Linguistics is a systematic study of language. •Language is a system of verbal, arbitrary symbols
for human communications.
3. Design features of language
Design features: the features that define human languages. ▲ arbitrariness ▲ duality ▲creativity ▲ displacement
4. Do animals have languages? 5. Perspectives of language studies Language involves three activities: a. Human brain
b. muscular activity of the body c. social activity
•5.1 Noam Chomsky (1928-)
•Institute Professor; Professor of Linguistics
Language Acquisition Device (LAD) or Universal Grammar (UG)
language acquisition is (biologically ) determined, that we‘re born with a genetic capacity that predisposes us to a systematic perception of language around us, resulting in the construction of an internalized system
of
language.
(innateness
hypotheses)
•Cook(1985) defines UG as being made up of
•There
are 2 components which contribute to
language acquisition:
※ the innate knowledge of the learner (UG: principles)
※ the environment (parameter)
•5.2 Language as a fixed code
Language is a code, namely, it is the sets
of phonological, morphological, syntactic and semantic rules that, together with the lexicon, can be used to construct any or all sentences of a language;
•when these sentences are combined into larger units,
we get texts.
• 5.3 Language as a system •5.4 Language as interaction
• ― are the two sides
of the same coin‖.
Implications for classroom teaching
•（1）to provide opportunities for communication. •
•（2）To provide opportunities for group work.
6. Functions of language
•6.1 Referential function
function is associated with what objects and ideas are called and how events are described.
•6.2 Interpersonal function
It is concerned with interaction betw. the addresser and addressee in a discourse 交谈situation and the addresser‘s attitude toward what he speaks or writes about.
•6.3 Performative function
•6.4. Emotive function (in the hearer) •6.5 Phatic communion
•Different cultures have different topics of phatic交
流感情的 communion: 6.6 Recreational function
7. Important distinctions in linguistics
Linguistic pairs
(1) Competence能力 & Performance表现 : one‘s underlying 潜在的 knowledge of a system, event, or fact; non-observable ability to do sth., to perform sth.
•: overtly
明显的 observable and
concrete manifestation or realization of competence; the actual doing of sth.
•(2) Descriptive(描述式) vs. prescriptive (规定式)
• A linguistic study is descriptive if it describes
and analyses facts observed; it is prescriptive if it tries to lay down rules for ―correct‖ behaviour.
• Put it differently, if a linguist talks about ―what is
in language or ―what people actually say‖, he is descriptive; if he tells people ―what should be in language‖
•Or ― what people should say‖, he is prescriptive.
(3) Synchronic (共时)and Diachronic (历时) The description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study; the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.
(4) Langue and parole
This is a distinction made by the Swiss linguist F. de Saussure early last century. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community; Parole refers to the actualized language, or realization of langue .
•Langue: the structure of the language •Parole: the actual utterances
•This pair is similar to the pair of competence and
performance.
Session 2: major branches of linguistics
•1. Phonetics 语音学 and phonology音韵学
Phonetics is the science which studies the characteristics of human sound-making, especially those sounds used in speech, and provides methods
音.
◆ articulatory phonetics(发音语音学) auditory phonetics(听觉语音学)
•acoustic phonetics(声学语音学)
• Phonology is the study of sound systems – the
inventory of distinctive sounds that occur in a language and the patterns into which they fall. Phonology identifies the set of speech sounds for each language, how they are arranged to form meaningful units, and the function of each sound..
Phonology reveals what the possible combinations of sounds in a language are and explains why certain words take the form they do.
2. Morphology
the branch of linguistics that studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.
•3. Syntax
the study of how sentences are properly formed out of words of a language. 4. Semantics
the study of meaning
•
5. Pragmatics
•In
daily conversations, we see participants
successfully communicating because they share certain kinds of ―background information‘ and expectations: each other‘s ‗biographies‘, the way conversations are organized, how they are to interpret
each other‘s meanings and intentions, •how they can regulate and co-ordinate turn-taking,
what and how they must contribute in order for the conversation to work.
•In other words, participants reveal their linguistic
and communicative competence in relating linguistic forms to the context of the communication and in using their cognitive ‗powers‘ to work out logically the state of play of the interaction. the study of meaning in actual situations; sp eaker‘s meaning, utterance meaning or contextual meaning; language in use.
Pragmatics = meaning - semantics
Pragmatics: the study of the use of language in communication, particularly the relationship between sentences & the contexts and situations in which they are used. It includes the study of :
Morris(1976) distinguishes and (syntax): the relation among linguistic signs 。
the relation between these signs and their referents;
the relation between these signs and their users.
