlienianum 1100Wenshan Partly
1150Wenshan Partly Paphiopedilum wenshanense Keteleeria xerophila
Manglietia ventii Malania oleifora Aquilaria sinensis Camellia fascicularis Diploknema yunnanensis Cyclobalanopsis sichourensis Poncitrus polyandra Acer yangbiense
Mastixia euonymoides Angiopteris sparsisora Archangiopteris bipinnata Sorolepidium glaciale Christensenia assamica Cycas tangingii Cycas longipetiolula Cycas multifrondis
Amentotaxus yunnanensis
I II II II II I
CＲCＲCＲCＲCＲEN CＲCＲCＲEN CＲCＲCＲCＲEN CＲCＲCＲ
[***********]
－＜5033107679－15＜10410-20
3－－10－124－3499
Xinping-Yuanjiang
Pingbian ，Hekou ，Jinping
Guangnan ，Funing Jinghong ，Mengla Gejiu ，Hekou ，Maguan Yingjiang Funing Fuming Yangbi Menghai ，Caiyanghe Xichou Maguan ，Malipo Lijiang ，Shangri-la ，Deqin Jinping ，Hekou Luchun Gejiu ，Pingbian ，Hekou Gejiu ，Mengzi Gejiu ，Pingbian ，Hekou ，Funing ，Malipo ，Xichou Guangnan ，Qiubei ，Xichou Xuanwei Maguan Pingbian Maguan ，Malipo ，Xichou Luxi Hekou ，Luchun ，Funing ，Malipo ，Xichou
No Yes No Yes No Yes No No No Partly No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes
II II I II I I I I
[1**********]15
Magnolia odoratissima Magnolia sinensis
Magnolia phanerophlebia Manglietia lucida
Manglietia megaphylla Michelia magnifica Illicium difengpi
II II
CＲCＲCＲCＲCＲCＲCＲ
3111315
－－200＜200－50-60－
Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
II
II
8
Tab. 4
Priority No 5th 16Batch
Species
Liriodendron chinensis
西部林业科学2014年
Conservation Priorities of PSESP in Yunnan Province （Continued …）
protection IUCN Number of Number of Distribution grade evaluation distribution site individual area
II
CＲ
13
306
Chongming ，Yiliang ，
Weixin ，Daguan ，Yongshan ，Suijiang ，Yanjin ，Pingbian ，Jinping ，Yuanyang ，Mengzi ，Malipo ，Dali
Qiaojia ，Zhenxiong ，Shuifu ，Suijiang Simao ，Jinghong ，Lincang Pingbian ，Luchun ，Hekou ，Maguan ，Jinping Jinghong ，Mengla ，Menghai Malipo ，Hekou ，Maguan Dali ，Weixi Yuanjiang ，Mengzi ，Pingbian ，yanshan ，Funing ，Xichou ，Simao ，Jingdong ，Menghai ，Nanjian Lijiang Simao Shangri-la ，Deqin ，
Gongshan ，Weixi Shangri-la ，Yulong ，
Eryuan Jinping ，Hekou （？）
Mojiang Jinping ，
Occurred within
protected area
Yes
171819
Cercidiphyllum japonicum Eleutharrhena macrocarpa Hopea mollissima
II I I
CＲCＲCＲ
435
－1679490
No Yes Yes
20212223
Vatica xishuangbannaensis Garcinia paucinervis Phellodendron chinense Bretschneidera sinensis
II II I
CＲCＲCＲ
2-332-310
－200－109
No No No Yes
[1**********]9
Mastixia microcarpa Diosrtros caiyangheensis Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora Cypripedium yunnanense Hemiboeopsis longisepala Ferrocalamus strictus
1
II
DD EN CＲ
431-22
3－－－300－
Yes No Yes Yes No No
Number of distribution site ，number of individual ，and distribution area were obtained during 2003-2012．
In the second batch ，those species distributed out-side the protected areas should be concerned with high-er priorities for conservation actions．They are Cycas dolichophylla ，Glyptostrobus pensilis ，Pterocarpus indi-cus ，Pterospermum kingtungense ，and Craigia yunnanen-sis ．Evidence from the most recent resources inventory ，however ，suggested that Pterocarpus indicus is an intro-duced rather than a native species in Yunnan ，and should be removed from the list．Another challenge in conserving species in the second batch is that Glyp-tostrobus pensilis has only one individual on a single distribution site．The issues are whether it is worth the conservation efforts ，and if it is a positive decision ，then how it should be rescued．
The third batch of PSESP that needs to be con-served in Yunnan contains 15species．They are the re-
maining portion of 38national PSESP excluding the o-verlapped species （23species ）in the Planning Out-line．All 15species in the third batch are from the na-tional Implementation Plan ，but were not listed in pro-vincial plans （Table 4）．This batch consists of mainly plants in the Orchidaceae ，which account for 73%of the total （11out of 15）．They are from four genera ，i. e. ，Cymbidium ，Cypripedium ，Holcoglossum ，and Paphiopedilum．Besides the 11orchids ，the other four species in the third batch are Cycas debaoensis ，Kmerria septentrionalis ，Vatica guangxiensis and Camptotheca a-cuminate．
The fourth batch of PSESP that needs to be con-served in Yunnan contains 10species．They are the re-maining species in the Emergency Action Plan with the 10species overlapping in the Implementation Plan ex-
第4期杨文忠等：云南省极小种群野生植物保护的优先度分析