Major theories in pragmatics
★ a. Representative:
John Langshaw Austin(1911-1960) — not a linguist, but a philosopher
— His ideas on language were set out in a series of lectures in Oxford University. b. definition of speech act
written in appropriate conditions , and under appropriate conventions , actually constitutes the performance of an action. Austin calls them ― performatives‖
c. Performatives(施为句） Performative verbs
1. The utterance itself means the action; 2. If you don‘t speak out, you can‘t do
something.
d. Locutionary act, Illocutionary act & Perlocutionary act
•Locutionary act（表述性言语行为）: It is the basic
act of utterance, or producing a meaningful linguistic expression from the language.
It is the level of grammar. It refers to the act saying sth. except that you are tongue-tied. Illocutionary act（施为性言语行为）
An act performed saying sth. This act is actually the intention of the speaker. It is performed via the communicative force of an utterance. Perlocutinary act(成事性言语行为）
An act performed by or as the result of saying, an act of affecting the hearer. This act means the effect created by an utterance with a function on the hearer. ★ C onversational implicature
•What is conversation?
Conversation is face-to-face (not necessarily so) oral interaction between two or more participants. It is more than merely the exchange of information by using grammar and vocabulary.
•Language and communications are at the heart of
human experiences. 2.Interpretable
3Conversational implicature
an additional unstated meaning that has to be assumed; speakers can implicate something beyond the words spoken.
4 Cooperative principle
It is a basic assumption in conversation that each participant will attempt to contribute appropriately, at the required time, to the current exchange of talk. II.Put forward by the famous linguistic philosopher H P Grice (1975). He summed up the CP in this way: ―make your conversation contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged‖
4条准则Quantity, Quality, Relation and Manner
•Quantity (two maxims格言)
i) make your contribution as informative as required
ii) do not make your contribution more informative than is required.
• Quality
i) do not say what you believe to be false;
ii) do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence. Relation
Be relevant; make your contribution relevant to the aims of the ongoing conversation.
•Manner (how)
i) avoid obscurity of expression ii) avoid ambiguity iii) be brief iv) be orderly
•Definition 1 of relevance : An assumption is
relevant in a context if and only if it has some contextual effect in that context
•Contextual effects: Information is relevant to you if
it interacts with your existing assumptions. definition 2 of relevance:
•An assumption is relevant to an individual at a given
time if and only if it is relevant in one or more of the contexts available to that individual at that time.
•definition 3 of relevance :
•Relevance is not just defined as a property of
assumptions in the mind, but also as a property of phenomena( assumptions.
stimuli,
eg.
Utterances)
in
the
environment which lead to the construction of
Linguistics is a systematic study of language. •Language is a system of verbal, arbitrary symbols
for human communications.
3. Design features of language
Design features: the features that define human languages. ▲ arbitrariness ▲ duality ▲creativity ▲ displacement
4. Do animals have languages? 5. Perspectives of language studies Language involves three activities: a. Human brain
b. muscular activity of the body c. social activity
•5.1 Noam Chomsky (1928-)
•Institute Professor; Professor of Linguistics
Language Acquisition Device (LAD) or Universal Grammar (UG)
language acquisition is (biologically ) determined, that we‘re born with a genetic capacity that predisposes us to a systematic perception of language around us, resulting in the construction of an internalized system
of
language.
(innateness
hypotheses)
•Cook(1985) defines UG as being made up of
•There
are 2 components which contribute to
language acquisition:
※ the innate knowledge of the learner (UG: principles)
※ the environment (parameter)
•5.2 Language as a fixed code
Language is a code, namely, it is the sets
of phonological, morphological, syntactic and semantic rules that, together with the lexicon, can be used to construct any or all sentences of a language;
•when these sentences are combined into larger units,
we get texts.
• 5.3 Language as a system •5.4 Language as interaction
• ― are the two sides
of the same coin‖.
Implications for classroom teaching
•（1）to provide opportunities for communication. •
•（2）To provide opportunities for group work.
6. Functions of language
•6.1 Referential function
function is associated with what objects and ideas are called and how events are described.
•6.2 Interpersonal function
It is concerned with interaction betw. the addresser and addressee in a discourse 交谈situation and the addresser‘s attitude toward what he speaks or writes about.
•6.3 Performative function
•6.4. Emotive function (in the hearer) •6.5 Phatic communion
•Different cultures have different topics of phatic交
流感情的 communion: 6.6 Recreational function
7. Important distinctions in linguistics
Linguistic pairs
(1) Competence能力 & Performance表现 : one‘s underlying 潜在的 knowledge of a system, event, or fact; non-observable ability to do sth., to perform sth.
•: overtly
明显的 observable and
concrete manifestation or realization of competence; the actual doing of sth.
•(2) Descriptive(描述式) vs. prescriptive (规定式)
• A linguistic study is descriptive if it describes
and analyses facts observed; it is prescriptive if it tries to lay down rules for ―correct‖ behaviour.
• Put it differently, if a linguist talks about ―what is
in language or ―what people actually say‖, he is descriptive; if he tells people ―what should be in language‖
•Or ― what people should say‖, he is prescriptive.
(3) Synchronic (共时)and Diachronic (历时) The description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study; the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.
(4) Langue and parole
This is a distinction made by the Swiss linguist F. de Saussure early last century. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community; Parole refers to the actualized language, or realization of langue .
•Langue: the structure of the language •Parole: the actual utterances
•This pair is similar to the pair of competence and
performance.
Session 2: major branches of linguistics
•1. Phonetics 语音学 and phonology音韵学
Phonetics is the science which studies the characteristics of human sound-making, especially those sounds used in speech, and provides methods
音.
◆ articulatory phonetics(发音语音学) auditory phonetics(听觉语音学)
•acoustic phonetics(声学语音学)
• Phonology is the study of sound systems – the
inventory of distinctive sounds that occur in a language and the patterns into which they fall. Phonology identifies the set of speech sounds for each language, how they are arranged to form meaningful units, and the function of each sound..
Phonology reveals what the possible combinations of sounds in a language are and explains why certain words take the form they do.
2. Morphology
the branch of linguistics that studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.
•3. Syntax
the study of how sentences are properly formed out of words of a language. 4. Semantics
the study of meaning
•
5. Pragmatics
•In
daily conversations, we see participants
successfully communicating because they share certain kinds of ―background information‘ and expectations: each other‘s ‗biographies‘, the way conversations are organized, how they are to interpret
each other‘s meanings and intentions, •how they can regulate and co-ordinate turn-taking,
what and how they must contribute in order for the conversation to work.
•In other words, participants reveal their linguistic
and communicative competence in relating linguistic forms to the context of the communication and in using their cognitive ‗powers‘ to work out logically the state of play of the interaction. the study of meaning in actual situations; sp eaker‘s meaning, utterance meaning or contextual meaning; language in use.
Pragmatics = meaning - semantics
Pragmatics: the study of the use of language in communication, particularly the relationship between sentences & the contexts and situations in which they are used. It includes the study of :
Morris(1976) distinguishes and (syntax): the relation among linguistic signs 。
the relation between these signs and their referents;
the relation between these signs and their users.
Major theories in pragmatics
★ a. Representative:
John Langshaw Austin(1911-1960) — not a linguist, but a philosopher
— His ideas on language were set out in a series of lectures in Oxford University. b. definition of speech act
written in appropriate conditions , and under appropriate conventions , actually constitutes the performance of an action. Austin calls them ― performatives‖
c. Performatives(施为句） Performative verbs
1. The utterance itself means the action; 2. If you don‘t speak out, you can‘t do
something.
d. Locutionary act, Illocutionary act & Perlocutionary act
•Locutionary act（表述性言语行为）: It is the basic
act of utterance, or producing a meaningful linguistic expression from the language.
It is the level of grammar. It refers to the act saying sth. except that you are tongue-tied. Illocutionary act（施为性言语行为）
An act performed saying sth. This act is actually the intention of the speaker. It is performed via the communicative force of an utterance. Perlocutinary act(成事性言语行为）
An act performed by or as the result of saying, an act of affecting the hearer. This act means the effect created by an utterance with a function on the hearer. ★ C onversational implicature
•What is conversation?
Conversation is face-to-face (not necessarily so) oral interaction between two or more participants. It is more than merely the exchange of information by using grammar and vocabulary.
•Language and communications are at the heart of
human experiences. 2.Interpretable
3Conversational implicature
an additional unstated meaning that has to be assumed; speakers can implicate something beyond the words spoken.
4 Cooperative principle
It is a basic assumption in conversation that each participant will attempt to contribute appropriately, at the required time, to the current exchange of talk. II.Put forward by the famous linguistic philosopher H P Grice (1975). He summed up the CP in this way: ―make your conversation contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged‖
4条准则Quantity, Quality, Relation and Manner
•Quantity (two maxims格言)
i) make your contribution as informative as required
ii) do not make your contribution more informative than is required.
• Quality
i) do not say what you believe to be false;
ii) do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence. Relation
Be relevant; make your contribution relevant to the aims of the ongoing conversation.
•Manner (how)
i) avoid obscurity of expression ii) avoid ambiguity iii) be brief iv) be orderly
•Definition 1 of relevance : An assumption is
relevant in a context if and only if it has some contextual effect in that context
•Contextual effects: Information is relevant to you if
it interacts with your existing assumptions. definition 2 of relevance:
•An assumption is relevant to an individual at a given
time if and only if it is relevant in one or more of the contexts available to that individual at that time.
•definition 3 of relevance :
•Relevance is not just defined as a property of
assumptions in the mind, but also as a property of phenomena( assumptions.
stimuli,
eg.
Utterances)
in
the
environment which lead to the construction of