Ｒeferences：
9
cluded ，which have been given the highest conservation priority in the first batch．These 10species in the fourth batch are the most important conservation targets ，as far as the provincial government ’s interest is concerned （Table 4）．It is the first time to conserve all species listed in the provincial plans ，after all of the 38species in the national Implementation Plan were assigned higher priorities in the first batch （10species ），second batch （13species ），and third batch （15species ）．
The fifth batch of PSESP that needs to be con-served in Yunnan contains 29species．They are the re-maining ones in the Planning Outline ，after excluding 23species overlapped with the Implementation Plan and 20species overlapped with the Emergency Action Plan．Ten species overlapped between these 23and 20species can not be deducted twice．So the number of left species in the Planning Outline is ：62－23－20+10=29．
The fifth batch with the lowest conservation priori-ty consists of species from the provincial Planning Out-line （Table 4）．These species in the fifth batch are in-sufficient in relevant data and information supports．There is a need to conduct supplementary resources in-ventories while conservation efforts on other batches with higher priorities are made ，so as to consolidate the foundation for future conservation actions
［1］Li Y．，Guo L．，and Z．Hu．et al．Yunnan ’s National Key Protected Wild Plants ［M ］．Kunming ：Yunnan Science and Technology Press．2005．
［2］Xu Z．and H．Guo．Near-situ conservation of wild plant species with extremely small populations．Distributed during the Experience Exchange Meeting on the Conservation of National Wild Plant Species with Extremely Small Populations ［Ｒ］．Jing-hong Yunnan ：State Forestry Administration．2013．
［3］State Forestry Administration．Implementation Plan of Ｒescuingand Conserving China ’s PSESP （2011-2015）［Ｒ］．Beijing ：State Forestry Administration．2011．
［4］ＲenH．，Zhang Q．，and H．Lu．et al．Wild plant species with extremely small populations require conservation and rein-troduction in China ［J ］．AMBIO 2012，41（8）：913-917．
［5］Ma Y．，Chen G．，and Ｒ．E．Grumbine．et al．Conserving plant species with extremely small populations （PSESP ）in China ［J ］．Biodiversity and Conservation ，2013，22（3）：803-809．
［6］Sun W．and W．Yang．Conservation Practice and explo-ration of Wild Plant Species with Extremely Small Populations ［M ］．Kunming ：Yunnan Science and Technology Press．2013．
［7］Yunnan Forestry Department and Yunnan Science and Technology Department．Emergency Action Plan for Ｒescuingand Conserving Yunnan ’s PSESP （2010-2015）［Ｒ］．Kunming ：Yun-nan Forestry Department and Yunnan Science and Technology Department．2009．
［8］Zhang Y．and J．Wu．Yin Hong pointed out that Yunnan made a model for national PSESP conservation in the inception of the pilot program for conserving Yunnan ’s PSESP ［N ］．China Green Times ，October 28，2011．
［9］Yunnan Forestry Department and Yunnan Science and Technology Department．Planning Outline of Ｒescuingand Con-serving Yunnan ’s PSESP （2010-2020）［Ｒ］．Kunming ：Yunnan Forestry Department and Yunnan Science and Technology De-partment．2009．
［10］IUCN．IUCN ＲedList Categories and Criteria ：Version 3．1．Second edition ［M ］．Gland ，Switzerland and Cambridge ，UK ：IUCN．iv +32pp．2012．
［11］Yunnan Forestry Department．A Pilot Program for Conserving Yunnan ’s PSESP ［Ｒ］．Kunming ：Yunnan Forestry Department．2011．
［12］Yunnan Forestry Department and Yunnan Develop-ment and ＲeformCommission．Implementation Plan for Ｒescuingand Conserving Yunnan ’s PSESP ［Ｒ］．Kunming ：Yunnan For-estry Department and Yunnan Development and ＲeformCommis-sion．2012．
4Conclusion
It is clear that a total of 77plant species in Yun-
nan ’s PSESP list need to be conserved in the coming 5-10years．These 77species are properly prioritized in-to five batches through comparing different plans at both provincial and national levels．Prioritization showed that ，there are 10species in the first batch ，13species in the second batch ，15in the third batch ，10species in the fourth batch ，and 29species in the fifth batch．Based on the conservation priorities given ，pro-jects and funds can be properly assigned and allocated．At the same time ，our effort endeavors to give a refer-ence for other provinces to prioritize PSESP and conser-vation actions so as to appropriate the tight conservation budget to the highest conservation priorities．